On Wednesday, July 2, 2014 4:32 AM, Ken Hall <preahvihar@yahoo.com> wrote:
Patrick Wolff
History 371
Chapter 15 Questions
1. Imperialism would work by an advanced country taking hold of a less
advanced country to establish monopolies that would make developed
countries more wealthy. Many times wealthy countries would secure the
natural resources that where in these underdeveloped countries. For Europe
this was rubber, cotton, tea, and others found in Europe . In exchange for
these goods, wealthier nations would “teach” perceivable less civilized nations
morals and social behavior. This was used as a way to civilize these people. To
the Europeans and United States this seemed like a good trade. The attitude
was that uncivilized nations would learn of superior culture and the civilized
nations would get cheap materials To the Europeans and Americans it would
benefit both sides. Realistically imperialism would make some improvements
for less developed nations, but overall would work against development.
While brining some infrastructure and medical advancements into these areas,
the Western invaders would disrupt the local culture. These countries were
often striped of their resources by poor management and neglected human
rights. Local people from Imperialized areas grew to dislike the arrogance the
Westerners had. Places such as India grew a great dislike for their Western
overseers.
some details?
2. “The White Man’s Burden” made imperialism seem to be a quest to better
the world. It made a claim that it was the civilized Western world’s job to
spread it’s culture to make the world a better place. The poem “ Mandalay ”
made the East seem a romantic and adventurous place to go to. This would
spark interest in Western people to come to the East. It would make
imperialism out to be saving native populations in a wondrous and beautiful
land. Marxist Vladimir Lenin claimed that imperialism was the height of
imperialism. He claimed that Europeans would seek monopolies to make as
much money as possible in lands that they take over. Lenin claimed that all
imperialism was a grab for land and profits made by capitalist nations. The
need to promote national image was related to the theory of Social
Darwinism. To make sure that a nations people stayed ahead of other nations
there was a drive to become a great power. This power could come from the
amount of colonies in possession. The n1885 Berlin conference would create
spheres of influence from which European nations had a chance to create
colonies. This would give Europeans a since of national pride as there
influence grew worldwide.
GOOD OVERVIEW
3. Delhi was more centrally located in terms of the Indian population spread,
it had better rail line connections, and had a more productive economic zone
then Calcutta . It was able to be built into a much better capital city then
Calcutta had been. The British Empire built New Delhi , which was more fit for
it’s modern role. New Delhi had wider streets and more modern buildings, but
kept the same Indian architecture as the hold city. Delhi is a blend of history
and new age India and serves as a much better capital in terms of economic
growth. New Delhi fit the use for the British because the city was built more
for the modern age. The streets where wider for automobiles and it added
shopping centers along with gardens for servants. New Delhi was a modern
mix of Indian and British culture that had more possibilities to build a
productive capital city.
4. The British wanted use of the Irrawaddy River delta. Here they established
a port to export materials. They also feared that Burma was close to Bengal
and that it may result in a takeover. ???
The French took over Vietnam to
establish their colony in Asia . To do this they had to drive back the Chinese.
???
THE VIETNAMESE -- AND A CHINESE DIASPORA MIX IN SOUTHERN
VIETNAM .
They established an important port at Saigon and from there
exported goods from Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . The Dutch focused
most of their control on Java at the beginning of their control. This was to
gain access to the plantations there and gain goods such as sugar, coffee, tea,
and other products from the area. They then spread to surrounding islands
for oil and rubber. America acquired the Philippians after defeating Spain in
the Spanish American War. The U.S. would set up trade to gain food products
from wealthy Filipinos. This mostly included sugar.
5. Gunboat diplomacy is a sort of threat. If Westerners felt that local Asians
where causing issues for missionaries or traders, they would send a gunboat
just offshore. This would send a message to these local people. The Treaty of
Tianjin allowed for the opening of more ports and supported Christian
missionary work. These two things where protected under gunboat diplomacy.
Since the things that gunboat diplomacy protected gained from this treaty
the ideas behind the gunboat threat where better protected. Gunboat
diplomacy was a forced acceptance of Western influence. These South East
Asian countries could not compete with the powerful Western Navies. For this
reason they had no real chance stopping Western merchants and missionaries
from taking more control of the land. If they resisted change there was always
a threat from the sea that these local people knew they could not defeat.
Because more treaty ports where opened up merchants where able to build
large trade centers in cities. This would grow the city due to economic
success. Then missionaries could start schools and churches in these cities.
They would be able to reach the local populations in these cities built from
trade.
6.
The Chinese Qing Dynasty was in support of the rebels in the Boxer
Rebellion. They went around killing missionaries and converts. The Chinese
could not unite under the Qing and the government failed. They could not
unite or keep up with the modernizing Japanese and had to fold due to a
lack of central government. Due to the lack of a government the Chinese
faced massive famines and health related issues. This meant that American
missionaries went on a big campaign of building hospitals and famine relief
efforts. Also America and Britain financed Chinese students to go to school in
these countries. In doing this America and Britain would “civilize” these well
educated Chinese and instill western traditions in these young minds. Both of
these where ways to gain favoritism in China . However by discriminating
against Asian’s in the Oriental Exclusion Acts through the late 1800s many
Asian’s felt insulted by the West. This along with open dislike of Asian
immigrants in other Western countries lead to dislike of Western nations. If
these nations claimed to be so civilized why did they treat Asian’s with such
hostility? This did not help any relations between the West and East.
The effect on China was a weakening of the dynasty as well as a
weakened national defense. The structure was temporarily sustained by
the Europeans. Behind the international conflict, it further internally
deepened the ideological differences between northern-Chinese antiforeign royalists and southern-Chinese anti-Qing revolutionists. This
scenario in the last Chinese dynasty gradually escalated to a chaotic
warlord era in which the most powerful northern warlords were hostile
towards the revolutionaries in the south until the northern warlords were
defeated in the Northern Expedition. Before the ultimate defeat of the
Boxer Rebellion, all anti-Qing movements in the previous century such as
the Taiping Rebellion were successfully suppressed by the Qing.
7. Instead of fighting Western culture, Japan embraced it. Early on Japanese
scholars had learned that Western influence could not be gotten rid of.
Instead Japan intermixed their traditions with those of the West. In this way
Japan could remain independent unlike many other Asian nations. Japan even
embraced the idea of Western imperialism. Japan took some of it’s neighbors
as imperial possessions. They expanded and took control of Korea , Taiwan ,
and Manchuria . Japan took control of these areas to spread Japanese
influence. They gained labor and natural resources from these areas while
they added infrastructure, schools, and better health care. Taiwan and Korea
gained from Japanese control. They now had factories, rail lines, and schools.
The negative affect of Japanese control altered their culture. The Japanese
weakened the traditions that each nation had. These were replaced with the
western style influences that had changed Japan .
The achievements of Meiji Japan countered the Western imperialist
characterizations of Asians because Japan itself became imperialist and
interested in overseas colonization. Japan thus followed the lead of the West
in becoming an imperialist power. Japan was quick to realize that in order to
not become a colony or semi-colony like the rest of Asia , it would have to
adopt Western technology. Japan also saw that military technology could not
be separated from overall industrialization or the institutional structures that
had produced and accompanied it in the West. Japan showed little hesitation
after 1869 in transforming or abolishing traditional institutions in favor of
those that could give the country the modern strength it needed to survive.
Although change was largely bloodless and accompanied by relatively minor
political reorganization, Meiji Japan produced in many ways a real revolution.
By the 1890s Japan had a modern navy and army and a fast-growing
industrial base to support it. Japanese steamships had won a major place in
East Asian trade, and its merchants had acquired a rising share of the China
market. Exports to the West now included silk and tea, where Japanese
efficiency and quality control had captured much of the market from a more
disorganized China . As it had followed the Western lead in modern
development, Japan now joined the other imperialist powers in colonial
conquests. According to Western example, this was part of being one of the
“powers,” but Japanese had long sought a special role for themselves on the
mainland. Korea was the handiest target, and in brief campaigns in 1894-1895
the new Japanese fleet and army demolished the poorly led Chinese forces
sent to protect their tributary dependency.
Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945) was a deeply ambivalent experience
for Koreans. On the one hand, Japanese colonialism was often quite harsh. For
the first ten years Japan ruled directly through the military, and any Korean
dissent was ruthlessly crushed. After a nationwide protest against Japanese
colonialism that began on March 1, 1919, Japanese rule relaxed somewhat,
allowing a limited degree of freedom of expression for Koreans. Despite the
often oppressive and heavy-handed rule of the Japanese authorities, many
recognizably modern aspects of Korean society emerged or grew considerably
during the 35-year period of colonial rule. These included rapid urban growth,
the expansion of commerce, and forms of mass culture such as radio and
cinema, which became widespread for the first time. Industrial development
also took place, partly encouraged by the Japanese colonial state, although
primarily for the purposes of enriching Japan and fighting the wars in China
and the Pacific rather than to benefit the Koreans themselves. Such uneven
and distorted development left a mixed legacy for the peninsula after the
colonial period ended.
Between 1895 and 1945, Taiwan (including the Pescadores ) was a
dependency of the Empire of Japan. The expansion into Taiwan was a part of
Imperial Japan's general policy of southward expansion during the late 19th
century. As Taiwan was Japan 's first overseas colony, Japanese intentions
were to turn the island into a showpiece "model colony.” As a result, much
effort was made to improve the island's economy, industry, public works and
to change its culture. The relative failures of immediate post–World War II rule
by the Kuomintang led to a certain degree of nostalgia amongst the older
generation of Taiwanese who experienced both. This has affected, to some
degree, issues such as national identity, ethnic identity and the Taiwan
independence movement. Partly as a result, the people of Taiwan in general
feel much less antipathy towards the legacy of Japanese rule than other
countries in Asia .
A- ASSIGNMENT