Board Sentences
• 1) The
Renaissance was a cultural
rebirth that occurred in Europe
from the 14th through the middle
of the 17th century, which
influenced technological
advances, education, and
European Exploration.
• 2) Martin
Luther led The
Reformation which was a 16thcentury movement for the reform
of abuses in the Roman Catholic
Church ending in the
establishment of the Reformed
and Protestant Churches.
• 3) European exploration was fueled
by the three G’s: Gold, Glory, and
God.
• 4) An exchange of goods between
the New World* and the Old World*
was called the Columbian Exchange.
• 5) An exchange of goods from North
America to Europe to Africa was called the
Triangle Trade.
• 6) The transport of slaves from Africa to
North America comprised the Middle
Passage of the Triangle Trade.
• 7) Mercantilism was the economic theory
that trade generates wealth and is
stimulated by the accumulation of
profitable balances; also that gold (or
wealth) is the ultimate measure of a
country.
8) Sir Walter Raleigh established
the colony of Roanoke in the Outer
Banks, but the settlers disappeared
without trace earning the colony the
nickname “The Lost Colony.”
9) Jamestown was the first
successful English colony in North
America due to the success of
tobacco.
10) Plymouth colony was founded
for religious freedom by English
Puritans escaping persecution.*
• 11)The Virginia House of Burgesses
became the first legislative* body in the
American colonies.
• 12)The 13 English colonies were grouped
in similarity by regions: New England,
Middle, and Southern colonies.
• 13)Salutary neglect was a practice by the
English monarchy which left the American
colonies to themselves as long as the
colonies still benefitted England
economically.
• 14)The French and Indian War caused
tensions between the American colonists
and the English monarchy and can be
viewed as a cause of the American
Revolution.
• 15)The Proclamation Line of 1763,
forbidding settlement in the west, angered
colonists who believed they had fought a
war for the rights to that land.
• 16)To pay for the French and Indian War
the English monarchy raised American
colonists’ taxes, sparking the phrase “No
Taxation without Representation.”
• 17)The Coercive/Intolerable Act restricted
colonists rights which prompted the
colonies to meet at the First Continental
Congress to discuss their greivances.*
• 18)The Enlightenment, an European
intellectual movement emphasizing reason
and individualism rather than tradition, led
the Founding Fathers to believe the
American colonies needed to be
independent.
• 19)Thomas Payne wrote Common Sense
to convince American colonists to fight
against the British.
• 20)The Declaration of Independence
formally called for a separation of the
American colonies from British rule.
• 21)American colonies won the
Revolutionary War with the help of the
French.
• 22)The Articles of Confederation, the first
attempt at American government, were
weak because they did not have the power
to tax or the power to raise a militia.
• 23)Shay’s Rebellion demonstrated the
weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation and caused the government
to write a new, stronger document.
• 24)The US Constitution outlines the plan
for American government with three
branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial.
• 25)In 1787 delegates* met at the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
to address the Articles of Confederation’s
problems in governing the United States.
• 26)The Great Compromise Plan was a
proposal for a bicameral* legislative
branch with representatives in the House
being decided by state population and the
Senate having two from each state.
• 27)The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed
3/5ths of slaves to be counted towards a
state’s population when determining
House of Representative seats.
• 28)Anti-Federalists would not sign the
Constitution until it explicitly stated the
rights afforded to all Americans; they
called for the institution of the first 10
amendments called the Bill of Rights.
29)George Washington became the nation’s
first President under the US Constitution.
30)George Washington’s first precedent* as
President was to establish a cabinet.*
31)Federalists wanted a strong
central government and were led
by Alexander Hamilton; AntiFederalists (aka Democratic
Republicans) wanted strong
state governments and were led
by Thomas Jefferson.
• 32) The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated
that the new Constitution gave the Federal
Government power to enforce* its laws.
• 33)Alexander Hamilton, Washington’s
Secretary of the Treasury, created an
economic plan which established a
national bank and a protective tariff.*
34) Jay’s Treaty with Britain enabled
the US to avoid a war that it could
not win, but angered the AntiFederalists (Democratic Rep.).
35) Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
gave the US right of deposit at New
Orleans and opened Mississippi
Valley to economic development.
36)Washington’s greatest
precedent* was leaving office
after two terms.
37) Washington’s “Farewell
Address” advised his country to
avoid political parties and longterm foreign alliances.
• 38)Trying to avoid war, Adams
sent delegates to France but
were bribed by three of their
men; named the XYZ Affair
this event sparked the call for
war against France by
Federalists.
• 39)Adams and the Federalists passed the
Alien and Sedition Acts to curb
Democratic-Republican speech and build
Federalist power.
• 40) In the Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison proposed states’
rights to nullify* federal laws.
41)
In the “Revolution of 1800” the
Democratic-Republican
Jefferson peacefully replaced
the Federalist Adams as
president; the election was
important because it was a
peaceful transfer of power.
• 42) Jefferson almost did not purchase the
Louisiana Territory from the French
because he was not sure it was
constitutional to do so.
• 43) Jefferson passed the Embargo* Act to
avoid war but ended up hurting the US
economy and his own reputation.
44) John Marshall was the
Federalist Supreme Court chief
justice whose decisions
increased national power and
weakened the states.
45) Marbury v. Madison
established the principle of
judicial review* and strengthened
the federal government.
46) The War of 1812 between the US
and Britain was fought because of
impressments, the Chesapeake
Incident (freedom of the seas;
neutrality rights), British aid to
Indians in the Ohio Valley and the
War Hawks’ desire to conquer
Canada
.
• 47)The Battle of New Orleans made
Andrew Jackson a national hero and
increased nationalism* even though it was
fought after the War of 1812 had ended.
• 48)Nationalist feelings rose in America
following the War of 1812 which became
known as the Era of Good Feelings.
• 49) Eli Whitney’s cotton gin mechanized
the process of separating seeds from
fibers and led to the western spread of
slavery.
• 50)The Missouri Compromise settled the
slavery issue in the Louisiana Territory by
establishing a boundary at 36-30 latitude.
51)Henry Clay’s “American
System” strengthened the
national economy with a higher
tariff to fund internal
improvements
52) The Monroe Doctrine ordered
European empires not to
interfere with the democratic
nations of Latin America.*
53) The Golden Age of American Literature
(1815-1850) was when US authors
(Cooper; Irving; Poe) wrote about the
US (patriotism/nationalism).
54)The Hudson River School were
nationalist US artists who painted
scenes of the natural beauty of the
American landscape.
• 55) Andrew Jackson called the Election of
1824 a “Corrupt Bargain” because he
believed he had lost the Presidency due to
a deal between John Quincy Adams (who
became President) and Henry Clay (who
became Secretary of State).
56) The Nativist political party wanted to
restrict the number and influence of
Catholic immigrants to the US.
57)Andrew Jackson promoted his
Democratic Party supporters to political
office through the spoils system.
• 58) Worcester v. Georgia granted the
Cherokee federal protection of their
land but Jackson ignored the decision
and forced the Indians on the “Trail of
Tears”
• 59) Andrew Jackson distrusted the Bank
of the United States, believing it gave too
much power to the rich, and fought to
destroy it, setting up local “pet banks” in its
place.
• 60) South Carolina wanted to nullify, or
void, the “Tariff of Abominations” in 1833,
and threatened secession if the federal
government tried to employ force against
them.
• 61) The Second Great Awakening
increased participation in protestant
churches and spurred social, political, and
economic reform in America.
• 62) Transcendentalists (Thoreau;
Emerson) believed in simplicity
(individualism, nature, emotion and small
government)
63)The temperance movement tried to
limit the amount of alcohol people drank
by putting restrictions; Neal Dow was a
leader of the movement who passed the
first temperance laws in Maine (Maine
Laws).
• 64)Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott hosted the world’s first women’s
rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY.
• 65) Dorothea Dix worked to reform
American prisons (separating real
criminals from those with mental illness)
and her work led to the creation of mental
hospitals.
• 66) Horace Mann argued that universal
public education was the best way to turn
the nation's children into republican
citizens and he has been called the
"Father of the Common School.”
67) Manifest Destiny was the belief
that the US was entitled to all land
as far west as the Pacific Ocean.
68) “54-40” or Fight!” was the slogan
of Polk and the expansionists
(Manifest Destiny) who wanted the
entire Oregon Territory.
• 69) Settlers followed the Oregon Trail to
find new economic opportunity (bigger and
better farms) in the West.
• 70) Traders used the Santa Fe Trail to
trade American manufactured goods for
Mexican goods such as horses, furs, and
silver.
• 72)America annexed* Texas sparking
tensions between the Mexican and
American governments.
• 73) The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
ended the Mexican War and gave the US
the “Mexican Cession” (California;
Southwest).
• 74) in 1848 gold was found in California
causing a mass migration in 1849 of
people (forty-niners) hoping to strike it rich;
called the California Gold Rush.
75)The Dawes Severalty Act attempted to
“Americanize” Plains Indians by forcing
them to farm individual tracts of land
76)Homesteading* was made easier by
Deere’s steel plow, Glidden’s barbed wire
and McCormick’s mechanical reaper
• 77)Three Antebellum* sectional* issues
(caused conflict between the North and
South) were slavery, the tariff and the
Trans. RR
• 78)The Compromise of 1850 allowed CA
to join the Union as a “free state” but gave
the South a stronger fugitive slave law
• 79) The Dred Scott v. Sandford decision
declared the MO Compromise line (36-30)
unconstitutional
• 80) Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska
Act attempted to solve the slavery issue in
the western territories with popular
sovereignty* and led to the formation of the
Republican Party.*
• 81)The Lincoln-Douglas debates over the
issue of slavery in the territories made
Lincoln famous though he did not win.
• 82) William L. Garrison, Harriet B. Stowe
and John Brown were famous
abolitionists* prior to the Civil War (Lincoln
was not)
83)The southern states seceded to form a
confederacy* after Lincoln’s election
(1860) because he was a Republican.
84)The goal of Lincoln and the North at
the beginning of the Civil War was to
preserve the Union.
• 85)The “Anaconda Plan”* was based on
controlling the Mississippi R., capturing
Richmond* and blockading southern ports.
• 86) The Emancipation Proclamation
transformed the Civil War into a moral
struggle* over slavery but did not actually
free any slaves
87)The key battles of the Civil war were Gettysburg
(turning point), Vicksburg (Union control of the
Mississippi) and Atlanta*
88)The Reconstruction Amendments were the 13th
(abolition), 14th (civil rights) and 15th
(suffrage*)
89)The Wade-Davis (Congressional)
Reconstruction plan was much harsher
on white southerners than Lincoln’s
“10% Plan” though neither were fully
implemented.
• 90)The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
(Congressional Plan) divided the South
into five military districts overseen by
Union generals to ensure they abided by
the strict rules set forth by Congress.
• 91)Radical Republicans believed that
African-Americans should receive full
citizenship rights (education, the vote).
• 92) Reconstruction ended with the
Compromise of 1877 in which
Republican Rutherford Hayes became
president by promising to remove
federal troops from the South (creating
the “Solid South”).
• 93)The KKK used violence and terror to
stop African-Americans and white
Republicans from voting.
• 94) The Freedmen’s Bureau provided
former slaves and poor whites with
education and protection but no land or
cash
End of American History 1.
• 43) The Robber Barons (Carnegie,
Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan*)
justified their wealth/power with
Social Darwinism*
44)Vertical Integration results in a
monopoly* by controlling all stages
of the production of a commodity
45)The Pendleton Act introduced a civil service
exam to weaken the negative effects of the
“spoils system*”
46)The Sherman Antitrust* Act, which was
intended to break up monopolies, failed
because Gilded Age courts supported big
business
47) Progressives (Addams; LaFollette; TR)
were inspired by the Social Gospel* to
protect the poor from Social Darwinists
48) Settlement Houses (such as Jane
Addams’s Hull House) were private, nonprofit centers to provide urban immigrants
with education and job training
• 49)The Populist Party represented poor
western farmers who wanted inflation
(silver) and gov’t regulation of the railroads
• 50)William Jennings Bryan’s Populist
“Cross of Gold” speech urged the federal
gov’t to adopt a bimetallic* monetary policy
51) Muckrakers were
journalists who exposed the
social injustices of the Gilded
Age to inspire Progressive Era
reforms
52) Booker T. Washington preached patience and
economic cooperation with segregation; WEB Du Bois
demanded immediate social, political and legal equality
(14th Amendment) for African Americans
53)The Progressive Party was nicknamed the “Bull Moose
Party” when it nominated TR for the presidency in 1912
54) The US annexation* of Hawaii led
to complete control of the naval base
at Pearl Harbor and increased trade
in Asia
55)The Spanish-American War began
when the Yellow Journalists* falsely
accused the Spanish of blowing up
the USS Maine
56) After the Spanish-American War,
the US became an imperialist* power
by conquering the Philippines,
Guam and Puerto Rico and exerting
political influence in Cuba (Platt
Amendment)
57)The “Open-Door”
Policy was US plan to
establish free trade
between imperialist
powers in China
58)At the beginning of WWI, the US
attempted to remain neutral* but
after the sinking of the Lusitania, the
Zimmermann Telegram and the Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk, the US entered the
war on the side of the Allies (Britain,
France Russia*)
Board Sentences 11/17
40) The Freedmen’s Bureau provided former
slaves and poor whites with education and
protection but no land or cash.
42) Robber Barons (Carnegie, Rockefeller,
Vanderbilt, Morgan) justified their
wealth/power with Social Darwinism.
Board Sentence 11/30
• 43) Vertical Integration
results in a monopoly by
controlling all stages of the
production of a commodity.
Board Sentence 12/1
45) The Progressives (Addams, La Follette)
were inspired by the Social Gospel to
protect the poor from Social Darwinists.
46)Settlement Houses were private, nonprofit centers to provide urban immigrants
with education and job training.
Board Sentence 12/14
41) The Dawes Act
attempted to
“Americanize” Plains
Indians by forcing them
to settle and farm
individual tracts of land.
B.S. 1/4
50) The Populist Party
represented poor western
farmers who wanted inflation
(silver) and government
regulation of the railroads.
B.S. 1/5
44) Nativists
wanted to
restrict the
number and
influence of
Catholic
immigrants to the
U.S.
B.S. 1/6
48) The Sherman Antitrust Act
was intended to break up
monopolies but did not work
because the courts of the
Gilded Age supported big
business.
B.S. 2/16
51) The Spanish-American
War began when the Yellow
Journalists falsely accused
the Spanish of blowing up
the USS Maine.
56) After the Spanish-American War, the US
became an imperialist power by
conquering the Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico and exerting political influence
in Cuba (Platt Amendment).
57) The “Open-Door” Policy was a US plan
to establish free trade between imperialist
powers in China.
58. At the beginning of WWI, the US
attempted to remain neutral* but after
the sinking of the Lusitania, the
Zimmermann Telegram and the Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk, the US entered the war
on the side of the Allies (Britain, France
Russia*)
59.Wilson claimed the US was entering
WWI “to make the world safe for
democracy”
59)During the 1920s American society was anticommunist (the “Red Scare”), anti foreigner and
anti-labor union.
60. Wilson hoped to maintain peace in Europe
through his “14 Points” which focused on selfdetermination (no imperialism) and collective
security (League of Nations).
61. The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI but helped
cause WWII because it punished Germany so
harshly.
62)The US adopted an isolationist foreign policy
during the 1920’s and did not join the League of
Nations
Board Sentences 3/3
59)During the 1920s American society was
anti-communist (the “Red Scare”), anti
foreigner and anti-labor union.
62)The US adopted an isolationist foreign
policy during the 1920’s and did not join
the League of Nations
63)During the 1920’s, American society was
anti-communist (the “Red Scare”), antiforeigner, anti-labor union and
consumerist*
Board Sentences
64) The Presidents of the 1920’s followed a
laissez-faire* economic policy (minimal
government economic regulation)
65) The authors of the “Lost Generation”
(Fitzgerald; Hemmingway; Stein) rejected
the materialistic values of the 1920s.
66)The Great Depression began with the
stock market crash of 1929 (“Black
Tuesday”) and lasted through the 1930s.
67)FDR’s first action against the
Depression was to declare a Bank
Holiday to stabilize the nation’s banks
68)FDR’s bold and experimental New Deal
focused on the “3 R’s”* and increased
federal power (reduced state power)
69)Social Security, the SEC, the FDIC and
the TVA are New Deal
programs/agencies that still exist today
70)The FDR’s New Deal and “fireside chats”
gave people hope but it did not end the
Great Depression – WWII did
71)FDR attempted to control the judicial
branch with his “court-packing” scheme
but his plan failed because it threatened
the American tradition of “checks and
balances”
72)The Great Depression caused some
European countries to become
totalitarian dictatorships* seeking
military conquest
• 73) The US was officially neutral at the
beginning of WWII but passed the Lend-Lease
Act because Americans favored the Allies
74)The US joined the Allies (Britain, USSR)
against the Axis (Japan, Germany and Italy)
75)The turning points of WWII were
Midway (Pacific), El Alamein (N.
Africa), Stalingrad (E. Europe)
and D-Day (W. Europe)
76) Pearl Harbor, island-hopping*,
kamikazes and atomic bombs* were
unique to the Pacific Theater during
WWII
77)The United Nations was formed to
promote world peace and human rights
following WWII and included the US
membership
•
76) Pearl Harbor, island-hopping*,
kamikazes and atomic bombs* were
unique to the Pacific Theater during
WWII
78.The Cold War was an ideological
struggle between US capitalist
democracy and Soviet communist*
dictatorship
79. Senator Joseph McCarthy accused the
government and military of harboring
communists but had no evidence
80. The Taft-Hartley Act weakened the
power of labor-unions because they
were believed to promote communist
ideals
81.The Marshall Plan was economic
containment of communism through
humanitarian aid to western Europe
82.The Truman Doctrine, NATO,
SEATO and Eisenhower Doctrine
were examples of military
containment of communism
83.The Korean War was fought to
prevent the spread of communism in
Asia south of the 38th Parallel
84)The Baby Boom (population
increase) began at the end of
WWII (1945) and ended during
the Vietnam War (1965)
85)The GI Bill provided housing,
education, and job training for
military veterans
86)Levittowns were neighborhoods
of small, affordable, uniform
houses
87)The Warren Court’s decisions* protected
the rights of the accused but were
considered by some to be too liberal
88)The Peace Corps was a Kennedy foreign
policy program for the 3rd World* (“…ask
what you can do for your country”)
89)The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest
the world came to nuclear war
(brinkmanship*) but MAD*/Balance of
Terror ensured that nuclear war was
avoided
90) LBJ’s Great Society was for Civil Rights
and a “war on poverty” but did not work
because of spending on the Vietnam War
• 85)The GI Bill provided housing
education and job training for
military veterans
• 86) Levittowns were neighborhoods
of small, affordable, uniform
houses