Medicines and Drugs Option Unit Test
1.
(a)
Name:_________________
State two symptoms associated with caffeine being consumed in large amounts.
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(1)
(b)
State two short-term and two long-term effects of nicotine consumption.
Short-term:
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Long-term:
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(2)
2.
(i)
Outline the meaning of the term sympathomimetic drug.
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(1)
(ii)
State one example of a sympathomimetic drug other than nicotine.
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(1)
3.
Two substances commonly used in antacid tablets are magnesium hydroxide and aluminium
hydroxide.
(a)
State an equation to represent a neutralization reaction with one of the above antacids.
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(1)
(b)
State and explain whether 0.1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is more effective or less
effective than 0.1 mol of aluminium hydroxide.
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(1)
(c)
Suggest why compounds such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide cannot be used
as an antacid.
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(1)
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(d)
Explain why alginates and dimethicone are often included in antacid tablets.
Alginates:
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Dimethicone:
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(2)
4.
Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
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(Total 2 marks)
5.
Some mind-altering drugs contain the indole ring. The structures of indole and some
mind-altering drugs are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
In terms of functional groups, state two similarities in the structures of LSD, psilocybin and
mescaline.
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(2)
(b)
State the names of two functional groups that are present in LSD but not in mescaline.
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(2)
6.
Aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen), morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are all pain killers.
Their structures are given in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
Aspirin is thought to interfere with the production of prostaglandins. Explain how this
produces an analgesic effect.
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(1)
(b)
Explain how morphine can prevent pain.
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(1)
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(c)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered to be safe to use as an analgesic in
small doses. Other than the possibility of death, outline the problems associated with taking
larger doses of paracetamol.
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(2)
(d)
State one important use for aspirin other than the relief of pain and fever.
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(1)
(e)
Other than the phenyl group, state the name of one other functional group that is common
to
(i)
both paracetamol and morphine.
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(1)
(ii)
both aspirin and diamorphine.
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(1)
7.
The first penicillin to be used was benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), its structure is shown below.
(a)
Explain how penicillins are able to act as antibacterials.
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(2)
(b)
Modern penicillins have a similar structure to Penicillin G but a different side-chain.
State two advantages of modifying the side-chain.
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(c)
Discuss the reason why a “cocktail” of different antibacterials may be needed to treat
tuberculosis (TB).
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(1)
8.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac®) is a common depressant. Depressants have many therapeutic
uses.
(a)
State three other common depressants.
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(3)
(b)
Describe one effect, other than relieving depression, of moderate doses of depressants on
patients.
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(1)
9.
Drugs can be prescribed for treating various diseases and assisting in healing the human body,
however, any drug presents potential risks. The properties of three drugs are summarized below.
Drug
Physiological effect
Side-effects
Therapeutic window
A
high
severe
medium
B
moderate
moderate
narrow
C
low
minimal
wide
Suggest which drug (A, B or C) could be
(a)
considered safe enough to be taken by patients without supervision.
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(1)
(b)
administered only by qualified staff.
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(1)
(c)
used only in a medical emergency.
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(1)
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10.
Explain why heroin is a more potent drug than morphine.
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(Total 2 marks)
11.
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide since
it was first recorded in 1981. The control and treatment of HIV is made worse by the high price of
anti-retroviral agents and sociocultural issues. Discuss one sociocultural difficulty facing society
today associated with solving this global problem.
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(Total 2 marks)
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HL Section:
12.
Chemists can change structures of substances in order to produce chemicals with desired
properties.
(a)
Aspirin is virtually insoluble in water. Use Table 20 in the Data Booklet to explain how
aspirin can be made more water-soluble. Write an equation for the reaction.
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(2)
(b)
Prozac®, fluoxetine hydrochloride, a depressant, is water-soluble and is made by reacting
fluoxetine with hydrochloric acid. Use Table 20 in the Data Booklet to deduce the structure
of fluoxetine.
(1)
13.
In the 1950s, thalidomide was given to pregnant women to alleviate morning sickness.
Many of the children born to these women had deformed limbs. State the structural feature of
thalidomide responsible for these different effects and explain the effect that this case has had on
the development of drugs.
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(Total 2 marks)
14.
Paroxetine, whose structure is shown below, is a drug prescribed to people suffering from mental
depression.
(a)
Identify the two chiral carbon atoms in the structure above with an asterisk (*).
(2)
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(b)
Paroxetine is usually prescribed in the form of its hydrochloride salt.
(i)
Explain why it is used in this form.
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(2)
(ii)
State the structural feature of a molecule of paroxetine that enables it to form a salt.
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(1)
15.
Planar complexes of the formula [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] can exist as two isomers. One of these isomers,
cisplatin, is a common anti-cancer drug with the following structural formula.
Draw a structural formula for the second isomer and state the type of isomerism represented by
these two complexes.
Type of isomerism: ................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
16.
Outline the major stages in the development of a new drug.
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(Total 3 marks)
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17.
In recent years there have been significant advances in drug design, mainly due to the techniques
of combinatorial chemistry and parallel synthesis. Discuss the use of these techniques, with
reference to:
(i)
the advantage of the techniques compared to previous methods.
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(1)
(ii)
the methods used.
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(3)
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