PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 50 Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Principles of Pharmacology Objectives: 50-1 Describe the five categories of pharmacology. 50-2 Differentiate between chemical, generic, and trade names for drugs. 50-3 Describe the major drug categories. 50-4 List the main sources of drug information. 50-5 Contrast over-the-counter and prescription drugs. 50-6 Compare the five schedules of controlled substances. 2 Principles of Pharmacology Objectives: 50-7 Describe how to register a physician with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for permission to administer, dispense, and prescribe controlled drugs. 50-8 Describe how vaccines work in the immune system. 50-9 Identify patient education topics related to the use of nonprescription and prescription drugs. 3 Introduction Pharmacology – Science of drugs Medication mistakes can injure or even cause death of a patient. This chapter will provide an overview of the role of drugs in ambulatory medical facilities You will need to have a good working knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology. 4 Medical Assistant’s Role in Pharmacology You will need to: Have basic knowledge of medications Be attentive to ensure that the physician is aware of all the medications a patient is taking. Ask patients about use of alcohol, vitamins, herbal medications, or recreational drugs 5 Drugs and Pharmacology Drug - chemical compound used to prevent, diagnose or treat a disease or other abnormal condition Pharmacologist specialist in pharmacology A doctor prescribes a drug when he gives a patient a prescription to be filled by a pharmacy. You are responsible to administer a drug by giving it directly by injection, by mouth, or by any other route to introduce the drug into a patient’s body. 6 Categories of Pharmacology Pharmacognosy – study of characteristics of natural drugs and their sources Pharmacodynamics – study of what drugs do to the body Pharmacokinetics – what the body does to drugs Pharmacotherapeutics – study of how drugs are used to treat disease Toxicology – study of poisonous effects of drug 7 Sources of Drugs Many drugs originate as natural products Plants Animals Minerals Bacteria or fungi Name this source of drug and the drug it is used to make. Foxglove to make digitoxin 8 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) An agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. Regulates the manufacture and distribution of every drug used in the U.S. Requires drug manufacturers to perform clinical tests on new drugs before the drugs are used by humans. Manufacturer must continue to demonstrate the drug’s safety and efficacy. FDA can withdraw a drug from the market at any time if evidence suggests that it is no longer safe or effective. 9 Pharmacodynamics Study of what a drug does to the body Includes interaction between the drug and target cells or tissues and the body’s response to that interaction 10 Pharmacokinetics The study of what the body does to a drug includes: Absorbs – converts a drug into a form the body can use Metabolizes – drug molecules are transformed into simpler products Distributes – transporting a drug from its site of administration to its site of action Excretes –manner in which a drug is eliminated from the body 11 Pharmacotherapeutics Drug Names: Generic – official name International nonproprietary name Chemical name Trade name – brand or proprietary name You will probably use only generic or trade names. 12 Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following is a generic drug name? Biocef Keflex Cephalexin 13 Apply Your Knowledge -Answer Which of the following is a generic drug name? Biocef Keflex Cephalexin 14 Pharmacotherapeutics - Drug Categories Categorized by: Their action on the body General therapeutic effect Body system affected Example: Antacid – neutralizes stomach acids Tums Basaljel 15 Pharmacotherapeutics – Indications and Labeling Indications – used to When a drug is used identify purpose or for multiple indications reason for using a drug. one or more may not be in its labeling. FDA – approved indications which must Example: Benadryl be part of labeling can be used for antihistamine or Multiple uses of a drug temporary sedative. are possible. 16 Pharmacotherapeutics – Safety and Efficacy Safety is how many and what kinds of adverse effects are associated with the drug. An adverse reaction may require immediate action. Be alert to complaints from patient after starting new drug. 17 Pharmacotherapeutics – Safety and Efficacy (cont.) When a patient complains a drug is not working, it may be due to any of the following: Patient does not understand how the drug works Dosage needs to be adjusted Therapeutic level has not been reached Wrong drug was prescribed Some drugs work better with one patient than another Some forms of drugs work better The trade name drug may work even if the generic does not 18 Pharmacotherapeutics – Kinds of Therapy Acute – improve life threatening or serious condition Empiric – give until other tests prove another therapy is appropriate Maintenance – maintain a condition Palliative – reduce the severity of a condition or pain Prophylactic – prevent a disease or condition Replacement – provide chemicals missing by the patient Supportive – for condition other than primary disease Supplemental – avoid deficiency 19 Apply Your Knowledge What is Pharmacokinetics? 20 Apply Your Knowledge -Answer What is Pharmacokinetics? The study of what a drug does to the body. 21 Pharmacotherapeutics – Toxicology Study of poisonous effect or toxicity of drugs Toxic effects includes: Adverse effect on a fetus or infant Adverse reactions reported in clinical trials Adverse effect in pediatric or elderly patients 22 Sources of Drug Information You must keep up-to-date sources of drug information Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) Drug Evaluations United States Pharmacopeial/National Formulary American Hospital Formulary Services (AHFS) 23 Controlled Substances A drug that is categorized as potentially dangerous and addictive The greater the potential the more severe limitations on prescribing it Controlled by federal laws Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act – (Controlled Substances Act) 1970 24 Controlled Substances Schedules Schedule Abuse Example I High Heroin II High Codeine III Lower than II Butabarbital IV Lower than III V Lower than IV Chloral hydrate Antidiarrheals 25 Regulatory Function of FDA Drug Manufacturing Nonprescription or Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs Prescription drugs Controlled substances Controlling substance labeling Doctor registration DEA number use Form 224a Renew every three years 26 Controlled Substances – Drug Security Store controlled drugs in a locked cabinet or safe. Double lock opioids Doctor should keep the keys at all times except when asking you to add or take from the stock, only if allowed in your state 27 Controlled Substances – Recording Keeping Doctors must maintain two types of records to dispense controlled drugs: Dispensing records Must be kept separate from patient’s regular medical record Note each time a drug is given Inventory records Count the amount of each drug on hand and compare with amount dispensed to patient 28 Controlled Substances – Disposing of Drugs Dispose of outdated, noncontrolled drugs by: Flushing down the toilet Putting them in the trash Dispose of controlled drugs Obtain DEA Form – 41 (Registrants Inventory of Drugs Surrendered) Have doctor sign it and call DEA about how to dispose of the drugs 29 Writing Prescriptions Any drug not over-the-counter requires a prescription Four basic parts: 1. Superscription 2. Inscription 3. Subscription 4. Signature 30 Writing Prescriptions (cont.) Prescription Blank for a Single Medication 31 Writing Prescriptions (cont.) Prescription Blank for a Multiple Medications 32 Vaccines Special preparations made from microorganisms Administered to a person to produce reduced sensitivity to or increased immunity to an infectious disease 33 Antibody Formation 1. Antigen enters body 2. White cells produce antibodies 3. Combine with antigens to neutralize them 4. This arrests or prevents reaction or disease 5. Vaccines stimulate antibody formation and reduce symptoms if patient is exposed to disease 34 Patient Education About Over The Counter (OTC) Drugs You need to give your attention to all the drugs a patient is taking whether prescription or OTC Caution patient not to treat themselves with OTC drugs Inform patient that many OTC medications contain more than one active ingredient. Tell the patient that interactions can occur when a person takes more than one OTC at a time or takes one with prescription drugs 35 Patient Education About Drugs – Prescription Drugs Inform patient about special considerations and drug safety precautions Encourage: Complete medication list Complete adverse reactions list Patient compliance 36 Apply Your Knowledge Why are vaccines given to patients? 37 Apply Your Knowledge -Answer Why are vaccines given to patients? Vaccines are administered to a person to produce reduced sensitivity to or increased immunity to an infectious disease. 38 Summary Medical Assistant You will need to have a good working knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology. Your need to teach patients about specific drugs and required safety precautions . 39 End of Chapter 40