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Memory is the process by which we recollect
prior experiences and information and skills
learned in the past.
We classify memory according to the different
kinds of information it contains: events, general
knowledge, and skills.
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Episodic Memory is
memory of a specific
event.
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Flashbulb Memories are
memories of events that
are so important that
you remember it in
every detail.
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On your own sheet of paper write a paragraph
about one of the following: A vivid childhood
memory or your earliest childhood memory.
Be as detailed as possible.
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Semantic Memory is the
general knowledge that
we acquire.
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These types of memories
are things like knowing
George Washington was
the first president.
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20 Questions game.
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Explicit memories are memories of specific
information.
Semantic and Episodic Memories are explicit
(clear).
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Implicit memory
consists of the skills or
procedures you have
learned.
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Such as throwing a ball,
riding a bicycle, skipping
rope, or swimming.
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Let’s demonstrate skills.
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Explicit memory is used on
recall task, that is being able to
recall information learned.
Whereas Implicit memory is
under the surface all the time.
As you explore the
environment around you, you
are constantly taking in
information.
This may explain why an
elderly person is able to
function well in the home they
have lived in for years but
seem disabled when put in an
unfamiliar environment.
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In what ways do we organize memories?
For your personal memories, what kind of
memories do you recall best?
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Encoding is processing information into a form
in which it can be stored. This is how you
make sense of information.
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On a sheet of paper, write this list of letters
OTTFFSSENT
Look at the letters for 30 seconds and
memorize as much of the list as you can.
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Visual codes
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Acoustic Codes
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Trying to form a mental picture in your mind.
Reading a list over and over and then repeating it
back to yourself. (Either out loud or silent)
Acoustic codes record the letters in your memory as
a sequence of sounds.
Semantic Codes
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Trying to memorize by trying to make sense of a
group.
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Storage is the maintenance of encoded
information over a period of time.
Storage is used to put
information into short
term or long term
memory.
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Maintenance Rehearsal is repeating
information over and over again to keep from
forgetting.
This is how we attempt to remember names
and phone numbers before we get the
opportunity to write them down.
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Trying to memorize a phone number.
Use chunking to memorize and store the
number.
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Elaborative Rehearsal is when new information
is made meaningful by relating it to
information you already know well.
Example: This is used in
education, such as when
a foreign language teacher
or English teacher encourage
students to use new
vocabulary in sentences.
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Organizational Systems are how your
memories that are stored become organized
and arranged in your mind for future use.
Example: When learning presidents, you know
that Washington comes before Jefferson, and
Jefferson before Lincoln.
You have stored this in
your mind in
chronological order.
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This activity deals with the process of storage
known as chunking.
Get a partner. Tell your partner that you are
going to read some numbers and you want him
or her to remember as many as possible. Don't
tell your partner how many numbers or what
range they will be in. Read these numbers in
the following order at a rate of about 1 every
second.
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Immediately ask your partner to write down
the numbers he or she remembers. Now tell
your partner that you will read another set of
numbers and you want him or her to
remember them. Read these numbers in the
following order at a rate of about 1 every
second.
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Immediately ask your partner to write down
the numbers he or she remembers. Was the
second time easier? Did your partner
remember more numbers the second time?
Both sets of numbers are exactly the same...it is
just that the second one can really be "chunked"
into 1...one series of numbers that is easy to
remember.
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Retrieval is locating stored
information and returning it
to conscious thought.
Recall is retrieval of learned
information
Some memory is more
familiar, and is therefore
easier to retrieve. These are
things like names of friends
and family, etc.
But, attempting to remember
a math formula may be more
difficult.
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Think back to the letters we wrote down a few
minutes ago.
Try to write them down again without looking
at them a second time.
If you had encoded them you would be able to
retrieve them easier than had you just repeated
them over and over.
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You have 30 seconds. Try to remember as
many of the 20 pictures as possible.
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Now write down everything you can
remember that was pictured.
The pictures were: butterfly, pencil, ice cream
cone, rainbow, house, chair, clock, telephone, kite,
lock, scissors, guitar, light bulb, airplane, apple,
computer, earth or globe, plant, hammer, cake.
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Context-Dependent memory is retrieving a
memory based on the situation in which a
person first had the experience being
remembered.
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An experiment involving context-dependent
memory involved some students who belonged
to a swimming club. They were asked to
memorize lists of words while they were in the
water of the pool, while others tried to
memorize out of the pool. When asked to
recall, or retrieve, the information the students
remembered more words in whichever setting
they learned them in.
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State-Dependent Memory is when you can
retrieve a memory because of the mood in
which they were originally created.
For example, feelings of happiness will bring
back memories from other times when we were
happy.
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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is when we are so
close to retrieving information that it seems as
though the information is on the “tip of the
tongue.”
Also sometimes called “feeling of knowing
experience.”
An example of this is
when you try to remember
someone's name. Such as
someone’s last name be
Swanson, but you think
it is Samsonite.
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On page 163 in the textbook there is a chart that
you need to have in your notes.
Draw that in the space provided on your
notesheet.
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Describe the 3 processes of memory.
Which type of encoding works best for you
personally to remember something?
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We do not store in our memory everything we
experience.
What we do remember and encode depends on
what happens to the information as it flows
through each of the three stages of memory.
The stages are:
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Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Sensory Memory is the first stage of memory.
It consists of the immediate, initial recording of
information that enters through our senses.
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/
sencon.html
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Iconic Memory is the sensory register that
holds the mental pictures we form of visual
stimuli.
These are very brief because it involves the
senses.
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Eidetic Imagery is the ability to remember
visual stimuli over long periods of time.
Most of us think of this as photographic
memory.
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Echoic Memory is a sensory register that holds
mental traces of sounds.
Because of echoic memory, acoustic codes are
easier to remember.
Saying things to yourself makes it easier to
remember.
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Short-Term Memory is also called working
memory, you can transfer anything from the
sensory register to short-term if you pay
attention.
We use our short-term memory a lot. Any time
you are thinking about something it is in your
short-term memory.
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http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm0.
html
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/
facemem.html
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Primacy effect is the tendency to recall the
initial items in a series of items.
Recency effect is the tendency to recall the last
items in a series.
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Think back to the list of numbers we
memorized.
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3 12 5 8 13 1 6 4 14 11 10 2 7 9 15
The primacy effect suggests that you will
remember 3, 12, 5, and 8 better than the rest of
the list.
The recency effect suggests that you will
remember 2, 7, 9, and 15 better than the rest of
the list.
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Chunking is the organization of items into
familiar or manageable units.
Return to the list of letters: OTTFFSSENT
If you tried to list them as 10 individual pieces
they were meaningless, but if you remembered
them in pieces or as some other variation such
as “Other Flowers Sent” then you chunked
them together.
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This process of short term memory is also why
phone numbers are 7 digits broken into 2
separate parts, or why social security numbers
are 3, 2, and 4 numbers.
It, however, becomes very difficult to
remember any list over 9 items long.
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Interference occurs when new information
appears in short-term memory and takes the
place of what is already there.
An experiment by Lloyd and Margaret
Peterson (1959) showed how new information
can cause problems.
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Remember the three letter combination:
ZBT
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What are the three letters I asked you to
remember?
Now remember the letters:
NQB
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Count backward from 150.
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Now what were the 3 letters I asked you to
remember.
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Memory and awareness drill.
Who is missing?
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Long-Term Memory is how we store memory
that we want to keep longer than the short
term.
To do this there are several steps we go must
go through.
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We must go through mechanical repetition
(maintenance rehearsal)
Storage
Retrieval
There are more words, pictures, sounds, smells,
tastes, and touches than you could count stored
in your long term memory.
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Capacity of Memory: Psychologists have yet to
discover a limit to how much can be stored in a
person’s long-term memory.
There are a vast number of videos and films of
out lifetime of experience stored in our longterm memory.
However, our memory is limited by how much
attention we pay to things.
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Memory as Reconstructive: Our memories are
reconstructed from the bits and pieces of our
experience.
We tend to shape information based on the
way we view the world.
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What do you see these
two shapes to be?
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Schemas are the mental representations that we
form of the world by organizing bits of
information into knowledge.