I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
a. Dominant
b. Recessive
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
a. Gene Segregation
b. Punnett Squares
F. Terminology
a. Allele
b. Genotype
c. Phenotype
d. Homozygous
e. Heterozygous
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross : Principle of Independent Assortment
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY: Passing of Traits from parents to
offspring
B. Origin of Genetic
GREGOR MENDEL
Personal:
1822 – 1884 (Jan. 6th)
Education:
Monastery in Czechoslovakia
University of Vienna
Research:
Pea Plants
Seven Different Traits
Used Mathematics to Solve
1866 Published Results
Rediscovered in 1900’s
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
Pea Plant
- easy to grow
- produce lg. # offspring
- short growing season
- picked seven traits
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
a. Self Pollination
b. Cross Pollination
c. Generations
P Gen
F1 Gen
F2 Gen
D. Mendel’s Results
a. DOMINANT
b. recessive
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
- There are alternative forms of genes, called alleles.
– For each trait, an organism inherits two alleles, one from
each parent.
– Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
– Gametes carry only one allele for each inherited trait.
GENE SEGREGATION
The two member of an allele pair segregate from each other
during the production of gametes.
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
GENE SEGREGATION
PUNNETT SQUARE
- chart
- prediction
- gametes outside
- offspring inside
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
a. Gene vs. Allele
b. Genotype vs Phenotype
c. Homozygous vs Heterozygous
In rabbits the allele for black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat
color (b). What is the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio be for a cross between a
homozygous black rabbit and homozygous brown rabbit?
White (W) hair in sheep is caused by the dominant gene while black (w) hair is
recessive. A heterozygous white male and a black female are parents of a black
lamb. What is the probability that their next lamb will be white? What are the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
In humans, polydactyly (an extra finger on each hand or toe on each foot) is due
to a dominant gene. When one parent is polydactylous, but heterozygous, and
the other parent is normal, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their
children?
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
1. Crossing two traits at the same time
Round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r)
Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g)
Homozygous round yellow pea plant is crossed with wrinkled homozygous
green pea plant, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring.
Parents ____________________ x __________________________
Possible
Gametes
Genotype:
Phenotype:
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
1. Crossing two traits at the same time
Round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r)
Green (G) is dominant to yellow (g)
Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant is crossed with
Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant , what are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Parents ____________________ x __________________________
Possible
Gametes
Genotype:
Phenotype:
Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant is crossed with
Heterozygous round heterozygous green pea plant , what are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Parents ____________________ x __________________________
Possible Gametes
I. Principles of Genetics
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses: Principle of Gene Segregation
1. Alleles will separate during meiosis to make haploid
gametes
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
1. If the genes are on different chromosomes they move
independently of one another during meiosis.
Genetic Corn LAB
Purple (RR) is dominant to yellow (rr)
Smooth (Su) is dominant to wrinkled (su)
HYPOTHESIS
Monohybrid:
P Gen. Homozygous Purple
x
Homozygous Purple
x
Homozygous Purple
F1 Gen.
F2 Gen.
HYPOTHESIS
Dihybrid:
P Gen
F1 Gen.
F2 Gen.
Homozygous Purple
Corn Kernels for F2 Generations in Monohybrid Cross of a Purple and Yellow Corn Plant
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Totals
Convert to Percents
Purple Kernels
Yellow Kernels
Total Kernels
Corn Kernels for F2 Generations in Dihybrid Cross of a Purple, Smooth and Yellow, Wrinkled Corn Plant
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Totals
Convert to
Percents
Purple and
Smooth Kernels
Purple and
Wrinkled Kernels
Yellow and
Smooth
Kernels
Yellow and
Wrinkled
Kernels
Total Kernels
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. Blood Types
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics
B. Incomplete Dominance
1. heterozygous is a
mix of the two alleles
2. no allele is dominant
or recessive so the
phenotype is a blend
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics
B. Incomplete Dominance
1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles
2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend
Red snapdragon is crossed with pink snapdragon, what are the possible genotypes and
phenotypes?
Pink snapdragon is crossed with white snapdragon, what are the possible genotypes
and phenotypes?
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics
B. Incomplete Dominance
1. heterozygous is a mix of the two alleles
2. no allele is dominant or recessive so the phenotype is a blend
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
HH = Hypercholesterol = High levels of Cholesterol
HN = Slight Higher Levels of Cholesterol
NN = Normal Levels of Cholesterol
Normal (LDL receptors)
Mild Disease (Few LDL receptors)
High – No LDL receptors
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance = two allele are dominant and both are
expressed equally, they do not blend.
COWS:
BB = Black
BW = Black and White
WW = White
Cross a black male with a black and white female, determine the
possible genotype and phenotypes for the offspring?
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. more than just two alleles
2. Examples: Coat Color in Chinchillas
Cross a Dark Gray Chinchilla (Cch) with a albino (cc) Chinchilla,
what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. more than just two alleles
2. Examples: Coat Color in Chinchillas
Cross a Light Gray Chinchilla (cch ch) with a Himalayan (ch ch)
Chinchilla, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes?
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
Cross a man with blood type AB and a women with blood type O. What
are the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring?
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
BLOOD TYPES: both Codominance and Multiple Alleles
Cross a man with blood type A and a women with blood typeB. What are
the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring?
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
1. Blood Types
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
1. Autosomes
2. Sex-Chromosomes
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
D. Many Genes- One Effect
1. Continuous Variation
2. Multiple Genes
E. Expression of Genes
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
a. chromosomes segregate during meiosis, like alleles
b. and that each chromosome has hundreds of genes
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
2. Worked with Fruit Fly (Drosophila)
a. 3 sets of autosomes
b. 1 set of sex-chromosomes
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
Cross a red-eyed female (XRXR) and a white-eyed male (XrYo) . What is the genotype
and phenotype?
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
Cross a heterozygous red-eyed female (XRXr) and a white-eyed male (XrYo), What is
the genotype and phenotype ?
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
Cross a white-eyed female (XrXr) and a red-eyed male (XRYo), What is the genotype
and phenotype ?
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
1. Walter Sutton, in 1900’s
2. Determined genes were on chromosomes (one from each parent)
3. Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Traits (Thomas Hunt Morgan)
1. gene carries on sex chromosomes (typically the X)
2. Females have XX (can be carriers or heterozygous for a trait)
3. Males has XY, but nothing on the Yo,
a. so either dominant or recessive expressed
b. males express sex-linked traits more often than females
4. HUMAN Sex-Linked Traits
a. colorblindness
b. hemophilia
c. Duchene muscular dystrophy
d. Fragile X syndrome
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
1. Autosomes
2. Sex-Chromosomes
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
D. Many Genes- One Effect
1. Continuous Variation or Polygenics
-presence of many phenotypes from on extreme to another
EXAMPLES
-height
-skin color
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
1. Autosomes
2. Sex-Chromosomes
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan
D. Many Genes- One Effect
1. Continuous Variation
2. Multiple Genes
E. Expression of Genes
1. Modifier Genes = genes interact with other genes to control various
patterns of inheritance.
Human Eye Color:
B = brown
b = blue
other gene = other levels of melanin
= hazel, gray, green
2. Environment = sometimes environmental factors influence genes
Reptiles = temp effect sex of offspring
Phenotypes are hard to predict because expression of genes is effected by many
different factors.
I. Principles of Genetics
A. HEREDITY
B. Origin of Genetic
C. Mendel’s Experiment
D. Mendel’s Results
E. Mendel’s Hypothesis
F. Terminology
G. Simple Monohybrid Crosses
H. Dihybrid Cross: Principle of Independent Assortment
II. Solving Genetic Problems
A. Probability and Genetics: already covered
B. Incomplete Dominance
C. Codominance
D. Multiple Alleles
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
A. Mendel’s Work Rediscovered
B. Sex Determination
C. Sex-Linked Inheritance
D. Many Genes- One Effect
E. Expression of Genes
CHAPTER 8
I. Principles of Genetics
II. Solving Genetic Problems
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
This is it for Chapter 8, but we will also cover chapter 11 on this test.
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
C.Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Codominant)
D.Sex-Linked Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
C. Gene Therapy
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
1. Symptoms
2. Cause
3. Treatment
4. Other Autosomal recessive disorders
a. Tay Sachs
b. PKU- Phenylketonuria
c. Albinism
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
1. Pedigree
2. Knowing the Future
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
3. Other Autosomal Dominant Disorders
a. achondroplasia (dwarfism)
b. 15 year girls
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
C. Sickle-Cell Anemia (Co dominant)
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A. Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
B. Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
C. Sickle-Cell Anemia (Co dominant)
D. Sex-Linked Disorder
1. Colorblind
2. Hemophilia
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
1. Amniocentesis
2. Chorionic Villus Biopsy
3. Ultrasonography
4. Fetoscopy
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
C. Gene Therapy
CHAPTER 8
I. Principles of Genetics
II. Solving Genetic Problems
III. The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
Chapter 11
I. Human Genetic Disorders
A.Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal recessive)
B.Huntington’s Disease (Autosomal Dominant)
C.Sickle-Cell Anemia (Autosomal Codominant)
D.Sex-Linked Disorders
II. Prevention and Possible Cures
A. Genetic Counseling
B. Diagnosis in Uterus
C. Gene Therapy