SECONDARY DATA SOURCES

• Success of secondary data.
• To understand how to create an internal database.
• To distinguish between primary and secondary data and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each.
• Locating secondary data base.
• To understand the role of the Internet in obtaining secondary data.
• To learn the nature of decision support systems.

Secondary data are pieces of information that have been gathered and only might be relevant to the problems at hand. Primary data, in contrast, are survey, observation, or experiment data collected to solve the particular problem under investigation.

There are two primary sources of secondary data:
The Company Itself
(Internal Databases )
Other Organizations or
Persons
(External Databases)

•
Internal databases.
•
External databases.
• Computerized databases:
• Internet
• CD ROM
• Bibliographic databases:
• Academic indexes.
• Citation indexes.
• Numeric databases:
• Census data.
• Survey of Buying Power
• Directory databases:
• Industry directories
• SIC/NAICS
•
Full-text databases:
• Selected publications.

• A database is simply a collection of related information.
• For many companies, a computerized database containing information about customers and prospects has become an essential marketing tool.
• Creating an internal marketing secondary database built upon sales results and customer preferences can be a powerful marketing tool.

Organizations Must
Create a Database
Management System
Database Users Must be
Trained on How to
Retrieve Information and
How to Manipulate the
Data Using Database
Management Software

• Database Marketing
– Is the creation of a large computerized file of customers’ and potential customers’ profiles and purchase patterns.
– Is the fastest-growing use of internal database technology.

• Evaluate sales territory.
• Identify most profitable and least profitable customers.
• Identify most profitable market segments and target efforts with greater efficiency and effectiveness.

• Aim marketing efforts to those products, services, and segments that require the most support.
• Increase revenue through repackaging and repricing products for various market segments.
• Evaluate opportunities for offering new products or services.
• Identify products or services that are best-sellers or most profitable.
• Evaluate existing marketing programs.

• Database Technologies
– Database technologies continue to evolve. For example,
Fingerhut, a database firm, uses a Sun Microsystems parallel computer, whereas American Express relies on
Thinking Machines Corporation’s supercomputers.
– Renting Internal Databases
– Some companies rent their internal databases to obtain extra income, although this can lead to ethical questions.

• Published Secondary Data
– Internal
• Published secondary information originating with the company includes documents such as annual reports, reports to stockholders, and product testing results perhaps made available to the news media.
• External
• Innumerable outside sources of secondary information also exist, principally in the forms of government departments and agencies that compile and publish summaries of business data.

• Secondary information may:
• Help to clarify or redefine the definition of the problem as part of the exploratory research process.
• Actually provide a solution to the problem.
• Provide primary data research method alternatives.
• Alert the marketing researcher to potential problems or difficulties.
• Secondary information may:
• Provide necessary background information and build creativity for the research report.

• Lack of Availability
– For some research questions there are simply no available data.
For example, if Kraft General Foods wanted to evaluate the taste, texture, and color of three new gourmet brownie mixes, there are no secondary data that would answer these questions.
• Lack of Relevance
– It is not uncommon for secondary data to be expressed in units or measures that cannot be used by the researcher.
• Inaccuracy
– Users of secondary data should always assess the accuracy of the data. There are a number of potential sources of error when a researcher gathers, codes, analyzes, and presents data.

Guidelines for determining secondary data accuracy
What was the purpose of the study?
Who collected the information?
What information was collected?
How was the information obtained?
When was the information collected?
How consistent is the information with other information?

• Internet
– World-wide telecommunications network that allows computers to access data, files, pictures and sound throughout the world.
• World Wide Web
– Component of the Internet designed to make transmission of text and images very easy.

• Uniform Reference Locator (URL)
– Internet address that identifies a specific location.
– A typical Web address looks like the following: http://www.microsoft.com
• Search Engines
– Internet search directories to aid in locating topics of interest and URLs.
– An example is Yahoo at http://www.yahoo.com

• Newsgroups on the Internet
• Internet sites devoted to a specific topic where people can read and post messages.
• Databases on CD ROM
• A number of companies offer database packages on CD ROM for personal computers.
• Geographic Information Systems
• Computer-based system that uses secondary and/or primary data to generate maps that visually display answers to research questions.

Computerized databases, published secondary data, the Internet, and internal databases are important parts of an organization’s information system. Intelligent decision making is always predicated on having good information. The problem today is how to manage all the information available.

• Decision Support System
– An interactive, personalized MIS, designed to be initiated and controlled by individual decision makers.
– Managers use decision support systems to conduct sales analyses, forecast sales, evaluate advertising, analyze product lines, and keep tabs on market trends and competitor analysis.

Characteristics of a true DSS are as follows:
Interactive Flexible
Discovery
Oriented
Easy to Learn and Use

• Substantial Cost Savings
• Understanding of the Decision Environment is Increased
• Decision-Making Effectiveness is Upgraded
• Information Value is Improved