ETHN 14:
Introduction to Asian American Studies
Department of
Ethnic Studies &
Asian American
Studies Program
California State
University,
Sacramento
Week 6 Session 2
American Military and Economic Expansion:
Filipina/os and Pacific Islanders
Last Time
• Explore the relationship between cultural
representations and identity formation by
comparing and contrasting Chinese and
Japanese American experiences.
• Begin to surface themes that describe the
shared experience of APIs.
Today
• Build from our cross-group analysis by including
Filipinos and Pacific Islanders.
Crosscutting
Themes
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Filipino Americans
Pacific Islander Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Chinese
Women
Poor from rural areas and
Ryokyu Islands
First, second, and third waves.
Immigration and Naturalization
Act of 1965
Samoans,
Guamanians/Chamorros,
Tongans, Hawaiians
Settlement
Patterns
Pacific Coast: California
San Francisco
Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California
San Francisco
Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska,
and the Pacific coast (Stockton
– Key migratory hub)
Hawaii – Mormons, economics,
Laie (Country came to them,
they didn’t come to the country)
Factors that
influenced
Immigration
(Push-Pull)
Gold Rush, Fall of Saigon
Exclusion of Chinese,
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Spanish American War,
Alaskeros, Immigration and
Naturalization Act of 1965,
World War II, Pensionados
Westernization, World War II,
Department of the Interior, 1950
Organic Act, “Land of
Opportunity” Family
reunification
Labor
Agriculture, WWII economy
Railroads
Domestic Services (Laundries)
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Alaskeros, The Great
Depression, Carlos Bulosan,
Agriculture, Domestic service
Faasamoa, Modernization,
Unskilled; semi-skilled labor
(e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks)
Country of
Origin’s
Relationship
with US
Government
Immigration Act of 1965, The
Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese
Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy
Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji
Revolution, Attack on Pearl
Harbor
Pensionados, Imperialism,
colonization, PhilippineAmerican War, Tydings
McDuffie Act
American Samoa/Western
Samoa
Dole vs. Cleveland
Exclusion,
Surveillance,
and
Discrimination
Foreign Miner’s Tax
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ordinances on Living and Labor
Conditions, Cold War, Hiram
Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho
Lee
San Francisco School Board
incident, Anti-miscegenation
laws, restrictive covenants,
Alien Land Act (1913 and
1920), CWIRC/Exec Order
9066
Anti-Miscegenation laws, The
Great Depression, Watsonville
Riot, fight for Affirmative Action
Christian Missionaries
Great Mahele
Community
Institutions
Family Associations, Paper
Sons
Six Companies
Native Sons of the Golden
State, levels of educaiton
Japanese Association of
America, Japanese American
Citizens League (JACL)
Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog,
and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s
women’s and youth and
churces
Matai, Haole society, plantation
life, and Hawaiian traditional
culture, Hawaiian Homes
Commission, Council of
Hawaiian Organizations
Cultural
representations
of the racialized
“other”
Hatchet men, Yellow Peril,
Model Minorities, Tianaman
Square
The second generation
Japanese Problem, Yellow
Peril, Scientific racism/social
darwinism
“Little Brown Brothers”
Allos in America is in the Heart
Meed-Freeman controversy,
colonization, imperialism,
Comparison between Native
Hawaiians and Americans
Generations and
Native Sons of the Golden
Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redress
Pre- and post-1965; “Bridge
Gleanings from Our “Within Group”
Analyses of Chinese Americans
• Social structures such as institutions and organizations and
power distribution are closely linked. Institutions function to
reinforce existing power relations between ethnic groups.
Differential power relations between ethnic groups shape how
institutions function.
• Early Chinese immigrant communities were structured around
institutions and organizations that were brought from southern
China and adapted in the Western United States with San
Francisco as its capital. These organizations took on different
functions with the second generation. Segregation discouraged
assimilation.
• The dominant culture values material wealth and uses its control
over local, state, and federal government to limit labor
competition and access to opportunity.
Gleanings from our “Cross Group” Analysis
of Chinese Americans and Japanese
Americans
• Cultural representations of API groups promote or reinforce U.S.
national interest and European American materialism.
Stereotypes and depictions of Asian Americans are linked to a
history of West-East dualism (Edward Said’s Orientalism) often
linked to the enduring image of “the perpetual foreigner.”
• Despite structural differences between Chinese and Japanese
immigrants, both groups were relegated to similar forms of labor
and housing, and both experienced forms of discrimination.
• The relationship between Asian country’s governments varies
greatly. Immigrants from China were unprotected by the
Chinese government. The Japanese government endeavored to
protect their countrymen.
Discussion Questions Set 1
•
How does the arrival of Filipino Americans and Pacific Islander
Americans result from U.S. national interest? What cultural
representations accompany their arrival?
•
How is the Filipino American immigrant and settlement
experience similar to and different from the Chinese Americans
and Japanese American experiences? What systematic factors
shape these similarities and differences?
•
How are Pacific Islander American immigrant and settlement
experiences similar to and different from Chinese American
and Japanese American experiences?
Crosscutting
Themes
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Filipino Americans
Pacific Islander Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Chinese
Women
Poor from rural areas and
Ryokyu Islands
First, second, and third waves.
Immigration and Naturalization
Act of 1965
Samoans,
Guamanians/Chamorros,
Tongans, Hawaiians
Settlement
Patterns
Pacific Coast: California
San Francisco
Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California
San Francisco
Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska,
and the Pacific coast (Stockton
– Key migratory hub)
Hawaii – Mormons, economics,
Laie (Country came to them,
they didn’t come to the country)
Factors that
influenced
Immigration
(Push-Pull)
Gold Rush, Fall of Saigon
Exclusion of Chinese,
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Spanish American War,
Alaskeros, Immigration and
Naturalization Act of 1965,
World War II, Pensionados
Westernization, World War II,
Department of the Interior, 1950
Organic Act, “Land of
Opportunity” Family
reunification
Labor
Agriculture, WWII economy
Railroads
Domestic Services (Laundries)
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Alaskeros, The Great
Depression, Carlos Bulosan,
Agriculture, Domestic service
Faasamoa, Modernization,
Unskilled; semi-skilled labor
(e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks)
Country of
Origin’s
Relationship
with US
Government
Immigration Act of 1965, The
Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese
Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy
Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji
Revolution, Attack on Pearl
Harbor
Pensionados, Imperialism,
colonization, PhilippineAmerican War, Tydings
McDuffie Act
American Samoa/Western
Samoa
Dole vs. Cleveland
Exclusion,
Surveillance,
and
Discrimination
Foreign Miner’s Tax
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ordinances on Living and Labor
Conditions, Cold War, Hiram
Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho
Lee
San Francisco School Board
incident, Anti-miscegenation
laws, restrictive covenants,
Alien Land Act (1913 and
1920), CWIRC/Exec Order
9066
Anti-Miscegenation laws, The
Great Depression, Watsonville
Riot, fight for Affirmative Action
Christian Missionaries
Great Mahele
Community
Institutions
Family Associations, Paper
Sons
Six Companies
Native Sons of the Golden
State, levels of educaiton
Japanese Association of
America, Japanese American
Citizens League (JACL)
Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog,
and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s
women’s and youth and
churces
Matai, Haole society, plantation
life, and Hawaiian traditional
culture, Hawaiian Homes
Commission, Council of
Hawaiian Organizations
Cultural
representations
of the racialized
“other”
Hatchet men, Yellow Peril,
Model Minorities, Tianaman
Square
The second generation
Japanese Problem, Yellow
Peril, Scientific racism/social
darwinism
“Little Brown Brothers”
Allos in America is in the Heart
Meed-Freeman controversy,
colonization, imperialism,
Comparison between Native
Hawaiians and Americans
Generations and
Native Sons of the Golden
Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redress
Pre- and post-1965; “Bridge
To Prepare for Next Session
Next time: Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965
• Prepare Reading Notes on Kitano & Daniels, Ch. 8
(South Asians) and 9 (Koreans)
• OBD: Bulosan, Part II