Warm-up
Aug. 13
6. Backcountry farmers grew only enough crops
to feed their families, which is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
plantation farming
rotation planting
mercantilism
subsistence farming
Warm-up
Aug. 14
8. Which person does not belong in the following
list and why?
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Lord Baltimore
Roger Williams
Sir Walter Raleigh
William Penn
England and the Colonies Prosper
England and Its Colonies Prosper

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Colonies export raw materials,
Britain manufactures goods
Purpose of the colonies was to
make Britain prosper
Mercantilism—economic system
to make a nation self-sufficient
- Nation obtains gold, silver, and
establishes a favorable balance of
trade
Colonist began exporting goods
directly to other European
countries
- Made more money
England and Its Colonies Prosper

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British pass Navigation Acts in
1651 to control colonial trade
- Required that all foreign goods
pass through English ports
- Required that all good be carried
on English or colonial ships
- Created jobs for dockworkers and
ship builder
Colonial merchants resented the
laws
- Continued to smuggle goods
- Howard Teach became the most
famous smuggler (Blackbeard)
Crackdown in Massachusetts

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1684 – King Charles II punished the
colonist he felt most resisted British
authority
- Massachusetts merchants
- England revoked Massachusetts
corporate charter and made it a royal
colony
1885 – James II became king
In 1685, King James creates Dominion
of New England
- Land from southern Maine to New
Jersey united into one colony
- To make colony more obedient,
Dominion placed under single ruler
Governor Sir Edmund Andros
antagonizes Puritans, merchants
Abolished colonial assemblies (Caused
tensions with colonies)
Glorious Revolution

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King James unpopular in England:
is Catholic, disrespects Parliament
1688 - James wanted to return
England to Catholicism (gets
kicked out)
Glorious Revolution—Parliament
asserts its power over monarch,
1689
- Parliament crowns Mary (James’s
daughter) and William of Orange
Glorious Revolution – showed that
government was based on law not
the whims of kings
- Authority of the king came from
Parliament not God
Glorious Revolution

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English Bill of rights (a list)
-No taxation without representation
-No cruel or unjust punishment,
- Free speech in parliament
-No imprisonment without a trial,
-The right to petition
-The right to bear arms
-The right to trial by jury
Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros and royal councilors
1691 – England restored Massachusetts’ charter
(Changed)
King appointed a royal governor
Required more religious toleration and non-Puritan representation in the
colonial assembly
Ended Puritan persecution of other groups
England Loosens the Reigns
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England turned its attention towards France after 1688
- Competing for control of Europe
Passed laws to tighten the Navigation Acts but didn’t
enforce them
- Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English
judges, no juries
- Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial
trade
Salutary Neglect – England didn’t enforce the
regulations in exchange for colonies continued
economic loyalty
Colonial Government

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King appointed a governor appointed in nearly every colony
- Governor was assisted by a council (wealthy planters)
Also had elected assemblies
- Had to be a white male property holder to vote
Council had to approve any laws passed by the assemblies
Governor had the power to call and disband the assemblies,
appoint and dismiss judges, and oversee all aspects of colonial
trade
The colonial assembly paid the governor’s salary
-Used the power of money to influence the governor’s decisions
Colonist developed a taste for self government
Zenger Trial

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
John Peter Zenger was
newspaper owner who
criticized a corrupt governor
in New York (William
Cosby)
Crosby had Zenger arrested
- It was illegal for anything
to be printed that “expressed
an ill will opinion” of the
government or its officers
Zenger Trial


Zenger’s defense argued
that a newspaper should
have the right to print
what is true even if it
criticized the government
- Jury sided with Zenger
Established Freedom of
the Press
- Newspapers can print
what is true
Colonial Regions

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Grouped into three regions
-New England
-Middle
- Southern
Geography influenced economy
Each region had its own unique culture
Plantation Economy

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Shaped the southern colonies
- Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and
Georgia
Depended on growing cash crops and
slave labor
- Tobacco and Rice
Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship
goods directly to markets
Plantations produced most of what
farmers needed on their property
- Few cities grew: warehouses, shops
not needed
Southern population mostly small
farmers
Planters are minority but control
economy
By mid-1700s, growth in export trade
makes colonies prosperous
The Role of Women
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Women have few legal or social rights, little
formal schooling
Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm
chores
Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’
will
Turn to Slavery
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Turned to African slavery after Indians died
Slaves—people who are considered the property
of others
1660s – South’s labor system began changing from indentured
servants to slavery
New planter class gained power in Virginia (Cavaliers)
English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native
Americans
Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy
Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery
Turn to Slavery

3-way triangular
trade network ties
colonies, Africa, West
Indies:
- New England
exports rum to Africa
- Africa exports slaves
to West Indies
- West Indies export
sugar, molasses to
New England
Turn to Slavery

The Middle passage—
middle leg of transatlantic
trade, transports slaves
- 20% or more of Africans
on ship die from disease,
abuse, suicide
- Slaves were crowded
together (Many died)
- Beaten if they refused to eat
or tried to jump overboard
- Overloaded the boats by
1/3
Elite Planter Class

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
Cavaliers grew rich from slavery
- Purchased more slaves
- Grew more tobacco
Small farmers couldn’t compete
- Many were forced to move west
Cavaliers differed in how they treated slaves
- Some felt responsibility for taking care of their slaves
- Some were tyrants who used force to control slaves
Growth of Plantations

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Black population grew rapidly in
the Southern Colonies
- Rose from 6 % in 1660 6% to
Over 20% in 1700
Plantation farming grew in South
Carolina and Georgia
Grew rice in the lowlands
- Had to drain swamps and clear
land
- Plantation owners sought out
slaves who were from Africa’s rice
growing regions
Grew Indigo in the uplands
- Started by Eliza Lucas
- Could raise it on land not suitable
for rice
Life Under Slavery

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Small Farms - People who owned only a few slaves worked side by side with
them
- Shared same living area
- Treated like indentured servants
- Often taught to read and write and given chance to purchase freedom
- Common outside the south
Plantations -Worked in groups of 20-25
80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as artisans
- Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death
- Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful
Planters feared a slave uprising
Life Under Slavery


1739 Stono Rebellion Slaves
rebelled near Charles Town
- Killed planter families
- militia defeated slaves (Killed
fighting or executed)
Passed Slave codes –Harsh laws
that controlled the treatment of
slaves
- Prohibited slaves from leaving the
plantation without permission
- Forbid slaves to meet with free
blacks
- Forbid slaves to learn how to read
or write
Life Under Slavery


Africans resisted slavery in several ways
- Some used violence
- Others worked slowly
- Damaged goods
- Deliberately carried out orders incorrectly
Africans on plantations developed a new way of life in their
living quarters
-Merchants, owners split families; slaves raise children left
behind
- Preserved many of the African customs such as music dances
and crafts
- For a while many held on to traditional religions and Islam as
well
New England Colonies
Life in the New England Colonies

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Farming was difficult in the Region
Low mountains and rocky soil
Long cold winters
Atlantic ocean was their main resource
Fishing and Shipbuilding in New
England
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Settlers switched from farming to fishing
Good harbors and rich fishing areas
Region had abundance of wood to build ships
Boston became the richest American colonial
town
Whaling on Nantucket
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Island was within easy reach
of a migration stream
Whale blubber was used for
oil and candles
Bones were used to make
umbrellas, corsets, and
hairbrushes
Boys attended school until
age 12
Served a 2 year
apprenticeship as a cooper
(Barrel maker)
Went to sea at age 14
Atlantic Trading Patterns


New England became
part of the Triangular
Trade
Triangular trade enabled
New England traders to
profit enormously from
the slave trade
African Americans in New England
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
Little slavery in New England
- Didn’t need large amounts of unskilled labor
New England slave owners differed from Southern
slave owners
- Often provided religious and educational instruction
More free blacks lived in New England than any other
region
- Became merchants, sailors, printers and carpenters
Were NOT treated as equals to whites
Roles of Women

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
Women and girls did jobs associated with household
- Made candles, soap, and butter
- Spun cloth, weaved, washed, and cooked
Some women had special skills within the community
- Helped deliver babies
- Run a Dame school (Home where young children
were taught to read and write)
Widows, women who never married or wives of
seagoing fishermen often entered business
- Printers, merchants, carpenters, and ship owners
Changes in Puritan Society

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Late 1600s – New England had moved away
from the church-centered society
Caused by growing prosperity and the end of
Puritan political control
New Generation of colonist didn’t share their
parent’s strict religious views
- Valued wealth
Puritan Ministers began complaining that their
“city on the hill” was full of greedy merchants
Witchcraft Trials in Salem
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In 1692 – Several young girls made
false accusations of witchcraft
- Led to trials and hysteria
Many accusers were poor who
brought charges against rich
Several victims were women
considered too independent
Hundreds of people were accused
of witchcraft or dealing with the
devil
Nineteen people were hanged after
being charged with witch craft
during the Salem Witch Trials
Showed that a society can create
scapegoats for its problems
The Enlightenment

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For centuries philosophers used reason, science
to explain world
Enlightenment—movement in 1700s
emphasized reason, observation
Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through
books, pamphlets
The Enlightenment



Benjamin Franklin
embraced Enlightenment
ideas
- Kite experiment
Other colonial leaders also
adopted Enlightenment
views
Thomas Jefferson used
reason to conclude people
had natural rights that
government must respect
The Great Awakening



1720 – Only 25% of New
Englanders belonged to a
church
- Lower in other colonies
Educated men became
lawyers and merchants rather
than ministers
1730s and 1740s – New
religious movement roared
through colonies
- Minister went from town to
town
- Held revival meetings and
urged people to return to
their faith
The Great Awakening


Movement was led by
Jonathan Edwards
- He described the agonies of
hell and urged people to
repent their sins
- preaches people are sinful,
must seek God’s mercy
George Whitfield – Traveled
the colonies and gave
“fireand brimstone sermons”
The Great Awakening

Great Awakening had several effects
- People returned to the church (responded to new energetic
preachers)
- A sense of equality among American arose
- Everyone was seen as equal in God’s eyes
- Many people began calling each other brother and sister
- People began reaching out to African Americans and Indians
- Jonathan Edwards became a missionary to Indians in
Massachusetts
- Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges
Middle Colonies
A Farm and City Life in the Middle
Colonies
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Consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania
Region had a wealth of resources
- Rich soil, good growing season, and several large rivers with good harbors
New York City – Mouth of the Hudson River
Philadelphia – located on the Delaware river which drained into Delaware
Bay
Colonist came from farming traditions
- Germany, Switzerland, and Holland
- Skills enabled them to produce large amounts of food for export
- Wheat production earned the colonies the nickname “Bread basket”
The Pennsylvania Germans

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Most arrived as indentured servants
German communities could be identified by
huge barns, stout workhorses and sleek cattle
The Pennsylvania Germans

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
Built Conestoga wagons to carry
produce to market
- Wide wheel base
- Curved bed to prevent spills
- Canvas top to protect contents
- Later used to carry pioneers into
new territory
Developed skills such as iron
working, glass making and
furniture building
Differed from Puritans and
Quakers due to the fact they
enjoyed decorating what they made
The Importance of Mills

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Mills –Machines that process materials such as grain
Lumber mills, iron works, paper mills and Gristmills
Most were ran by water power
- A few were ran by wind or animal power
Gristmill was the most common
- Ground grain into flour
- Used two large stones (Could adjust the setting to make fine
flour or course meal)
- Largest mills were in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware
People in Middle colonies ate about a pound of grain a day (3
times as much as we eat today)
Philadelphia’s Prosperity
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Growing commerce and a supply of skilled artisans led to small
scale manufacturing in Middle colonies
Large Scale manufacturing occurred in shipbuilding
1750 – Region led the colonies in shipbuilding
Philadelphia was the main shipbuilding area
- Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban
plan
Used wealth to build a state of Pennsylvania house
(Independence Hall)
Lighted and Paved Streets
Established a fire department and library
Benjamin Franklin was behind many of the improvements
A Climate of Tolerance

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
Life was shaped by a number of groups
-Variety of Languages
Differed from the other two regions
- New England – Puritans / Southern – Cavaliers
Earliest settlers practiced religious tolerance
- Quakers in Pennsylvania and Dutch in New York
Quakers believed man and women were equal
- Many women became preachers
- 1688 - Quakers were the first people to speak out
against slavery
The Backcountry
Life in the Backcountry
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Inland settlers differed from people on the coast
Wore simple clothing
Spoke plain talk
Believed in equality, self-sufficiency and elbow
room
Geography of the Backcountry
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1700s – Area along the Appalachian Mountains
Started at the fall line in the South
- Point at which waterfalls made river navigation
impossible
Piedmont was beyond the fall line
- Broad Plateau leading to the Blue Ridge Mountains
Numerous Springs and steams made it easy for small
family farms to prosper
Settling the Backcountry
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Indian traders were the first Europeans to move into the
backcountry
Deerskins were used as currency
Cattle ranchers and then settler followed the traders
Resulted in clashed between settlers and Indians
Many backcountry settlers became self-sufficient farmers
Cleared land built log Cabin, and planted garden
1600s =- People moved to backcountry to escape plantation
agriculture
Large estates were crowding out small farmers
1700 – Scots-Irish became the first group of people to go
directly from England to the backcountry
The Scots-Irish

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
Came from the borderland between Scotland and England
- Some had settled in Northern Ireland before coming to America
Lived in an area that England and Scotland fought over for centuries
- Relied on family rather than government
- Distrusted outsiders
- Always ready for a fight
- Valued liberty, religion, and responsibility
1707 – Scotland and England united as Great Britain
- Land developers and tax collectors invaded their land plus crop failures
- Migrated to America
The Scots-Irish
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
Arrived in Philadelphia and then moved to the backcountry
- Brought families with them (Most important social unity in the
backcountry)
People were linked together by a network of kin relationships
- Clan included people with common ancestors and the same last
name
- Banded together when danger threatened and were suspicious
of outsiders
- Even marriages were likely to occur with the clan
Backcountry Life

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
Typical homestead was the log
Cabin
- Introduced by the Swedes
- Became common after the ScotsIrish arrived
Ideal for Backcountry
- Could be built quickly (Ax)
Pegs lined then inside of the cabin
- Used to hang family’s clothes
(also served as decorations)
- Sign of wealth or poverty
Backcountry Life



Clothing
- Women wore homespun clothing, and bonnets and
went barefoot in warm weather
- Men wore a long hunting shirt with large sleeves
- Linen in summer deer skin in the winter
- Carried a bullet bag, knife and tomahawk on their belt
People in the backcountry treated each other as equals
although some were wealthier than others
- Called each by first name
Spread knowledge through ballads, folksongs, and
folktales rather than books
French and Indian War
“Seven Years War”
New France

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1608 - Samual Champlain founded
Quebec (capital of New France)
French were mostly male fur
traders, government officials and
missionaries
based their North American
empire on trade
France had better relationship with
the Indians
Missionaries also treated Indians
with respect
Began encouraging settlement after
they become concerned that
English and Dutch were competing
in the fur trade
LaSalle


Looked for the
Northwest Passage
1688 - led expedition
down the Ohio River
(stopped when he
realized the river flowed
south.
(French priest)
(fur trader)
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet


1673 -Sailed down the
Mississippi to Arkansas
Afraid of the Spanish
Claiming Louisiana

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
LaSalle led an expedition down the Mississippi River to
the Gulf of Mexico
Named Louisiana after King Louis XIV
Planned to build a string of forts from the Gulf of
Mexico to the Great Lakes
Disastrous Settlement
-Sailed into the Gulf of Mexico
-Lost all of their ships
-Men rebelled and killed LaSalle
Controlling the Mississippi



Wanted to keep England
from expanding
Jean Baptiste de Bienville oversaw the French
settlements
- Fort at Biloxi
- 1788 - New Orleans built
France had two main access
points to the American
interior
- St Lawrence River and the
Mississippi River
Wars over Fur Trade




England and France competing over the fur
trade
Indians caught in the middle
Iroquois were the most powerful Indian group
- Formed League of the Iroquois (consisted of 5
Indian Group)
England and France fought two wars over the
fur trade
- Didn’t change the Balance of Power
English Population Growth



Changed the balance of power between France
and England
Land speculators - began planning for a
settlement in the Ohio Valley
France began building forts along its rim to
prevent English settlement
Albany Plan of Union



Ben Franklin’s plan calling for the colonies to
unite
Each colony would send delegates (patterned
after the League of Iroquois)
Colonies rejected the Albany Plan
- Didn't want to give up power or pay taxes for
joint defense
At the Forks of the Ohio


French built Fort
Duquesne
Where Allegheny and
Monongahela rivers meet
to form the Ohio
At the Forks of the Ohio



George Washington sent to
tell the French to leave.
- Land claimed by Virginia
- Governor ordered him to
force the French out
Washington built another
fort (Fort Necessity)
Battle at Fort Necessity – 1st
battle of the French and
Indian War
- Became part of the Seven
Years War
Early French advantages




One Government
England lost its Indian
Allies – They wanted to
be on the wining side
Controlled access to the
interior
Used Guerrilla warfare
Edward Braddock





Failed to drive the French out of the Ohio
Valley
1755 - ambushed by French soldiers dressed like
Indians
Suffered Casualties - wounded or dead
2/3 of the army (also included women)
Braddock also killed
William Pitt





Became England's Prime
Minister
Spent large amounts of
money on the war
Forced England into debt
Persuaded colonies to furnish
more troops and money
England recaptures Fort
Duquesne (rename it
Pittsburg)
Battle of Quebec



Most important battle of
the war (turning point)
Quebec seemed
unconquerable (location)
England wins and goes
on to take Montreal
Treaty of Paris (1763)




Formally ended the French and Indian War
England took France's lands east of the
Mississippi
Spain had to give England Florida (sided with
France in the war)
France gave Spain New Orleans and its claim to
all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi
Pontiacs Uprising

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
British didn't like Indians
-British officer Jeffrey
Amherst sent blankets with
smallpox
Pontiac - holy man led
rebellion against the colonist
Leads a rebellion and forces
colonist out of then Ohio
Valley
Drove the colonist out of the
Ohio Valley
England had to decide best
way to keep peace in America
Pontiacs Uprising

Proclamation of 1763—
colonists cannot settle
west of Appalachians
British Policies Anger Colonists



Halt to western expansion upsets colonists
Tensions in Massachusetts increase over
crackdown on smuggling
Writs of assistance allow searches of ships,
businesses, homes
- British had cracked down on smuggling during
war
Problems Resulting from the War



Colonists felt threatened by British
troops stationed in colonies
Prime Minister George Grenville
sets policies to pay war debt
Parliament passes Sugar Act
(1764):
- Duty on foreign molasses halved
- New duties placed on other
imports
- Smuggling cases go to viceadmiralty court