Alcohol
Family
I
W
E
N
Beer
Rubbing
Alcohol
“Are you one of those
people having a wrong
perception regarding the
NATURE and
APPLICATION of organic
compound, ALCOHOL?”
Alcoholic beverages and rubbing
alcohol are examples of
numerous industrial applications
of an alcohol called …………..
ETHANOL
AMAZING
HISTORY
OF
ALCOHOL
OSIRIS
EGYPTIANS
Brewing from the beginning of civilization in ancient
Egypt and alcoholic beverages were very important.
Symbolic of this is the fact that while many Gods were
local or familial, Osiris, the god of wine, was
worshiped throughout the entire country. The
Egyptians believed that this important God also
invented beer, a beverage that was considered a
necessity of life; it was brewed in the home "on an
everyday basis."
CHINESE
 A variety of alcoholic beverages were used in China since
prehistoric times. Alcohol, known in Chinese as Jiu was
considered a spiritual food rather than a material
(physical) food, and extensive documentary evidence
attests to the important role it played in the religious
life. "In ancient times people always drank when holding
a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their
ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle,
celebrating victory, before feuding and official
executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while
attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions,
departures, death, and festival banquets."
MUSLIMS
 The isolation of ethanol (alcohol) as a pure
compound was first achieved by Muslim
chemists who developed the art of distillation
 The word "alcohol" almost certainly comes
from Arabic language "Al" is Arabic word
second part may be derived from “al-kuḥl” the
name of an early distilled substance, or
perhaps from al-ġawl, meaning "spirit" or
"demon“ being called "spirits" in English.
But ………………………….. the reality,
is that there are thousands of
different compounds that belong to
“Alcohol Family”.
METHANOL
2 - PROPANOL
tert - butanol
Ethylene glycol
glycerin
MENTHOL
Now the BIG question is ………
What is an ALCOHOL ?
• Is a compound in which an
(OH) group or hydroxyl group
is connected to an aliphatic
carbon atom.
PHYSICAL
Properties
ALCOHOL
Is a derivative of water in which an ALKYL
group has replaced one of the hydrogen
atoms of water or simply ALCOHOL exhibits
hydrogen bonding………………….
O
H
H
Water
O
CH3
H
Methanol
That property or ……….
HYDROGEN BONDING results
to much
point
higher boiling
of ALCOHOL compares
to other classes of organic
compounds……………….
ALCOHOL’S with one to five carbon atoms are
soluble in water because alcohols can also form
hydrogen bonding with water. But as the number
of carbon atoms increases , the polar – (OH) group
in the alcohol has less effect on SOLUBILITY of
ALCOHOL …………………
NAME
FORMULA
S – (g / 100 g H2O)
Methanol
CH3OH
Any amount
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
Any amount
Propanol
CH3(CH2)2OH
Any amount
Butanol
CH3(CH2)3OH
8.3
Pentanol
CH3(CH2)4OH
2.7
How to produce ALCOHOL ?
PREPARATION’S
NOMENCLATURE
methanol
ethanol
propanol
2 – propanol
2 methyl – 2 – propanol
RULES IN NAMING ALCOHOL
Step # 1
 Name the longest chain to which
the hydroxyl group is attached. The
chain name is obtained by
dropping the final –e from the
name of the hydrocarbon that
contains the same number of
carbon atoms and adding the
ending – ol.
8
4
5
9
7
6
1
2
3
4,4,6,6 – tetraethyl – 5 – methyl – 5 – nonanol
Step # 2
 Number the longest chain
to give the lower number
to the carbon with the
attached hydroxyl group.
Step # 3
 Locate the position of the
hydroxyl group by the
number of the carbon atom
to which it is attached.
Step # 4
 Locate and name any
other groups attached
to the chain.
Step # 5
 Combine the name and location
for other groups, the hydroxy
group location, and the longest
chain into the final name.
cyclohexanol
1 - propenol
3 - pentynol
2,3 – dimethyl – 1 – hexen – 4 – yne – 1 – ol
Classification
of
Alcohols
Primary Alcohol
 An alcohol in which the – OH group
is attached to CH3 – or to a carbon
attached to one other carbon
atom.
R – CH2 – OH
Secondary Alcohol
 An alcohol in which the carbon
bearing the – OH group is attached
to two other carbon atoms.
R – CH – OH
R’
Tertiary Alcohol
 An alcohol in which the carbon
bearing the – OH group is attached
to three other carbon atoms.
R
R’
C
R”
OH
Chemical Reactions
Elimination Reactions
Oxidation
Dehydration