Mr. Stephens
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 6 Lecture Notes
Chapter 6 Lecture Notes
The Skeletal System
Functions of Bones
Bones (skeleton)
___________________ the body.
Joints
___________________ organs.
Cartilage
___________________ with skeletal muscles.
Ligaments
___________________ minerals and fats.
___________________ cell formation.
Bones of the Human Body (about_______ total)
1. __________________ bone (solid & homogenous); impact resistance
2. __________________ bone (small strut-like pieces of bone, many open spaces); lightens load,
but maintains strength.
Bones can be Classified by Shape
____________ bones are: long, shaft with heads at both ends, mostly compact. Ex: femur, humerus
____________ bones are: short, generally cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone, Ex: carpals, tarsals
____________ bones are: flat, thin and usually curved, thin layers of compact bone surrounded by
spongy bone, Ex: skull, ribs, sternum
____________ bones are: irregular “bizarre”, don’t fit other categories, Ex: vertebrae, hip bones
Anatomy of a Long Bone
_________________ – shaft, compact bone
_________________ – ends of the bond, mostly spongy bone
Bones are living tissue!
Bone markings – include bumps and knobs for ligament/muscle attachment, holes and depressions for
blood vessels and nerves.
Bone remodeling – 2 reasons in adults:
1. Regulate blood __________________ levels.
2. Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton,
i.e. ____________________ or lack thereof.
Mr. Stephens
Chapter 7 Lecture Notes
Anatomy & Physiology
The Axial Skeleton
The __________________________ axis of the body (3 parts): Skull, Vertebral column, bony thorax.
The Skull – 22 bones
Two sets of bones: _____________________ & ____________________________
Most joined by sutures, mandible is the only freely moveable skull bone.
The Hyoid bone
The only bone with no bone ________________________________.
Moveable base for tongue. Aids in swallowing and speech.
The Vertebral Column
__________________ named by location separated by intervertebral discs.

___ cervical (neck)

___ thoracic (articulate w/ribs)

___ lumbar (lower back)
“7am breakfast, 12 noon lunch, 5pm dinner”

Sacrum = ___ fused vertebrae

Coccyx – ___ fused vertebrae
secondary curves
primary curves
Spinal Curvature
The vertebral column shows four spinal curves:
1. cervical curve
2. thoracic curve
3. lumbar curve
4. sacral curve
The __________________ and __________________ curves are known as primary curves, because they
appear at birth.
The _________________ and __________________ curves are known as secondary curves, because the
appear several months after birth.
Atlas = C1: Holds up the _______________. Articulation with the occipital condyle of the skull.
Axis = C2: Allows ______________________ of the atlas and skull. The ________ provides the pivot for
rotation of the atlas and and skull.
Vertebrae general markings:
Articular process
Body
Facet
Spinous process
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
The Bony Thorax: protect major organs
Consists of 3 parts:
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
 True ribs (pairs 1-7)
 False ribs (pairs 8-12)
o Floating ribs (paris 11-12)
3. __________________ vertebrae
Sternum (consists of)
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
Mr. Stephens
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 8 Lecture Notes
The Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones!) Includes limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
The Pectoral girdle (_________________) allows exceptionally free movement of the upper arm.
2 bones
1. Clavicle -- ____________________
2.
Scapula -- ____________________ (only 2 articulations, highly mobile)
Bones of the upper limbs: Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Bones of the pelvic girdle: hold weight of the upper body and protect reproductive organs, bladder, &
large intestine.
3 fused bones make up the pelvic girdle
1. ______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
Gender difference of the pelvis. Why would this be? Males have a pubic arch less than ________.
Females have pubic arch more than _________.
Bones of the lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Chapter 9 Lecture Notes
Joints: bone articulations, 3 structural types
1. ______________________ joints – no movement (fibers connect bones) ex: bones of the skull
Sutures to know: coronal, sagittal, frontal (metopic), lamboid, squamous
Fontanelle = “soft spot” of a newborn.
2. ______________________ joints –little movement (cartilage connections) ex: vertebral bodies
3. ______________________ joints – free moveable (bones articulate inside cavity) ex: shoulder
Synovial Joints (categorized by allowable movements)
Pivot joint – neck, between atlas and axis
Hinge joint – elbow
Saddle joint – thumb
Ball-and-socket joint – hip and shoulder
Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) joint – wrist
Gliding (plane) joint – ankles and palms
Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
Flexion – movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating
elements (bending a limb).
Extension – increases the angle between articulating elements. (Straighten a limb).
Hyperextension – extension past anatomical position
Rotation – is movement around the long axis
Abduction – limbs move away from midline
Adduction – opposite of abduction, movement toward midline
Dorsiflexion (ankle flexion) – lifting toward shin
Plantar flexion (ankle extension) – pointing toes
Inversion – turn sole of foot medially
Eversion – turn sole of foot laterally
Supination – forearm rotates so palm faces anteriorly (like in anatomical position)
Pronation – forearm rotates so palm faces posteriorly
Opposition – move the thumb to touch tips of fingers on the same hand.