Medicines and Drugs Review 2014
1.
Nicotine and caffeine are commonly classified as stimulants.
(a)
State the name of one functional group which is present in caffeine but absent in nicotine.
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(1)
(b)
Other than methyl groups, state the name of one functional group present in both caffeine
and nicotine.
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(1)
(Total 2 marks)
2.
(i)
Outline the meaning of the term sympathomimetic drug.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State one example of a sympathomimetic drug other than nicotine.
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(1)
(Total 2 marks)
3.
Outline what is meant by the term synergistic effect of ethanol using a suitable example.
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(Total 2 marks)
4.
Two substances commonly used in antacid tablets are magnesium hydroxide and aluminium
hydroxide.
(a)
State an equation to represent a neutralization reaction with one of the above antacids.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State and explain whether 0.1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is more effective or less
effective than 0.1 mol of aluminium hydroxide.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Suggest why compounds such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide cannot be used
as an antacid.
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(1)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
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(d)
Explain why alginates and dimethicone are often included in antacid tablets.
Alginates:
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Dimethicone:
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
5.
State two differences in structure between viruses and bacteria.
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(Total 2 marks)
6.
Some mind-altering drugs contain the indole ring. The structures of indole and some
mind-altering drugs are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
In terms of functional groups, state two similarities in the structures of LSD, psilocybin and
mescaline.
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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
State the names of two functional groups that are present in LSD but not in mescaline.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
7.
Drugs such as fluoxetine and aspirin can be converted into salts. (HL)
(a)
Identify the functional group present in each of fluoxetine and aspirin which allows them
to be converted into a salt. Suggest a reagent required for each conversion.
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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain the advantage of converting drugs such as fluoxetine and aspirin into salts.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
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8.
Morphine is a strong analgesic which is administered parenterally.
(i)
State the meaning of the term parenteral.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain how a strong analgesic such as morphine prevents pain.
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(2)
(iii)
The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are shown in Table 20 of the Data
Booklet. State the name of a functional group present in diamorphine (heroin) but not in
morphine.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
9.
During drug development, trials are conducted to determine the therapeutic window.
(a)
Explain the meaning of the term therapeutic window and discuss its importance in drug
administration.
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(4)
(b)
Explain the use of placebos in clinical trials on humans.
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(3)
(c)
Identify one other effect of a drug which must be determined during clinical trials.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
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10. Sorafenib, a drug used to treat kidney and liver cancer, was produced using combinatorial
techniques. The structure of sorafenib is shown below.(HL)
(i)
Describe how combinatorial chemistry may have been used to synthesize sorafenib.
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(3)
(ii)
State one advantage of solid-phase chemistry during combinatorial synthesis.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
11.
Aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen), morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are all pain killers.
Their structures are given in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.
(a)
Aspirin is thought to interfere with the production of prostaglandins. Explain how this
produces an analgesic effect.
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......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Explain how morphine can prevent pain.
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(1)
(c)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered to be safe to use as an analgesic in
small doses. Other than the possibility of death, outline the problems associated with taking
larger doses of paracetamol.
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(2)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
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(d)
State one important use for aspirin other than the relief of pain and fever.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Other than the phenyl group, state the name of one other functional group that is common
to
(i)
both paracetamol and morphine.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
both aspirin and diamorphine.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
12.
The first penicillin to be used was benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), its structure is shown below.
(a)
Explain how penicillins are able to act as antibacterials.
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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Modern penicillins have a similar structure to Penicillin G but a different side-chain.
State two advantages of modifying the side-chain.
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(2)
(c)
Discuss the reason why a “cocktail” of different antibacterials may be needed to treat
tuberculosis (TB).
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(1)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
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13.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac®) is a common depressant. Depressants have many therapeutic
uses.
(a)
State three other common depressants.
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......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Describe one effect, other than relieving depression, of moderate doses of depressants on
patients.
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......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
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