CHAPTER 16
EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION
LECTURE ?’S
SECTION 1 (PAGES 469-475)
REVISED SEPTEMBER 10, 2012

1. WHAT WERE THE FOUNDATIONS UPON WHICH
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS BUILT?

A spirit of discovery and innovation during the
Renaissance.

Technology borrowed from other cultures.

Late 1400s and 1500s

2. WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR
THIS EXPLORATION?

Reasons for
Exploration:






Search for wealth
Demand for goods from
China and India

Spices, silk, perfume
Overland trade routes were expensive- (Italians)
Spread Christianity
Adventure & Curiosity
Fame & Glory

3. WHAT CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY
HELPED IMPROVE NAVIGATION?

Advances in Technology:

Allowed travel on the open seas

Compass- tells direction

Astrolabe- Calculate position based on stars & sun

Building of better ships
(deep draft)

Caravel- Triangular sails
(lateen)

Could carry weapons

4. WHO WERE THE EXPLORERS FROM
PORTUGAL AND SPAIN?
Portuguese Explorers:

Henry the Navigator (early 1400s)


Patron and supporter of those wishing to explore

Trained explorers
Water route around Africa to
India


Bartolomeu Dias (1488)


1 st to attempt to sail around tip of Africa (Cape of Good
Hope)
Forced to turn back due to bad weather
Vasco da Gama (1497)

1 st to sail around tip of Africa to India

SPANISH EXPLORERS:




Christopher Columbus (1492)

Sail west from Spain to reach
China


Had no ideas that the Americas lay across the Atlantic
Made 4 journeys to the Americas
Amerigo Vespucci (1502)

Sailed along coast of South
America, determined it was not
Asia, but a new land
Balboa (1513)

Led expedition across Isthmus of
Panama, 1 st European to see
Pacific Ocean
Magellan (1519-1522)

!st to circumnavigate the globe

5. WHY DID MAPMAKERS NAME AMERICA
AFTER AMERIGO VESPUCCI AND NOT
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS?

Vespucci was the first to conclude the Americas were a new land and not part of Asia.

6. WHY DID COLOMBUS BELIEVE HE HAD
REACHED ASIA? WHO FINANCED HIM?

His figures about the size of the earth were wrong.

He did not know the Americas lay across the
Atlantic.

Spain

7. WHAT DID ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH
EXPLORERS HOPE TO FIND?

A shorter route to Asia.

8. WHO WERE THESE EXPLORERS AND WHERE
DID THEY EXPLORE?



English Explorers:



John Cabot (1497)


Landed in Canada, like Colombus thought he was in Asia.
On his 2 nd trip, he and his crew never returned
Sir Francis Drake (1577-1580)

2 nd man to circumnavigate the globe
Henry Hudson (1607)


Looked for NW passage, but found nothing but ice.
Sailed three times for the English and once for the Dutch
French Explorers:

Jacques Cartier (1534)


Looked for NW passage, but never found it.
Claimed land along the St. Lawrence for New France
Dutch (Netherlands) explorers:

Henry Hudson (1609)

Explored Hudson River, but never found a NW passage

9. WHAT GOAL DID ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND
DUTCH EXPLORERS SHARE WITH THE SPANISH
AND PORTUGUESE? HOW WAS THEIR
APPROACH TO THE AMERICAS DIFFERENT?

Trade with Asia

Sought a shorter route to Asia

10. WHO WAS GIOVANNI DA VERAZZANO?
WHOM DID HE SAIL FOR?

Actually discovered the Hudson River and explored Hudson Bay.

France


Spain Builds An Empire
 European Powers begin to establish colonies and empires
 1 st area settled by Spain was the Caribbean
Islands of Hispaniola and Cuba
 ENCOMIENDA
 Colonists given land
 CONQUISTADORS-
 Cortez- Aztecs-
Mexico
 Pizarro- Incas- Peru

1. HOW DID SPAIN BUILD AN EMPIRE IN THE
AMERICAS?

Introduced encomienda system.

Colonists given land and a number of
Native Americans to work the land for him.

Also required to teach the native workers
Christianity

Conquered Aztec and Inca empires

Viceroys governed the land

2. WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE ENCOMIENDA
SYSTEM ON THE NATIVE AMERICANS?

Disastrous

Overwork and mistreatment took a horrendous toll

Even worse were diseases

Smallpox

Tuberculosis

Measles

Native Americans had no resistance to these illnesses, and millions died

3. WHO WAS HERNAN CORTES? WHAT DID HE
ACCOMPLISH FOR SPAIN IN MEXICO?





Cortes moved from the Caribbean to the mainland to set up colonies
He was a “conquistador” whom fought against the native peoples of the Americas.
Conquered the Aztecs and their ruler Moctezuma II
The Aztecs were extremely powerful in this region, but hated by other tribes
Cortes overtook the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with his soldiers and thousands of natives who wished to overthrow the Aztecs.

Moctezuma II was killed in the battle of Tenochtitlan

4. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID CORTES HAVE IN HIS
BATTLE AGAINST THE AZTECS?

Malintzin, a female who was used as a translator of the Aztec language.

Metal weapons

Heavy armor


Guns
Horses

Horses had never been seen by the natives and the large animals terrified them

Disease

5. WHO WAS FRANCISCO PIZARRO? WHAT DID
HE DO TO THE INCAS?





Led expedition to Peru about 10 years after Cortes

Pizarro had heard of the riches of the Inca Empire
The Inca Empire that Pizarro found was vastly different


Weakened by smallpox, thousands died, including the emperor
Civil war had broken out with a new ruler emerging

Atahualpa had just taken over when Pizarro arrived
Atahualpa met with the Spanish in 1532

Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa accept Christianity, Atahualpa refused, and was taken prisoner
Even though the Incas gave Pizarro a fortune in gold and silver, the
Spanish killed him and headed toward the capital of the Inca Empire,
Cuzco.
They captured the city, destroyed the army, and took over the empire

6. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOTIVE OF
THE SPANISH IN SEEKING TO CONVERT THE
INDIANS TO CHRISTIANITY?

Opinion

They probably believed that they were saving the
Indians’ souls and “civilizing” them.

7. HOW DID THE SPANISH CREATE AN EMPIRE IN
THE AMERICAS?







Conquering the Aztecs and Incas
Spanish king chose officials or viceroys to rule large sections of land.
The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on the mining of gold and silver, though farming was also common
Native Americans were used to mine and farm
However, disease and mistreatment took a toll on the native population, which dropped by more than 90 percent from an estimated 50 million to only 4 million
Some Spaniards were appalled at the treatment of Native Americans and called on others to protect those who remained
Bartolome de Las Casas was a priest who was vocal about Indian treatment

He recommended replacing them with imported Africans slaves, this became common in the Americas

8. WHAT WAS THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS?
WHY DID FEW COLONISTS ORIGINALLY MOVE TO
BRAZIL?


Signed in 1494

Drew an imaginary line through the
Atlantic


Everything west of the line, including most of the Americas belonged to
Spain.
Portugal owned all land east of the line.
Of the Americas, only Brazil remained as a Portuguese colony.

Brazil’s huge jungles made development difficult for both farming and mining

Eventually developed a plantation system with Indian labor-Turned to
African Slavery
Gold and Silver from Portugal and
Spanish Colonies encouraged other
European nations to attempt to make colonies

9. WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE IN THE FRENCH, DUTCH,
AND ENGLISH COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS?




After seeing the riches being brought back from the Americas by Spain and
Portugal; France, England and the Netherlands decided to establish colonies there.
French explorers established several colonies in New France or present-day
Canada.




They did not find gold or silver, but the North Atlantic swarming with fish.
Furs were also sold for high prices in Europe.

The French & Dutch befriended many Native American tribes
The Dutch settled in New Netherland, located on the Hudson River
They bought land which is the island of Manhattan and called it New
Amsterdam, present day New York City.
Population remained small
The English established Jamestown, Virginia in 1607


Many colonists died during the first winter, but the colony endured.
The Pilgrims settled in present day Plymouth, Massachusetts

10. WHAT SERIES OF EVENTS LED TO THE
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR? WHY WAS IT SO
COSTLY TO THE BRITISH?

English attempted to settle in Ohio River valley, tension grew between English and French.

Native Americans sided with each side in this war

The French had more soldiers in America, so the British probably had to send reinforcements to defeat them

Ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763)



NEW FRANCE

Explored the area along the St.
Lawrence Seaway to the Great
Lakes and down the Mississippi





Looking for gold and silver and the
NW passage
Fishing and fur industry developed
French population remained small
Indians became allies. Why?
De Champlain and La Salle
DUTCH



New Netherland- along the Hudson
River Valley
1626- Bought Long Island from the
Indians
New Netherland was neglected by the Dutch government.



ENGLISH COLONIES

Jamestown-1607- looking for gold

Pilgrims- 1620- religious freedom
BRITISH AND FRENCH CONFLICT


COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEFoods and Beasts of
Burden

1. HOW DID EXPLORATION RESULT IN A NEW
EXCHANGE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS?

As contact increased between Europe and the
Americas, plants, animals, and disease traveled from the “Old” world to the “New” world.

Historians call this global transfer the
Columbian Exchange.

The horse is a great example, the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas was the llama.

The llama only lived in the Andes.

2. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

New economic activities grew up and national cuisines changed.

Italian food without tomatoes?

Texas cattle ranching?

Brazilian coffee?


EFFECTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Native foods became a staple for Europe- corn, potatoes, etc.

Beast of burden now existed in the New Worldhorse, cow

INTRODUCTION OF DISEASE

Native Americans had no resistance to European diseases.- smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria

Killed off up to 80% of the native population

3. WHAT WAS MERCANTILISM, AND HOW DID IT
PUSH THE DRIVE TO ESTABLISH COLONIES?

Mercantilism is a system based on the idea that a nation’s strength was based on its wealth.

A wealthy nation had the power to build a strong military to protect itself and expand its influence

Colonists helped provide this wealth.









BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MERCANTILISM
A nation’s strength depends on its wealth as measured in gold and silver.
Only a fixed amount of wealth exists in the world, and nations have to compete for their share of that wealth.
A favorable balance of trade is an important step in gaining wealth.
Countries should seek to limit imports and maximize exports.
A country should have its own source for raw materials and precious metals to avoid dependence on others.
Colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make profit.
A country’s colonies should not trade with any other countries.

4. HOW DID THE DESIRE TO CREATE A
FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE HELP LEAD TO
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIES?

European powers wanted to establish colonies so that they could control sources of raw materials

Also, to provide new markets for manufactured goods

With a favorable balance of trade, a country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them

Thus the belief was that a nation’s power increased and weakened its foreign competitors

5. HOW DID NATIONS CREATE A FAVORABLE
BALANCE OF TRADE?

They reduced the amount of import goods by placing tariffs or taxes on them

They also encouraged exports, and controlled overseas sources of raw materials and precious metals

Government encouraged exports by providing subsidies, or grants of money, to help businesspeople start new business


Favorable and Unfavorable Balance of Trade

Reduce amount of goods imported from other countries.- TARIFFS (taxes)

Encourage Exporting of manufactured goods.
(subsidies)

Control overseas sources of raw materials

A country should avoid spending money on raw materials

A country should have a desire for SELF-SUFFICIENCY

6. HOW DID EUROPEAN MONARCHS RESTRICT
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THEIR COLONIES TO
MAKE SURE THAT THE COLONIES BENEFITED
ONLY THE HOME COUNTRY?

Forbidding colonists to sell raw materials to any nation other than the home country

Also, by forcing colonies to buy manufactured goods only from their home countries and forbidding them from manufacturing goods themselves

In the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to benefit the home country


Colonies were essential to mercantilism

Source of raw materials

New Market for manufactured goods

MONARCHS RESTRICTED ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES

Europe was affected by mercantilism:

Increase of trade

More money available

Growing middle class

7. WHAT IMPACT DID MERCANTILISM HAVE ON
SOCIETY?

Towns and cities grew as business activity increased

A new class of wealthier merchants emerged who began to wield more power in their towns

Enjoyed some social mobility

However, rural life remained mostly the same

Most people remained poor


System in which most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit

9. HOW DID GLOBAL TRADE LEAD TO THE RISE
OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE?

Global trade provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth

This overseas trade made many merchants rich, and this wealth enabled them to invest in other business ventures.

Business activity in Europe increased markedly

10. WHY DID PEOPLE FORM JOINT-STOCK
COMPANIES?




To pool their money in an attempt to make a profit
This was a way to fund ever-larger businesses
These “investors” bought shares of stock in the company.
If the company did well, each shareholder would receive a portion of the profit

If a company did not do well, a shareholder only lost the amount of their shares


British East India Company (1600) imported spices
Virginia Company of London (1607) bankrolled new colonies in the Americas (Jamestown)




DefinitionMost economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit. Individuals can amass great fortunes.
Rising prices and standard of living


Demand for goods increased

Growing population and relative scarcity of goods

Rising demand drove prices higher
Increase in the money supply

More money in circulation because of the gold and silver from the
Americas.
Joint Stock Companies

SECTION 4- ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
PAGES 488-491

1. WHERE DID THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
ORIGINATE?

Along a triangular route connecting traders in
Europe, Africa, and the Americas

1 st leg--European goods to Africa for slaves

2 nd leg—Middle passage brought slaves to the
Americas to be sold as slaves

3 rd leg—Carried American products such as sugar, tobacco, and rice to Europe

Throughout history, slavery has existed in many parts of the world, including Africa

2. WHAT LED TO THE BEGINNING OF THE
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE?

A shortage of labor in the Americas

European planters in the Americas needed large numbers of workers on their plantations

Planters first used Native Americans as workers

Disease and poor treatment had killed millions

3. WHAT KIND OF LABOR WAS USED IN THE
1600S, BUT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO SUSTAIN?

Indentured servants

These people worked for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas from Europe

These workers were expensive to support

4. HOW DID SLAVERY EVOLVE IN THE AMERICAN
COLONIES?

As a result of a shortage of Native Americans and the excessive cost of indentured servants, millions of Africans were captured and forcibly taken to the Americas before the slave trade ended in the 1800s

Most came from the coast of West Africa, between Senegal and Angola

Some slaves were supplied by African rulers in exchange for European firearms or other goods

5. WHAT WAS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE? WHO
WAS OLAUDAH EQUIANO?




The second leg of the triangular trade route, bringing Africans to the Americans to be sold as slaves
It was a terrifying ordeal
Captive Africans were chained together and forced into dark, cramped quarters below the ship’s decks.
In many cases, the Africans were packed into such a small space that they could neither sit not stand

Olaudah Equiano wrote about the horrific conditions

6. HOW LONG DID THE TRIP TAKE TO THE
AMERICAS? HOW MANY SLAVES DIED ON THE
JOURNEY?

The journey usually lasted three to six weeks

Between 10 and 20 percent did not survive the trip.

Those that survived, faced more horror

The auction block and an uncertain future

7. DESCRIBE THE LIVING CONDITIONS FOR
ENSLAVED PEOPLE.




Conditions were harsh
Many owners and overseers inflicted degrading physical punishment for minor offenses.
Enslaved people frequently had to endure brutal treatment and abuse
Slaves had to meet their own basic needs in the short hours at the end of the workday

Daily tasks such as cooking, mending clothing and tending the sick had to be fit in around the work they performed for their slaveholders


By slowing work, destroying equipment, committing acts of sabotage, revolting, or running away

Remember slaves had no rights and no freedoms

They were considered property

9. ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS’ ESTIMATES,
HOW MANY AFRICANS WERE SHIPPED TO THE
AMERICAS AGAINST THEIR WILL? HOW LONG
DID IT LAST?

Most historians believe it was between 15-20 million

The Atlantic slave trade lasted for 400 years

10. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOST
TRAGIC RESULT OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE?
WHAT WAS AFRICAN DIASPORA?

Slavery deprived millions of people of their freedom and doomed their descendants to lives of forced servitude

In Africa, the effects of the slave trade were profound



Strongest young people were taken—future leaders
Divided Africans against one another
African Diaspora

The spreading of African culture throughout the Western world

African culture, food, music, art, and religion