It’s the Final Countdown!!!
Keystone Review
Module 1

Basic Biological Principles

The Chemical Basic of Life

Bioenergetics

Homeostasis and Transport
Standards……

Describe the characteristics of life shared by all
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

Compare cellular structures and their functions in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cells

Name the two major types of cells
Cells

Name the two major types of cells

ANSWER: Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
Cells

What type of organisms are
prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
Cells

What type of organisms are
prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

ANSWER: Prokaryotic cells are
Bacteria and Archaea ONLY.

Eukaryotic cells are Animals, Plants,
Fungi and Protists
Cells
Okay speaking of cells what 4
structures do ALL cells have?
Cells
Okay speaking of cells what 4
structures do ALL cells have?
ANSWER: Cell membrane, DNA,
cytoplasm and ribosomes
Cells….Standard Check
Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cell
have the capacity to
a.
Assemble into multicellular organisms
b.
Establish symbiotic relationships with
other organsims
c.
Obtain energy form the Sun
d.
Store genetic information in the form
of DNA
Cells….Standard Check
Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cell
have the capacity to
Eukaryotic cells are capable of
specialization and forming multicellular organisms
a.
Assemble into multicellular organisms
b.
Establish symbiotic relationships with
other organsims
c.
Obtain energy form the Sun
d.
Store genetic information in the form
of DNA
Cells….Standard Check
Inside eukaryotic cells are membranebound structures called
a.
Cell walls
b.
Cilia
c.
Organelles
d.
cytoplasm
Cells….Standard Check
Inside eukaryotic cells are membranebound structures called
Remember membrane bound
structures are organelles
a.
Cell walls
b.
Cilia
c.
Organelles
d.
cytoplasm
Standards……

Describe and interpret relationships between
structure and function at various levels of
biological organization (i.e. organelles, cells,
tissues, organs, organ system and multicellular
organisms.)
Organization of Living
Things

What are life’s levels of
organization?
Organization of Living
Things

What are life’s levels of
organization?

ANSWER: Cell-tissue-organ-organ
system-organism
Organization of Living
Things

Give me an example of each level
of organization for humans.
Organization of Living
Things

Give me an example of each level
of organization for humans.

Cells
Organization of Living
Things

Give me an example of each level
of organization for humans.

Tissues
Organization of Living
Things

Give me an example of each level
of organization for humans.

Organs
Organization of Living
Things

Give me an example of each level
of organization for humans.

Organ System

Organism

Really I think you can get this
ONE!
Biological Organization
Standard Check

Which statement best explains why these
cells have structural differences?

A. The cells have different functions

B. The cells evolved in different
organisms

C. One of the cells develops into the
other type of cell

D. One of the cells is more primitive than
the other cell.
Biological Organization
Standard Check

Which statement best explains why these
cells have structural differences?

A. The cells have different functions

B. The cells evolved in different
organisms

C. One of the cells develops into the
other type of cell

D. One of the cells is more primitive than
the other cell.
Biological Organization
Standard Check

Bacteria are single-celled
microorganisms. The cell walls of
these microorganisms serve as
barriers to chemicals that might affect
the processes that occur within a
bacterial cell. Antibiotics are a type of
substance used to stop bacterial
growth. Some antibiotics cause the
bacterial cell wall to rupture.

NOTE: Use this information to
answer the following questions:
Biological Organization
Standard Check

The function of which human organ is
most like the cell walls of bacteria?

A. Skin

B. Liver

C. Heart

D. pancreas
Biological Organization
Standard Check

The function of which human organ is most
like the cell walls of bacteria?

A. Skin

B. Liver

C. Heart

D. Pancreas

NOTE: the cell walls of bacteria act as
regulatory structures similair to the skin of
humans.
Biological Organization
Standard Check

Which statement best describes how
antibiotics affect cellular homeostasis?

A. Antibiotics remove chloroplasts from plant cells to
cause starvation.

B. Antibiotics interfere with the transport of
intracellular and extracellular materials

C. Antibiotics increase the rate of DNA replication in
human cells by forming nucleotides.

D. Antibiotic decrease the rate of cellular respiration
in animal cells by producing oxygen.
Biological Organization
Standard Check

Which statement best describes how antibiotics
affect cellular homeostasis?

A. Antibiotics remove chloroplasts from plant cells to cause starvation.

B. Antibiotics interfere with the transport of intracellular and
extracellular materials

C. Antibiotics increase the rate of DNA replication in human cells by
forming nucleotides.

D. Antibiotic decrease the rate of cellular respiration in animal cells by
producing oxygen.

Note: Homeostasis is maintained by different processes to regulate
an organism’s internal conditions. The antibiotic describe in the
scenario causes the cell wall to rupture and the cell to burst, so
there can no longer be regulation of transport across the plasma
membrane.
Organization of Living
Things

Okay so you’re pretty smart but
remember

cells are made up of organelles,
organelles are made up of
macromolecules,

macromolecules and made up of
molecules and

molecules are made up of ATOMS….
Organization of Living
Things-Cell Organelles

It is very important that you know all the
structures and and their functions. Questions
relating to this standard may ask you to
describe the organelles function…

Nucleus, nucleolus, cell membrane, golgi
apparatus, er (smooth and rough), lysosomes,
vesicles, vacuoles, chloroplast, mitochondria,
cell wall, centrioles, cytoplasm,and everything
else

So let’s go
Cell Organelles…Standard
Check
What organelle in the cell supplies energy to carry out the cells functions?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Chloroplast
Cell Organelles…Standard
Check
What organelle in the cell supplies energy to carry out the cells functions?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Chloroplast
Cell Organelles…Standard
Check
What organelle in the cell modifies, packages and ships protein and lipid
products out of the cell?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Chloroplast
Cell Organelles…Standard
Check
What organelle in the cell modifies, packages and ships protein and lipid
products out of the cell?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Chloroplast
Cell Organelles…Standard
Check
-allows waste to exit the cell
-allows chemicals required for
cellular respiration to enter the
cell
-regulates movement of water
into and out of the cell
The functions of which cell structure are described in this list?
a. lysosome
b. mitochondria
c. the plasma membrane
d. the endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Organelles…Standard
Check
-allows waste to exit the cell
-allows chemicals required for
cellular respiration to enter the
cell
-regulates movement of water
into and out of the cell
The functions of which cell structure are described in this list?
a. lysosome
b. mitochondria
c. the plasma membrane
d. the endoplasmic reticulum
NOTE: the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function in
regulating the movement of water and other materials into and out of the
cell
Properties of Life

Properties or characteristics of life






All living things are made up of one or more cells
All living things metabolize
All living things maintain stable internal conditions
All living thing contain DNA
All living things reproduce
Remember: living things also, evolve over time,
respond to stimuli, grow and develop
Properties of Life
Standard Check
Which characteristic of life is best shown
by the diagram?
a.
b.
c.
d.
DNA is the genetic code in an
organism.
An organism is made up of one or
more cells
An organism responds to changes in
the environment
Changes occur in an organism as it
grows and develops
Properties of Life
Standard Check
Which characteristic of life is best shown
by the diagram?
a.
b.
c.
d.
DNA is the genetic code in an
organism.
An organism is made up of one or
more cells
An organism responds to changes in
the environment
Changes occur in an organism as
it grows and develops
Properties of Life
Standard Check
A jackrabbit has large ears containing blood vessels that help
it maintain a constant body temperature by adjusting heat
exchange with the surrounding environment. Which
characteristic of life is best described by this example?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Growth
Energy use
Organization
Homeostasis
Properties of Life
Standard Check
A jackrabbit has large ears containing blood vessels that help
it maintain a constant body temperature by adjusting heat
exchange with the surrounding environment. Which
characteristic of life is best described by this example?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Growth
Energy use
Organization
Homeostasis
Note: The process of adjusting heat exchange is
an example of maintaining a stable internal
environment, which is homeostasis.
Properties of Life
Standard
Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g.
thermoregulation, oxygen regulation).
NOTE: Organisms maintain their internal equilibrium by
responding and adjusting to environmental stressors.
Example: Aquatic organisms must respond to changes in
water temp., sunlight, chemicals, and other organisms.
Living cells must balance between materials entering and
exiting the cell. It is important for a cell to maintain
internal concentrations of water, glucose, and other
nutrients, whole eliminating cellular wastes
Standards……

Describe the unique properties of water, and how
these properties support life on Earth (e.g. freezing
point, high specific heat, cohesion)
Properties of Water

Water is the most abundant compound on Earth’s
surface, constituting about 70% of the planet’s
surface. In nature it exists in liquid, solid and
gaseous states.

Water is polar because the oxygen side is slightly
negative and the hydrogen side is slightly positive.
The three atoms are constantly at a “tug of war” for
their electrons. This polarity helps water bond to
other substances………
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is cohesion?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is cohesion?

ANSWER: When water sticks to itself, this is
because of the hydrogen bonds that form
between the negative oxygen side and the
positive hydrogen side.
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is adhesion?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is adhesion?

ANSWER: When water sticks to other polar
substances such as leaves on a tree.
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

So remember cohesion vs adhesions
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of
water?

What is surface tension?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is surface tension?

ANSWER: The top layer of water
that is very strong, sue to the
cohesion forces of the hydrogen
bonds
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of
water?

What is capillary action?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is capillary action?

ANSWER: Movement of water
against gravity. Because of
cohesion and adhesion water rise
up narrow tubes in plant stems
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of
water?

What is high specific heat?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is high specific heat?

ANSWER: Waters ability to resist
change in temperature, important
concept because it helps
organisms retain body heat and
resist freezing in cold temps.
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of
water?

What do we mean by the following?
Water is a universal solvent.
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What do we mean by the following?
Water is a universal solvent.

ANSWER: Water can dissolve many
polar and ionic substances. This is
important to life because of all the
chemical reactions that take place in
an aqueous environment.
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of
water?

Okay so water is the Universal
Solvent, what do we mean by
solvent, solute and solution?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

Okay so water is the Universal Solvent, what do we
mean by solvent, solute and solution?

Answer: Solvent is the substance that does the
dissolving.

Solute is the substance that is dissolved.

Solution is the combination of the solute and
solvent.
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of
water?

What is special about density and
water?
Properties of Water

So what are the properties of water?

What is special about density and
water?

ANSWER: Since solid water is less
dense than liquid water, ice floats.

Density is the measure of
compactness of a substance..
Properties of Water
Standard Check

Which statement best describes an effect of the low
density of frozen water in a lake?




A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the
water level in a lake.
B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up,
killing most aquatic organisms.
C. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing
insulation for organisms below.
D. Water removes thermal energy from the land
around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.
Properties of Water
Standard Check

Which statement best describes an effect of the low
density of frozen water in a lake?




A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the
water level in a lake.
B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up,
killing most aquatic organisms.
C. When water in a lake freezes, it floats,
providing insulation for organisms below.
D. Water removes thermal energy from the land
around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.
Properties of Water
Standard Check

Which of the following is a property of water
that allows a water strider to walk on the
surface of water?




A.
B.
C.
D.
Solubility
Cohesion
High specific heat
Low freezing point
Properties of Water
Standard Check

Which of the following is a property of water
that allows a water strider to walk on the
surface of water?

A. Solubility

B. Cohesion

C. High specific heat

D. Low freezing point

Note: Cohesion is a property of water that describes the attraction of water
molecules to one another, which creates high surface tension that keeps water
strider on top of the water.
Standard

Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form
biological macromolecules.

Describe how biological macromolecules form
from monomers.
Properties of Carbon




Carbon is the second most abundant substance
in living organisms.
Carbon can share FOUR electrons, therefore it
can bond to four additional elements.
Carbon establishes covalent bond (high energy
bonds)
Carbon molecules have strength, flexibility, and
can chemically react to other atoms.
Properties of Carbon
Properties of Carbon
Standard Check
Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s
ability to form bonds makes it uniquely suited to
form macromolecules?
a. If forms short, simple carbon chains
b. If forms large, complex, diverse molecules
c. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon
atoms
d. It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a
single plane
Properties of Carbon
Standard Check
Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s
ability to form bonds makes it uniquely suited to
form macromolecules?
a. If forms short, simple carbon chains
b. If forms large, complex, diverse molecules
c. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon
atoms
d. It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a
single plane
Standard
Compare the structure and function of
carbohydrates, lipids proteins and nucleic
acids.
NOTE: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids are the foundation for the
structure and function of every living cell in
every organism. They are the building
materials of the body and the storehouse for
energy for every activity.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules

NOTES:

Carbohydrate- CHO ratio 1:2:1

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligiosaccharides and
polysaccharides

Examples: glucose, sucrose and starch

In all living organisms, carbohydrates are broken down to provide
usable chemical energy for all cells

Cellulose is found in plants and provides structural support (cell wall)
and fiber for us 
Macromolecules

NOTES:

Lipids: CHO a whole bunch of CHCHCHCHCHCH and a little O

Lipids are commonly referred to as fats, oils and waxes

They are insoluble in water due to the nonpolarity of the molecules

Lipids are used by cells for long-term energy storage

Lipids are a major component of cell membranes, phospholipids
Macromolecules

NOTES:

Proteins C H O N and sometimes S

This is the most diverse group

They are large, complex polymers essential to life

They are composed of chains of amino acids

Proteins are important for muscle contraction, transporting oxygen in
the blood, and the immune system, they are enzymes and they also
are an important component of the cell membrane.

Examples: collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin, and antibodies are
examples of protein
Macromolecules

NOTES:

Nucleic Acids

Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information in
cells in the form of a code

Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides

The two types of nucleic acids ARE DNA and RNA
NOTE: Nucleotides are the structural units of ATP and NAD+ and NADP+
Macromolecules
Standard Check

Which statement describes the formation of a protein
molecule?
a. Amino acids combine to form a protein chain
b. Fatty acid monomers dissolve to form a protein
chain
c. Fatty acid monomers combine to form a protein
chain
d. Amino Acids dissolve monomers to form a protein
chain
Macromolecules
Standard Check

Which statement describes the formation of a protein
molecule?
a. Amino acids combine to form a protein chain
b.
c.
d.
Fatty acid monomers dissolve to form a protein chain
Fatty acid monomers combine to form a protein chain
Amino Acids dissolve monomers to form a protein chain
Note: Proteins are biological macromolecules that form when
multiple amino acid monomers are linked together with
PEPTIDE BONDS
Macromolecules
Standard Check

Student
Organic Compound Description

1
Carbohydrates
Complex compounds
made of purines and
pyrimidines that function
as data-storage
molecules

2
Lipids
use the relatively high
energy contained in C-H
bonds to perform their
primary function

3
Proteins
chains of amino acids
that can function as
enzymes, hormones and
antibodies

4
Nucleic Acids
Compounds, produced
through photosynthesis that
contain carbon hydrogen
and oxygen
Standard Check
Student 2 and 3

Student
Organic Compound Description

1
Carbohydrates
Complex compounds
made of purines and
pyrimidines that function
as data-storage
molecules

2
Lipids
use the relatively high
energy contained in C-H
bonds to perform their
primary function

3
Proteins
chains of amino acids
that can function as
enzymes, hormones and
antibodies

4
Nucleic Acids
Compounds, produced
through photosynthesis that
contain carbon hydrogen
and oxygen
Enzymes
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme involved in the
reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form a
molecule that dissolves well in the liquid part of
blood. How does carbonic anhydrase affect this
reaction?
a. By making the reaction reversible
b. By changing chemical products of the reaction
c. By increasing the time needed for the reaction
to occur
d. By decreasing the amount of energy needed to
complete the reaction
Enzymes
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme involved in the
reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form a
molecule that dissolves well in the liquid part of
blood. How does carbonic anhydrase affect this
reaction?
a. By making the reaction reversible
b. By changing chemical products of the reaction
c. By increasing the time needed for the reaction
to occur
d. By decreasing the amount of energy needed
to complete the reaction
Note: An enzyme can act as a catalyst that regulates
specific biochemical reactions and decreases the
amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
Enzymes
Don’t forget enzyme terminology
-Active site
-Substrate
-Enzyme
-Enzyme/substrate complex
-Product
Enzyme: Lock and Key
Mechanism
Enzymes
Enzymes
-are catalytic molecules
-they speed up chemical reactions without being
used up in the reaction
-enzymes are PROTEINS
- each enzyme catalyzes only one Specific type of
reaction
Enzymes
Critical Thinking……
The rate of a reaction depends in part on
the concentration of the enzyme. If the
enzyme is diluted, its concentration is
lowered, which slows the reaction rate
Enzymes
Tell Me What this graph is showing!
Enzymes
Standard Check
Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 20C to 70C to slow the rate
of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why
refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food?
a. Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low
temperatures
b. Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these
temperatures
c. The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at
these temperatures
d. The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at
these temperatures
Enzymes
Standard Check
Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 20C to 70C to slow the rate
of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why
refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food?
a. Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low
temperatures
b. Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these
temperatures
c. The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not
active at these temperatures
d. The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at
these temperatures
Standard

Describe the role of ATP in chemical
reactions
ATP

All life on Earth depends on the flow
of energy.

Primary source of energy is the Sun

Photosynthesis convert solar energy
to chemical energy (carbohydrates)
and then the carbohydrates are
broken down by the metabolism of
organisms.
ATP

ATP is adenosine triphosphate

ATP stores and releases the energy in
its bonds in response to the energy
need of the cell

Stored energy is released when ATP
is split into ADP
ATP
ATP
By removing a
phosphate group,
energy is released
for chemical
reactions to occur
in the cell, ATP
becomes ADP.
ATP
Standard Check
A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape
to move sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. Which molecule was
most likely used by the protein as an energy
source?
a. ATP
b. ADP
c. Catalase
d. Amylase
ATP
Standard Check
A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape
to move sodium and potassium ions against their
concentration gradients. Which molecule was
most likely used by the protein as an energy
source?
a. ATP
b. ADP
c. Catalase
d. Amylase
Standard

Describe the fundamental roles of plastids
(chloroplast) and mitochondria in energy
transformations

Compare the basic transformation of
energy during photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
Energy

Cells use energy for making new
molecules, building cell organelles,
making membranes, maintaining
homeostasis etc.
Energy-Photosynthesis

Plants, algae and other photosynthetic
organisms are important to the
maintenance and balance of life on
Earth.

They convert solar energy to chemical
energy in the form of carbohydrates

NOTE: photosynthetic organisms must
also break down carbohydrates to form
ATP.
Energy-Photosynthesis
Energy-Photosynthesis


Two Main Reactions of Photosynthesis

1. Light Dependent Reaction
 Theses reactions split water molecules, providing hydrogen and an
energy source for the Calvin cycle. Oxygen is given off!

2. Calvin cycle, dark reaction or the Light Independent Reaction
 A series of reactions that form simple sugars using carbon dioxide
and hydrogen from water.
NOTE: The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis.
The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis.
Energy-Photosynthesis

Light Dependent Reaction
 Takes place in the chloroplasts at the thylakoid. A
stack of thylakoids is called grana.

The chlorophyll and other light-absorbing
molecules absorb the energy from the sunlight.
Energy-Photosynthesis

Light Independent Reaction
 Takes place in the chloroplasts in the stroma.
 Carbon dioxide from the air combines with
hydrogen from the light reaction to form simple
sugars.


Simple sugars form to make complex sugars,
starches and cellulose.
NOTE: AKA Dark reaction and Calvin Cycle
Energy-Photosynthesis

Energy-Cellular
Respiration
Two Main Reactions of Cellular Respiration
1. Krebs Cycle
breaks down the products of Glycolysis to
produce molecules used in the electron
transport chain.
2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
consists of a series of proteins in the
mitochondrial membranes that convert
ADP to ATP by transferring electrons
Energy-Cellular
Respiration
1.
Krebs Cycle
1.
Takes place in mitochondria and breaks down products of
glycolysis
2.
CO2 is released and 2 ATP’s produced
3.
The main function of Kreb Cycle is to move high energy
electrons to molecules for the electron transport chain
Energy-Cellular
Respiration
1.
ETC
1.
Takes place in and across the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.
2.
High energy electrons travel through the proteins and
makes 32-34 ATP molecules
3.
Releases carbon dioxide
Energy-Cellular
Respiration
Energy-Cellular
Respiration
Respiration and
Photosynthesis Standard
Check
In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP
molecules are produced. What is the net gain of
ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from
glycolysis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
2
4
36
Respiration and
Photosynthesis Standard
Check
In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP
molecules are produced. What is the net gain of
ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from
glycolysis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
2 Remember 4 made two needed=2 net
4
36
Respiration and
Photosynthesis Standard
Check
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both involve water.
Cellular respiration uses sugar, and photosynthesis produces sugar.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both use light to produce
energy.
Cellular respiration requires light energy, and photosynthesis
requires chemical energy.
Which two statements correctly describe one similarity and one
difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
a.
Statements 1 and 2
b.
Statements 1 and 4
c.
Statements 2 and 3
d.
Statements 3 and 4
Respiration and
Photosynthesis Standard
Check
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both involve water.
Cellular respiration uses sugar, and photosynthesis produces sugar.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both use light to produce
energy.
Cellular respiration requires light energy, and photosynthesis
requires chemical energy.
Which two statements correctly describe one similarity and one
difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
a.
Statements 1 and 2
b.
Statements 1 and 4
c.
Statements 2 and 3
d.
Statements 3 and 4
Respiration and
Photosynthesis Standard
Check
The diagram shows an energy transformation that typically occurs in
plant cell plastids. Which statement best describes this role of
plastids in the plant?
a.
Chloroplast transform light energy into chemical energy
b.
Mitochondria transform light energy into chemical energy
c.
Chloroplasts transform chemical energy into electromagnetic energy
d.
Mitochondria transform chemical energy into electronegative energy
Respiration and
Photosynthesis Standard
Check
The diagram shows an energy transformation that typically occurs in
plant cell plastids. Which statement best describes this role of
plastids in the plant?
a.
Chloroplast transform light energy into chemical energy
b.
Mitochondria transform light energy into chemical energy
c.
Chloroplasts transform chemical energy into electromagnetic energy
d.
Mitochondria transform chemical energy into electronegative energy
Standard
Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane
allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or
protective barrier for the cell.
Compare the mechanisms that transport materials
across the plasma membrane.
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane:

Function boundary and regulator

As an active regulator the cell membrane helps to
maintain the proper concentrations of substances
inside the cell

Selectively permeability
 Allows certain materials to pass through the
membrane while keeping others out
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane:

Cell Membrane
Transport of materials
Cell Membrane:
Cell Membrane
Transport of materialsStandard Check
Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?
a. Water leaving the tubules of the kidney in response
to the hypertonic fluid surround the tubules
b. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small
intestine
c. White blood cells consume pathogens and cell
debris at the site of infection
d. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the
muscle cell completes its contraction
Cell Membrane
Transport of materialsStandard Check
Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?
a. Water leaving the tubules of the kidney in
response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding
the tubules
b. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small
intestine
c. White blood cells consume pathogens and cell
debris at the site of infection
d. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the
muscle cell completes its contraction
Cell Membrane
Transport of materialsStandard Check
CRQ- During physical education class, some students ran one mile. After their run, the students
recorded changes they experienced.
Changes Experienced

Sweating

Muscle cramps

Decreased energy

Increased heart rate

Increased breathing rate

Increased thirst

Increased body temp
Select three changes experienced by the students and explain
how each change can represent a homeostatic
mechanism.
Cell Membrane
Transport of materialsStandard Check
CRQ

Sweating an represent a homeostatic mechanism because
when your body is hot it cools itself by activating the sweat
glands which cool you by evaporation

Increased heart rate….because when you run your muscles
need more oxygen and blood so your heart pumps faster to
abide to those needs

Increased thirst….because it is caused by sweating out
moisture which your body then wants to replenish causing
your body to tell you to drink

Decreased energy …because when you exercise your body
uses all of its energy to do so, so you loose your energy
and become tired until your body regains it
WHAT IS?
 An
educated guess/prediction;
usually in “If…Then” form
WHAT IS?
 An
educated guess/prediction;
usually in “If…Then” form
 ANSWER:
hypothesis
What is
 The
factors that are measured in
an experiment
WHAT IS?
 The
factors that are measured in
an experiment
 ANSWER:
variable (s)
WHAT IS?
 The
variable that you purposely
change
WHAT IS?
 The
variable that you purposely
change
 ANSWER:
Independent
WHAT IS?
 The
variable that changes in
response to changing the
independent variable.
WHAT IS?
 The
variable that changes in
response to changing the
independent variable.
 ANSWER:
Variable
Dependent
WHAT IS?
 Things
that are purposely kept
the same in an experiment
WHAT IS?
 Things
that are purposely kept
the same in an experiment
 ANSWER:
Constants
WHAT IS?
A
structured way to test a
hypothesis
WHAT IS?
A
structured way to test a
hypothesis
 ANSWER:
Experiment
WHAT IS?
 Baseline
measurement used to
compare you data to
WHAT IS?
 Baseline
measurement used to
compare you data to
 Answer:
Control
WHAT IS?
 Testable
multi step process for
solving problems
WHAT IS?
 Testable
multi step process for
solving problems
 ANSWER:
Scientific Method
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Either sexually or asexually
WHAT IS?
Either sexually or asexually
ANSWER: Reproduction
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Maintaining internal conditions
usually quite different than the
external environment
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Maintaining internal conditions
usually quite different than the
external environment
ANSWER: Homeostasis
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Traits that are passed on to
offspring
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Traits that are passed on to
offspring
ANSWER: Heredity
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Smallest unit of life
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Smallest unit of life
ANSWER: cell
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Get and use energy in order to
carry out life functions
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Get and use energy in order to
carry out life functions
ANSWER: metabolism
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Ability of populations to change
over time
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Ability of populations to change
over time
ANSWER: Evolution
WHAT IS?
Category: Characteristics Of Life
Ability of populations to change
over time
ANSWER: Evolution
WHAT IS?
 Group
of cells that carry out a
similar function
WHAT IS?
 Group
of cells that carry out a
similar function
 ANSWER:
Tissue
WHAT IS?
A
single living thing
WHAT IS?
A
single living thing
 ANSWER:
organism
WHAT IS?
A
group of organs that work
together to perform a function (s)
WHAT IS?
A
group of organs that work
together to perform a function (s)
 ANSWER:
organ system
WHAT IS?
A
group of tissues that carry out
a specialized function in the
organism
WHAT IS?
A
group of tissues that carry out
a specialized function in the
organism
 ANSWER:
Organ
WHAT IS?
A
group of organisms that look
similar and can produce fertile
offspring
WHAT IS?
A
group of organisms that look
similar and can produce fertile
offspring
 ANSWER:
species
WHAT IS?
A
group of different species that
live in the same habitat and
interact with one another
WHAT IS?
A
group of different species that
live in the same habitat and
interact with one another
 ANSWER:
community
biological
WHAT IS?
A
community of organisms and
their non living environment
WHAT IS?
A
community of organisms and
their non living environment
 ANSWER:
Ecosystem
WHAT IS?
A
group of organisms of the
same species that live in the same
area and can interbreed
WHAT IS?
A
group of organisms of the
same species that live in the same
area and can interbreed
 ANSWER:
Population
WHAT IS?
 All
of the world and its
atmosphere that supports life is
WHAT IS?
 All
of the world and its
atmosphere that supports life is
 ANSWER:
biosphere
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Water
of Water
is _________ because it
has an unevenly distributed
charge
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
of Water
 Water
is _________ because it
has an unevenly distributed
charge
 ANSWER:
Polar
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Bond
of Water
that forms between water
molecules because they are polar
is
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
of Water
 Bond
that forms between water
molecules because they are polar
is
 ANSWER:
Hydrogen bond
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Property
water
of Water
where water sticks to
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Property
of Water
where water sticks to
water
 ANSWER:
cohesion
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Property
of Water
where water sticks to
other polar or charged
substances is
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
of Water
 Property
where water sticks to
other polar or charged
substances
 ANSWER:
adhesion
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Process
of Water
by which water travels
up something…..due to cohesion
and adhesion
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
of Water
 Process
by which water travels
up something…..due to cohesion
and adhesion
 ANSWER:
capillary action
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Property
of Water
of water that allows
bugs and lizards to walk on
water
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
of Water
 Property
of water that allows
bugs and lizards to walk on
water
 ANSWER:
surface tension
WHAT IS?
 Characteristics
 Time
of Water
for a “thinkie” question
 Water
has high heat capacity, why
is that important to living
organisms?
 ANSWER:
surface tension
WHAT IS?

Characteristics of Water

Time for a “thinkie” question

Water has high heat capacity, why is that
important to living organisms?

ANSWER:High heat capacity means it takes a
lot of energy to raise or lower its temperature,
this is important because it helps organisms
maintain homeostasis by keeping a constant
body temp.