SENSING AND PERCEIVING
Basic Brain
THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM
OF ITS PARTS.
TRADITIONAL DIVISIONS
KW 2-13
CNS AND PNS
KW 1-2
AFFERENT
(SENSORY)
AND
EFFERENT
(MOTOR)
KW 2-4
WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate
EYES
Pupils contract
Decreases
SALIVATION
Increases
Perspires
SKIN
Dries
Increases
RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates
HEART
Slows
Inhibits
DIGESTION
Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decreases
secretion of
stress
hormones
BRAINSTEM
KW 2-15
MIDBRAIN (COLLICULI)
Old sensory centers for
vision and hearing
KW 2-18
MIDBRAIN (COLLICULI)
Old sensory centers for
vision and hearing
KW 2-18
CEREBELLUM
Coordination
Planning
Learning
Fine motor control
Prediction
KW 2-17
BRAINSTEM STRUCTURES
Reticular Formation
 Sleep center
 Cerebellum
 Vegetative centers for
heart rate, breathing,
cough reflex, etc
 Cranial Nerves
 Summary: basic body
functions
 Essential for life

THALAMUS
Located in very center of
brain. “Inner chamber”
THALAMUS AND CORTEX
Thalamus
Visual Cortex
Eye
Thalamus is a Relay Station for the senses
Location of the
Thalamus
Below thalamus we find
HYPOTHALAMUS
Motivation
Regulates pituitary
Homeostasis
KW2-19
Initiates movements like
walking.
“Starter Motor”
Gross motor control
BASAL GANGLIA
LIMBIC SYSTEM
 Emotional
 Negative
Brain
emotions like fear
and anger
 Brain’s “ID”
 Animal impulses
and reactions
 Balanced in
humans by cortex
KW 11-14
HIPPOCAMPUS AND AMYGDALA
KW 2-24
EXPERIENCING EMOTION
 The
Amygdala a neural key to
fear learning
Hippocampus
(purple)
MEMORY COMPONENTS
Hippocampus: consolidation of new memories
 Movie: Memento
 Amygdala: emotional memory
 Flashbulb memory
 Life-changing experiences

LOBES
Based on
skull
bones
BROCA’S DISCOVERY
 Neuorologist
working
in Paris in 1860’s
 Patient called “Tan”
 Understood
commands
 Couldn’t speak
 After Tan’s death,
Broca found area of
damage in frontal
lobe
CARL WERNICKE
 1848-1904
 Born
in Poland
 Educated in
Germany
 Psychiatry and
neurology
 Studies on receptive
aphasia in 1874
 Wernicke’s area in
temporal lobe
WERNICKE’S AREA
 Patient
unable to
comprehend
commands
 Able to speak but
speech lacked
meaning
 Wernicke’s area
next to auditory
area on temporal
lobe
MOTOR AND SENSORY
STRIPS
Homunculus
SENSORY AND MOTOR STRIPS
 Contralateral
control
 Amount of cortex
related to abilities
not size of body
area
 Sensory and motor
side by side
VISUAL AREAS
KW 8-17
VISUAL CORTEX
RESPONDS

Functional
MRI scan of
the visual
cortex
activated by
light shown
in the
subject’s
eyes`
PREFRONTAL LOBES
Frontal lobes
Area just behind the forehead
LIMBIC AND FRONTAL LOBES
Limbic system and fontal
lobes interact to control
behavior
KW 11-15
LOBOTOMY
 First
lobotomy in
US preformed in
1937 by Walter
Freeman
 Calming effect
 Less anxious
 Lack of care and
concern
 Loss of motivation
KW 11-24
PHINEAS GAGE
GAGE RECREATED
 New
imaging
techniques allow us
to see how rod
passed through
Gage’s frontal lobes.
KW 1-5