American History FINAL EXAM
Part I
Chapter 18 Child Labor
Child labor was at its peak
during the Industrial Revolution
Children worked in horrible
working conditions and
received horrible treatment and
pay
The reason so many children
worked was to help their family
financially because so many
families lived below the
poverty line
Chapter 18 Knights of Labor
Made emergence in the
1880s
Fought for an
*8 hour work day
*termination of child labor,
*equal pay for equal work
*a graduated income tax
Chapter 18 AFL
Stood for American
Federation of Labor
It was made up of
skilled workers then
eventually unskilled
workers joined
Fought for
*40 hour work weeks
*overtime pay
*pensions and
*medical benefits
Chapter 18 IWW
Stood for Industrial
Workers Of The
World
Is an international
labor union
Fought for
overthrowing
capitalism and
believes people earn
what they work for
Ch.18-Eugene V. Debs
• Debs was a labor
organizer and also a
socialist candidate for
president 5 times. Debs
successfully united
railway workers into the
first industrial labor union
in the united states. He
became president of the
American Railway Union
in 1893. Debs was sent to
jail though
Mother Jones
• Mother Jones was a
strong supporter for
worker’s rights.
• She inspired many
people and convinced
many others to join
her cause to protect
Children
• Some of Mother
Jones’ methods of
organizing were
unique for her time.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
• A fire that happened at
the Triangle Shirtwaist
factory in New York that
killed 146 people. It was a
tragic event for people in
New York and the
families of the workers
who died in it.
• This event exposed the
poor and hazardous
conditions of high-rise
factories, which led to
new more safe factories
being made.
Gilded Age
“Showy on the outside but corrupt on the inside!”
• The Gilded Age was the growth of industry and
Robber Barrons in America as well as the large
wave of immigrants that were coming over to
America.
• During this time period the production of iron
and steel increased drastically. All industries
were getting rich as well as the men in charge of
them.
Civil Service/Merit System
The merit system uses,
qualifications, testing, job
performance, and, criteria
to select hiring
It was made to improve
parts in the government
that were staffed by the
spoils system or political
patronage so they
couldn’t give there friends
or unqualified people a
job
Patronage
Also known as the
SPOILS SYSTEM
Awarded uncertified
people or supporters
of the candidate
government jobs as
award for voting for
them or doing them
favors
Pendleton Act
A federal law that
establishes rules and
regulations regarding
who could be hired
and hold federal jobs
with in the federal
government resulted
because of the
assassination of
President McKinley
Women's Suffrage
Womens suffrage is the
fight for the right to vote
and for women to be able
to run for office.
They protested, they
marched and had rallies
Finally in 1920 the 19th
amendment was ratified
by Tennessee on august
18th and becomes a law on
August 26th
Ch. 18 Susan B. Anthony
She founded the NWSA –
National Woman Suffrage
Association making many
attempts to unite women in the
labor movement for the suffragist
cause.
National Women’s Party
The NWP founded by Alice
Paul was an organization
that fought for women’s
rights particularly the right
to vote.
Chapter 18
Ideas supported by Populists
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Many of the ideas and goals of the Populists would
become laws later on in American history.
Direct election of US senators by popular vote, rather
than by state legislatures. –17th amendment
introduced the ideas of the initiative, referendum and
recall which were added to many state constitutions.
government ownership of railroads and the
telegraph.
a graduated income tax--they felt the wealthy should
pay a higher percentage in taxes than the middle
class or poor. 16th amendment
Chapter 18 Ellis Island
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Ellis Island developed
from a sandy island that
barely rose above the
high tide markers into a
hanging site for pirates,
a harbor fort,
and finally into an
Immigration Station
For mainly European
immigrants
Chapter 19
TENEMENTS
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Mostly 1 bedroom
apartments that an
entire family was
shoved in and many
families took it
because it was
better than nothing
even though the
were disgusting and
cramped.
Chapter 19
De Facto Segregation
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Pretty much natural segregation because
there were laws that made segregation ,
but in reality this type was just natural.
Examples: Little Italy, Chinatown
Political Machine
 A small political
organization in which
an authorized boss
or small group
commands support
from a corps of
supporters and
businesses, receive
rewards for their
efforts
Boss Tweed
 American politician
most remembered
for being the “boss”
of Tammany Hall, a
democratic party
political machine.
Melting Pot Theory
 The melting pot
theory is the idea
that people of many
cultures and beliefs
come to America and
unite and learn the
belief systems of the
American people.
Nativism
 The political
favoritism of the
established
Americans, and the
discrimination of new
immigrants.
“opposition to
immigration”
•People
felt the immigration of
Asians threatened white wages
•The
term “Yellow Peril” was
spread through newspapers
Imperialism
• When larger, more powerful countries take
over smaller countries politically and
economically.
• Used in history for centuries
Yellow Press
• “Yellow Journalism”
• Made up or
exaggerated
information in
newspapers of
magazines
• Technique to sell
more newspapers
Spanish-American War
• Caused by the American involvement in the Cuban War of
Independence
• Rough Riders were involved
• Battle of San Juan Hill
• Ended by the Treaty of Paris 1898
Spanish American War Results
Cuba became
independent
 US would take over
Puerto Rico and
Guam
 US gave Spain
20 million for the
Philippines
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Common Wealth
Federation of states
 Puerto Rico becomes
a common wealth
 They were able to
make their own laws
and handle finances
 They were allowed to
move freely to the US
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Protectorate
Country who’s affairs
are controlled by a
stronger power
 US tried to take
Spain's place in
controlling Cuba
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Panama Canal
Water passage
between Atlantic and
Pacific Ocean
 US had rights to build
and control it
 President Roosevelt
gave money to
Panamanian rebels
who overthrew their
government and then
we built the canal.
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Dollar Diplomacy
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A policy aimed at furthering the interests of the
United States abroad by encouraging the investment
of U.S. capital in foreign countries.
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The biggest example of this in the early 1900’s was
when we bought the Philippines from Spain
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William McKinley adopted this policy
Big Stick Diplomacy
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This policy was adopted by Teddy Roosevelt
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This was the act of doing diplomacy by
showing your countries strength without
saying anything and having an army to back
it up with
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An example would be the Great White fleet
Pure Food & Drug Act
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This act was passed to make food and drugs
safer for the people
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This act forced companies to LABEL what
was in their products
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This act cracked down on unhealthy food &
bad medicine
Prohibition
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The illegalization of the distribution and
consumption of alcohol
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This was created with 18th amendment and
eradicated by the 21st amendment
Muckrakers
 Muckrakers- investigative
reporters
 Muckrakers were Upton
Sinclair- exposed meat
packing industry, Ida Tarbellexposed oil monopolies,
Lincoln Stephens- exposed
big businesses, Jacob Riisexposed conditions in the
cities
Upton Sinclair– The Jungle
 Was a muckraker
 Wrote The Jungle
 Book about the poor
conditions in the meat
packaging industry
 Book helped pass the
Meat Inspection Act
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a theory or system of social
organization based on the holding of all
property in common, actual ownership being
ascribed to the community as a whole or to
the state. When one country shares
everything.
The Government
controls the
economy and
Businesses.
Socialism
 A system in which the community rather
than private individuals owns and
operates the means of production and
distribution. All members of the
community share in the work and the
products
 Promoted to eliminate capitalism
 Socialist party was formed off of this
policy
Capitalism
 Social system based on individual rights
 System of objective laws
 when freedom is applied to the sphere of
production its’ result is the free market
 System of laissez-faire (freedom)
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A major accomplishment of this square deal was that
monopolies were shot down.
Another thing Roosevelt did was considered an
accomplishment was helping businesses grow by
REGULATING TRUSTS
Pure Food & Drug Act
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The principles and practices of political
progressives.
Making your country better for ALL
Moving Forward and bettering your economy
and citizen’s lives.
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Progressive Party of 1912
nicknamed the
Bull Moose Party from a
quote by Teddy Roosevelt.
When asked whether he
was fit to be president, he
responded that he was as
fit as a bull moose.
1912 Election
• Republican Party:
President: William H. Taft
• Democratic Party:
President: Woodrow
Wilson
• Progressive Party:
President: Theodore
Roosevelt
• Socialist Party: President:
Eugene Debs
• Winner: Woodrow Wilson
• His campaign theme was
“New Freedom”