Introduction
to
Organic
Chemistry
Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon.
Carbon
• Because of the bonding
properties of carbon,
there are millions of
different organic
chemicals. Each one
has unique properties.
• There are organic
chemicals that make up
your hair, your skin,
even your fingernails
• Carbon has 4 valence e• It forms 4 bonds with
other atoms
BOND
C
Carbon
• To add to the
complexity of organic
chemistry, neighboring
carbon atoms can form
double and triple bonds
in addition to single
carbon-carbon bonds:
A carbon-carbon single bond
A carbon-carbon double bond
A carbon-carbon triple bond
Carbonbased molecules have three general types of structures.
MACROMOLECULES
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of
many small subunits bonded together
forming very large molecules
MACROMOLECULES
Macromolecules are
formed through the process
of Polymerization.
There are four groups of
• Polymerization = large
organic compounds
compounds are built by
found in living things…
joining smaller ones
together
• Small units monomers form
larger units polymers.
Four carbon-based or organic
macromolecules found in living things.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
• The three elements exist in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Carbohydrates
include sugars and starches.
– Monosaccarides or Simple sugars. (1 ring sugar)
– Disaccarides (2 carbon ring sugars)
– Polysaccarides or Complex Carbohydrates include
starches, cellulose, chitin and glycogen.
Monosaccharaides or Simple sugars
Single Ring Structures
Organism uses:
• Fuel for respiration
• Building larger sugars
• Small in size--can easily
move into and out of cells
Disaccharides
• made from the
combination of 2
monosaccharaides
• Sucrose or Table sugar
Glucose + Fructose
• Lactose or Milk Sugar
Glucose + Galactose
• Disaccharides are
water-soluble, but
cannot move into or
out of cells
• Maltose or Cereal
Glucose + Glucose
Polysaccharides or
Complex Carbohydrates
• “giant” sugar made from
the combination of 3 or
more monosaccharide's
• insoluble molecules that
cannot move into or out
of cells
• Used for long – term
energy storage or
structural support
purposes
Carbohydrates
• Can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure and
sup9ort.
Cell Wall
Proteins
• Organic polymers that
contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and nitrogen
• Used in the protective skin
and muscle tissue of animals
and animals
• Also used as enzyme catalysts
in both plants
Proteins
• Formed from
the bonding of
monomer
building blocks
called amino
acids --makes
long chains
Amino Acids
Amino acids has three parts:
Amine group
Carboxyl group
R group
The R group represents a
variable.
The R group is different in
each of the 20 amino acids
and determines their
behavior.
Amine
group
NH2
Carboxyl
Group
COOH
Amino Acids
20 different amino
acids are used to
build proteins in
organisms
Humans can
make 11 the there
9 must be
obtained from
food.
Proteins
• During the process of
making a proteins a
peptide bond forms
• Peptide bond is a
covalent bond that links
amino acids together
• Polypeptide = bonding of
numerous amino acids
• Proteins are composed of
polypeptides in various
bond structures
Proteins
-Differ in the number and order of amino acids.
-Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Simple………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Complex
Denatured Proteins
• Any change in shape, structure, &
function of a protein
• The denatured protein become
biologically inactive
(will not function)
Causes of Denaturing:
•Alteration of pH
•Temperature changes
Proteins have many functions
Antibodies - defend the Structural - hair, quills,
body
feathers, horns, nails and
beaks.
Muscles–movement
Storage - egg whites;
Enzymes-speed up
casein in milk
chemical reactions.
Transport- hemoglobin
Hormonal-- Insulin
transports oxygen
regulates glucose.
Enzymes (Type of protein)
Catalyst-substance that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
• Cabiological catalysts
•are
Lock and Key Model
•Are specific to the substrate
•Not used up during the
reaction.
•Require optimum
conditions at which they
work best.
(pH & Temperature)
Substrate-is a molecule upon
which an enzyme acts
EnzymesDegradation reactions
EnzymeSynthesis Reaction
Substrate
Enzyme
Product
Hydrogen
peroxide
Starch
Catalase
Oxygen and water
Amylase
Maltose
Maltose
Maltase
Glucose
Protein
Pepsin
Peptides
Peptides
Protease
Amino acids
Fats
Lipase
Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
PROTEINS
Insulin Pump
LIPIDS
• “AKA” fats
• Higher ratio of C
to H bonds
• Chemical compounds
that contain carbon, • Store more
energy per gram
hydrogen and oxygen
than carbs.
• Lipids are nonpolar
molecules that do not
dissolve in water.
Different Classes of Lipids
•Triglycerides
•Phospholipids
•Waxes
•Steroids
General Structure of Lipids (FATS)
Glycerol -3 carbon
skeleton with a
hydroxyl group
(OH-) attached
Fatty acid-carboxyl group
with a long carbon
skeleton 12-28 carbons
long
Triglycerides
• Complex Lipid
• Formed from three fatty acids (tri) linked to glycerol.
Triglycerides
Saturated Fats
• Solid at room temp. (FATS)
• Found in animal products
• Contains no double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms
• fully "saturated" with hydrogen
atoms.
Unsaturated Fats
• Liquids at room temp. (OILS)
• Found in plant & fish oils &
legumes
• Contain one or more double
or triple bonds between
carbon atoms
Negative charge
(Loves H2O)
(Repels H2O)
• Major components of cell membranes
• Made of two fatty acids attached to glycerol
and a phosphate group
The cell membrane is made of two layers of
phospholipids along with carbohydrates and proteins.
Wax
• Long fatty acid joined by an alcohol
• Made in both animal and plants
• Produce a protective layer
Steroids (Sterols)
• Estrogen
Progesterone,
Cortisol
Testosterone,
Vitamin D.
Play essential roles in the physiology of organisms and
Cell function.
Lipids
Functions of Lipids
•
•
•
•
Stores energy
Make up cell membranes
Repel water, waxy covering on leaves
Some lipids function as hormones
(sex hormones – estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
Lipids include fats, oils, steroids and wax.
Fats=Solid @ room temp.
Oils=Liquid @ room temp
Cholesterol, wax =Solid @ room temp
Nucleic Acids
• Macromolecule
monomer containing H,
O, N, C, and P
• Nucleic acids store and
transmit genetic info
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Nucleic Acids
monomers are nucleotides.
One Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides are
made of
• 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate
group
• nitrogenous
base
Two types of Nucleic Acids.
DNADeoxyribose. Nucleic Acid
RNARibose Nucleic Acid
Two types of Nucleic Acids.
–DNA stores genetic information.
– RNA builds proteins
DNA