Chapter 6, 7, 11 Review
1. Compare and contrast the following pairs – be thorough
i. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ii. Plant cells and animal cells
iii. Chloroplast and mitochondria
2. Describe surface area to volume ratio and explain it’s relevance to living things.
What is one way that organisms increase surface area to maximize opportunities
for substances to cross a membrane?
3. Discuss protein synthesis and the organelles involved in this process. Identify the
location of each of these organelles and how this relates to the order and sequence
of protein synthesis.
4. Describe the structure and function of each of the following: Cytoskeleton, cell
wall, and extra cellular matrix.
5. Explain the connection between the smooth ER, it’s function, and alcohol abuse
or lysosomes, their function, and what individuals with inherited lysosomal
disorders like Tay-Sachs experience.
6. Write a paragraph that incorporates all of the terms from the Chapter 7 review
sheet, #15. Connect them in your writing.
7. Explain how the structure of the phospholipid bilayer makes in amphipathic.
8. How does the amphipathic nature of the cell membrane make it selectively
permeable?
9. What are the various functions of membrane proteins? What can we say about the
structure of those proteins (based on the fact that they are embedded in the cell
membrane)?
10. What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport? Discuss
the function of the sodium-potassium pump and how cotransport works.
11. What is the role of second messengers within the cell. Use the example of
epinephrine from Fig. 11.10 and Fig. 11.13 to explain how cAMP works. What is
the cellular response? What are 3 different ways this pathway could be activated
or inhibited? Explain each
12. Calcium ions are another type of second messenger. Explain the role of active
transport and gated ion channels in maintaining calcium ion concentration and
how that allows for signal transduction pathways that utilize Ca2+ as a second
messenger.
13. What are 4 different factors that increase the efficiency of cellular signaling?
Describe how each factor accomplishes this.
14. Discuss the role and importance of enzymes that assist with phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation in cell signaling.
15. Sample water potential question:
If a plant cell immersed in distilled water has a ΨS of -0.7 bars and a Ψ of 0 bars,
what is the cell’s ΨP?
Know how to:
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Calculate water potential
Calculate solute potential
Determine the direction of diffusion and osmosis