Lecture 12: Historical
Developments 1500 – 1878
Dr. Ann T. Orlando
13 April 2010
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Introduction
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Review
Global Missionary Activities
Political Developments in Europe
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England
France
Germany
HRE
Italy
19th C European Revolutions
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Review: Situation Early
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C
Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern
Mediterranean
Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims
France and England in uneasy truce
France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France
Strong National Rulers
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Francois I of France
Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands)
Henry VIII in England
Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy;
reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds
Age of Spanish and Portuguese discovery and exploration
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
European Voyages of Discovery
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Driven by economics,
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In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European
‘super powers’
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Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient
Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks
Most other Western European countries preoccupied with
wars and Reformation
Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal
and Spain
English defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588, ends Spanish
dominance
No educated person in Europe thought the earth
was flat (see ST Ia Q1 a1)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Portuguese Voyages of Discovery
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Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)
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Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487
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Encourages exploration of West Africa
Significantly improves navigation instruments
Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially
Congo and Angola
Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan
China
Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe 1519 1522
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Spanish Voyages of Discovery
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Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492
to Caribbean
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Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert
‘Indians’
Cortez conquers Mexico, 1519-1521
Pizarro conquers Peru 1532
By 1600 Spanish had
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Established footholds in much of North America (California,
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida)
Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and
South America
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Role of Papacy
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Recall Pope Alexander VI and Line of Demarcation, but he also
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Declared that Indians have souls
Granted Kings of Spain and Portugal extensive rights in Church
affairs in newly discovered lands
Strongly encourage them to include missionaries in earliest
voyages
Pope Paul III in 1537 Affirmed the right of Indians to liberty and
property
Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645
Pope Gregory XIV encouraged ordination of native sons in 1576; even
if illegitimate
Pope Gregory XV established Congregation of Faith in 1622 to
encourage missions, especially process of enculturation as Spanish
and Portuguese power waned
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Church Missions: Orient
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Jesuits followed the Portuguese; early leader was St. Francis Xavier
Strong oriental governments meant Europeans established trading
centers
Missionaries confronted with ancient and strong religions
Question for Church: how much native culture and religious view point
to incorporate into Christianity
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Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610 encouraged adoption of much of Chinese
culture
Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Development of Missions in Western
Hemisphere
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As ‘easy money’ quickly removed from Latin
America, conquistadors start to oppress Indians
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In 1511 Dominican Antonio Montesinos protested
against this practice
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Required cheap labor for farms and mines
Developed the encomienda system that forced Indian
households to render service to individuals
One step away from slavery
Result was that the Spanish government issued a law in
1512 that described Indians as free men, not slaves
To further protect the Indians, missionaries started to
settle Indians around churches
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Important Saints and Church Leaders
in Spanish America
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Bartolome de las Casa (1474–1566)
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Dominican
Fought for just treatment of Indians in
Caribbean and Mexico
Apparition of Mary to Juan Diego at
Guadalupe Mexico, 1531
St. Peter Claver (1580–1654) Jesuit in
Columbia; ministry to slaves from Africa
St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617) and St.
Martin de Porres (1579-1639) in Peru
Blessed Junipero Serra (1713-1784)
Franciscan, established California
missions
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Development of Uniquely Latin Style of
Catholicism
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Early missionaries
recognized the importance
of elaborate ceremonies to
Aztecs
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agro.biodiver.se/wpcontent/uploads/2008/04/cuy.jpg
Developed liturgy with very
colorful ceremonies
Incorporated Indian artistic
styles into Church
decorations
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Example: Cusco Cathedral
in Peru, painting of Last
Supper
By 1600 estimated to be
7,000,000 Indians who were
calling themselves Catholic
Christians
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Late 16th C Spanish and Portuguese
Missions
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Political Developments in Europe
(1500 – 1850)
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England: Tudors, Revolution, Restoration with
broader democracy, American Revolution, King as
head of State
France: Strong Kings, Revolution, Napoleon,
Restoration, Revolution, Democracy, sometimes
King as head of State
Germany: Separate Duchies, Revolution, Strong
National Leader (Bismarck), King as head of State
Italy: Separate states; Revolution; National Unity
with Democracy, end of Papal States, King as Head
of State
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
England
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C
Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547
 1531 declares himself head of Church
Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and Catherine;
 Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V
 Returns England to Catholicism as official religion
 Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V)
 ‘Bloody Mary’ because she executes prominent Anglicans
accused of treason
 Dies 1558
Elizabeth reigns, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn
 Reigns 1558-1603
 Return to Anglicanism
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
English Rulers
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C
Charles I reign 1625-1649
 King during English Civil War between English aristocracy
(Anglicans) and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell
 Charles I executed 1649
Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660
Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1688
 Persecution of Puritans
George III reigns 1760-1820
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American Revolution
Queen Victoria 1837-1901
 During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important
relative to monarchy
 By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of
Government
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Philosophical Giant:
John Locke (1632 – 1704)
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Epistemology: how do we know?
 Through our senses and more specifically our experiences
 At birth mind is a blank slate
 Simple ideas come from senses, mind builds more complex ideas from
simple ones
 But experience can be communal; does not have to be personal
Political Science
 Man born with God-given rights of life, liberty and possessions (broadly
defined)
 Second Treatise on Government profoundly influential
 Letter on Toleration
 Strongly believed in natural law as basis for human laws
Theology; deeply religious, believed that revelation was ‘real’
 Above human reason (revelation)
 Contrary to reason
 According to reason
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
18th C American and French Political
Philosophy Based on Locke
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Puritan sermons in 18th C America
frequently referred to “the great Mr. Locke”
Early colonial Constitution of Carolinas
written by Locke
Voltaire considered Locke one of the most
important men of the previous generation
One of Thomas Jefferson’s three heroes
(the other two being Bacon and Newton)
John Adams thought John Locke one of
most important men who ever lived
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
American Revolution:
New Political Structures
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American Revolution (1776-1781), based on
philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704)
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Champion of individual rights
Religious toleration
Not clear (still isn’t) what is relation between religion
and politics in America
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Most States had an official religion; see for instance John
Adams’ Constitution of Massachusetts
First Amendment to U.S. Constitution says only that
Congress will not establish a religion;
Thomas Jefferson extends this to separation of Church and
State (1803)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
American Election of 1800
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Choice over:
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Adams vs. Jefferson: Role of Religion in Society and Duties
vs Rights
Category
Adams
Jefferson
Belief in God
Natural Law
Yes; God active in men’s
lives.
Basis of government.
Human nature and reason
Fundamentally flawed.
Rule of majority
Majority rule should be
tempered by constitutional
protections of minorities.
Fundamental bedrock of
civil government that
should be enduring; order in
society is very important.
Very important for moral
leadership; all religions
should be tolerated although
the State may favor one.
Maybe; but even so, God
not active in men’s lives.
Natural rights more
important.
Human nature and reason
are perfectible; humanity is
always making progress.
Majority should rule as
directly as possible.
Role of constitution
Role of religion in civil
society
Should be rewritten every
generation; an occasional
revolution is a good thing.
Religion is detrimental to
civil society; should be
completely separated from
politics.
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
France
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Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants
Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715
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Becomes King at age 5; real power was Cardinal Richelieu
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Francois I reigns 1515-1547
Henry IV reigns 1584-1610
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Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne
Encouraged Gallicanism
Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength
Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France
French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with throne
Louis XVI reigns 1774-1792
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Paris center of France
Initially encourages Enlightenment ideas
Supports American Revolution
Economic depression, leading to Revolution
Executed during Revolution
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
French Revolution (1789-1799):
Extreme Enlightenment
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Impetus comes from group of 18th C French philosophers: philosophes
(Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Turgot, Condorcet)
Philosophes embraced John Locke and science; encouraged by American
Revolution
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‘Reason’ used as a weapon against ‘throne and altar’
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Voltaire’s ‘Smile of Reason’ turns into glare of tyranny
Individual rights and toleration get replaced by suspicion of ‘enemy of
people’ and a new ‘religion’;
Active persecution of Church
New religion of reason
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Franklin, Paine, Jefferson and Adams in France;
But…Adams writes against Turgot and Condorcet and notion of progress without
sense of duty, In Defense of Constitutions
While…Jefferson supports the philosophes and the Terror
Notre Dame turned into a temple to reason
Name of months changed (Charlemagne!)
‘Superstition’ outlawed
French Revolution deeply shakes Catholicism; memory still does
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
French Enlightenment: Extreme Violence
1792 - 1794
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Instrument of terror: guillotine
 People like Voltaire and Locke who argued for more humane
methods of execution
 Dr. Joseph Guillotin proposed a machine for this purpose to
French Assembly in 1789
 ‘Scientific’ design to be effective and merciful
First the aristocracy: Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette,
executed along with their children
Next clergy and religious who refused to ‘convert’ to religion of
reason
Then those who disagree with ruling elite (Jacobins execute
Girondins)
 Robespierre takes control of Committee for Public Safety
Finally the ruling elite themselves
France degenerates into chaos; pulled out of chaos by Napoleon
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
France
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Century
Napoleon manages to conquer much of Europe:
from Spain to Egypt to Russia
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Gains control 1799
Restores Catholicism (sort of)
Sells Louisiana to United States (Jefferson) 1803
Crowns himself emperor in front of Pope 1804
Finally defeated at Waterloo by English 1814
France after Napoleon
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Brief restoration of monarchy
Revolution 1848
French Republics
Powerful group of Catholics in France want strong Papacy
to help rebuild French unity and culture (Ultamontane)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Napoleon’s Conquests
www.euroheritage.net/napoleonicempire.jpg
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Holy Roman Empire
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Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two
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Wars between Catholic and German parts of Germany; Thirty Years was
between France and Germany
As a result of Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, ending 30 years War
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Prussia becomes dominant force among Lutheran German States
Frederick the Great reign 1740-1786
Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria;
conquers all of Germany
After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815,
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Affirmation of Treaty of Augsburg
Germany and Central Europe divided into 200 independent pieces
For next 100 years many wars over territory and succession
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Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States) under Ferdinand I
Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor)
Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states
Revolution of 1848
Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859
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King as figure head
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Italy
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In 16th C Italy composed of powerful city-States
 Papal States
 Florence, Naples, Venice
 Charles V invades Italy in 1527 and establishes rulers in Naples
and northern Italy allied with HRE
17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north)
and Spain (south), except for Papal States
19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political
turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States
Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification
 King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861
 Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Papacy
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C
Paul III, pope 1543-1549
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Concerned about reform of Church
Approved Jesuits
Called Council of Trent
Popes 17th and 18th C faced with rising
‘national’ Catholicism
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Gallicanism (France)
Febronianism (Germany)
Josephism (HRE)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Papacy in
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and
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19
C
Tension between national interests and universal
Church interests leads to suppression of Jesuit
order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV
After Napoleon, Catholic countries view papacy as
politically stabilizing force; Congress of Vienna,
1815, restores Papal States
Papacy becomes increasingly ‘conservative’ in
reaction to liberal European political and social
turmoil during 18th and 19th C
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Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) tries to ban railroads from
papal states
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Pope Pius IX, 1846-1878
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Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of
1848
Negotiates Church rights with many European
governments (concordats)
Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much
enlightenment thought
Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church
Convenes Vatican I in 1869
Loses Papal States in 1870
Beatified along with Pope John XXIII in 2000
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878
Readings
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Vidmar (pp 241-289)
Sepulveda and de las Casas
Francis Xavier Letters
John Locke Letter of Toleration or Second
Treatise on Government
Jefferson Letter to Danbury Baptists
Civil Constitution of Clergy and St. Just
McManners Ch 9 (pp 301-340)
CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878