Chapter 14
Child, Teen, and Older Adult
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e
Sizer/Whitney
Learning Objectives
 Discuss how a toddler’s nutritional needs
differ from an adult’s needs.
 Distinguish among a food allergy, food
intolerance, and food aversion, and
describe how they can impact the diet.
 Explain ways in which a teenager’s choice
of soda over milk or soy milk may
jeopardize nutritional health.
Learning Objectives
 Discuss the importance of physical activity
in the later years.
 Outline food-related factors that can predict
malnutrition in older adults.
 Design a healthy meal plan for an elderly
widower with a fixed income.
 Describe several specific drug-nutrient
interactions and name some herbs that may
interfere with medication.
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
 Rapid changes during second year
 Dietary changes
 Growth
 Body composition
 Appetite regulation
 Fluctuation of appetite
 Regulation of treats
Composition of Weight Gain,
Infants and Toddlers
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
 Energy
 Needs vary widely
 Growth and
physical activity
 Vegan diets
 Protein
 Needs
Feeding a Healthy Young Child
 Carbohydrate and fiber
 Glucose use by the brain
 Fiber recommendations
 Fat and fatty acids
 DRI recommendations
 Vitamins and minerals
 Vitamin D
 Iron
MyPyramid for Preschoolers and
for Kids
Mealtimes and Snacking
 Formative childhood years
 Implications for adulthood
 Current U.S. children’s food intakes
 Fruits and vegetables
 Vitamins and minerals
 Children’s preferences
 Flavors and temperatures
 Bribing
Mealtimes and Snacking
 Treats vs. dinner
 Problems with a lot of treats
 Fear of new foods
 Food neophobia
 Child preferences vs. parental authority
 Messages
 Environment
 What, how much, and whether
Mealtimes and Snacking
 Snacking
 Teach how to snack
 Restaurant choices
 To make better choices…
 Choking
 Food skills
 Food preparation
 Pride and positive feelings
Nutrient Deficiencies and a Child’s
Brain
 Physical and behavioral symptoms
 Iron deficiency
 Intellectual performance
 Key problem among U.S. children
 Iron toxicity
 Supplements
The Problem of Lead
 High concentration
levels
 Mental, behavioral,
and other health
problems
 Sources
 Absorption rates
The Problem of Lead
 Harm from lead
 Lead builds up silently in the body
 Effects may not be reversible
 Academic skills
 Hearing impairment
 Other health effects
 Death
The Problem of Lead
 Lead and nutrient interactions
 Malnutrition and lead poisoning
 Calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, or iron
 Modifications in U.S. environment
 Decline in average blood level
concentrations
Food Allergy, Intolerance, and
Aversion
 Food allergy
 Prevalence
 Adults and children
 Immune response to antigen
 Antibodies and histamine
 Anaphylactic shock
 Epinephrine
Food Allergy, Intolerance, and
Aversion
 Allergen ingestion
 Food labels
 Crosscontamination
 Eight common
culprits requiring
labels
Food Allergy, Intolerance, and
Aversion
 Detecting an allergy
 Components
 Reaction time
 Food intolerance
 No immune response
 Food aversion
 Intense dislike for food
 Biological and psychological response
Diet and Hyperactivity
 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
 Prevalence
 Characteristics
 Impacts on child
 ADHD and food allergies
 Sugar and behavior
 Inconsistent care and poverty
Physical Activity, Television, and
Children’s Nutrition Problems
 Activity of U.S. children has declined
 Recommended maximum ‘screen time’
 Television and nutrients
 Low energy requirements
 Consumption of play time
 Between-meal snacking
 Fruit and vegetable consumption
Dental Caries
 Prevalence rate in
U.S.
 Half of all people
by age 2
 Fluoridation of
drinking water
 Development of
dental caries
 Dental disease
 Food and caries
The Caries Potential of Foods
Importance of Breakfast
 Supports growth and development
 Cannot ‘make up’ for losses
 Detriments of not eating breakfast
 U.S. government breakfast program
 Benefits of these meals
How Nourishing Are the Meals
Served at School?
 National programs
 USDA-regulated meals
 Benefits of consuming meals from these
programs
 Mandates for districts
 Local wellness policy
 Implementation
 Competitive foods
Nutrition in Adolescence
 Teenager food choices
 Primary influences
 Consuming meals with family
 The adolescent growth spurt
 Girls vs. boys
 Energy needs and physical activity
 Wide variations
 Weight status and body fatness
Nutrient Needs
 Needs are great
 Vitamins and
minerals
 Iron
 Calcium
 Vitamin D
 Energy-yielding
nutrients
Growth of Long Bones
Soft Drink and Milk Consumption
Common Concerns
 Menstruation
 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
 Nutrition: energy metabolism, vitamin D,
vitamin B6, and calcium
 Acne
 Factors influencing development
 False beliefs
Eating Patterns and Nutrient
Intakes
 During adolescence, food habits change for
the worse
 Common nutritional behaviors
 Role of adults
 Gatekeeper
 Set example
 Teachable moments
 Snacks
The Later Years
 Characteristics of those who reach an old
age
 Life expectancy
 The ‘graying’ of America
 Health-related behaviors
 Genetics
 Life span
Nutrition in the Later Years
 Needs become more individual with age
 Energy recommendations
 Often decrease with age
 Recommendations
 Dwindles
 Body mass index
 Physical activity
 Resistance training
Nutrition in the Later Years
 Protein needs
 DRI recommendations
 Sources
 Carbohydrates and fiber
 Sources
 Benefits of adequate fiber in one’s diet
 Fruits and vegetables – soluble fiber
Nutrition in the Later Years
 Fats and arthritis
 Types of fats consumed
 Osteoarthritis
 Associated with being overweight
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Immune system malfunction
 Supplements
Nutrition in the Later Years
 Vitamin needs
 Vitamin A
 Vitamin D
 Changes in synthesis
 Vitamin B12
 Other vitamins and phytochemicals
 Vitamin E
 Carotenoids
 Vitamin C
Nutrition in the Later Years
 Water and minerals
 Water
 Senile dementia and pressure ulcers
 Iron
 Deficiency
 Zinc
 Immune function and appetite
 Calcium
 Supplements
Can Nutrition Help People to Live
Longer?
 Factors affecting
physiological age
 Alcohol use
 Nutritious meals
 Weight control
 Sleep
 Smoking
 Physical activity
Health Concerns and Aging
 Immunity and inflammation
 Chronic diseases
 Nutrient deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle,
malnutrition, and antibiotics
 Free-radical hypothesis
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Genetics
 Characteristics
 Nutritional links
Food Choices of Older Adults
 Obstacles to adequacy
 Living situation
 Medications and alcohol
 Programs that help
 SNAP
 Meals on Wheels
Single Survival and Nutrition on
the Run
 Household food budget
 Restaurant foods
 Disadvantages
 Ways to improve these meals
 Grocery store know-how
 Food-preparation tips
 Dealing with loneliness
Nutrient-Drug Interactions:
Who Should Be Concerned?
Controversy 14
Medicines and Nutrition
 Unintended consequences
 Prescription
 Over-the-counter (OTC)
 Ways drugs interact with nutrients
 Those at greatest risk for nutrient-drug
interactions
Ways That Foods, Drugs, and
Herbs Can Interact
Medicines and Nutrition
 The elderly
 Average prescriptions per year
 Number consumed at one time
 Alteration of body’s drug metabolism and
excretion
 Herbs
 Interactions can be dangerous
Medicines and Nutrition
 Absorption of drugs and nutrients
 Interactions
 Stomach acid
 Absorption
 Metabolic interactions and nutrient
excretion
 Nutrient losses
Medicines and Nutrition
 Oral contraceptives
 Vitamins with reduced status
 Heart disease risk factors
 Caffeine
 Interactions are subtle
 Withdrawal
 Stimulant
 Health effects
Medicines and Nutrition
 Tobacco
 Health effects
 Depresses hunger and body fatness
 Changes nutrient status
 Intakes differ from nonsmokers
 Illicit drugs
 Marijuana
 Relationship of drug cravings and nutritious
foods