WRITE A DEFINITION: EVOLUTION: change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms THEORY: a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world FOSSIL: the preserved remains of ancient organisms What scientific explanation can account for the diversity of life? ANSWER: A collection of ______________, Scientific facts observations and ___________ hypotheses __________, known as ________________________ EVOLUTIONARY THEORY The person who contributed the most to our understanding of evolution was Charles Darwin ______________________ http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for the _______________ a ________ 5 year voyage around the world. Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Who Was Charles Darwin? While on his voyage around the world Beagle Charles Darwin aboard the H.M.S. ____________, spent about one month observing life on the ________________. Galápagos Islands There, he encountered some unique animals, such as finches ______ and ________. tortoises http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg http://mikebaird.com/ecuador/images/galapagos_off_ecuador_ng_map.jpg The Galάpagos Islands are close together climates but have very different _______. Some were hot and dry, with little vegetation. Others had more rainfall and were rich in vegetation Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Each island had unique its own _____ _________ assortment of plant and animal species. After his voyage, Darwin spent a great deal of time thinking about his findings. Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 He began to wonder if animals living on different islands had once been members same species that had of the ____________ developed different _________ characteristics after becoming isolated _______ from one another in different habitats. http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) ___________________________ was one of first scientists to recognize living things changed over time and that _______________ all species were descended ________ from other species. Lamarck published his hypothesis of Inheritance of Acquired traits ________________________ the year Darwin was born. The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to _________mates and attract predators fight off _____________. repeated use, the front Through _________ claw becomes ________. larger The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its __________ offspring http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/ What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited _______. If you lifted weights your whole young adult life, and then you had children, would your kids be more muscular? ACQUIREDtraits can ____ PASSEDtoON NOT NO! ________ be __________ their offspring. Section 15-3 Concept Map Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes Similar genes Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! In 1859 On the Origin of Species ____________________ evidence presented _______ and proposed a mechanism ________ for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION __________________ http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg Isn’t evolution just a theory? A theory is a well-supported ____________, _______, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like the theory of __________________, gravitational attraction cell ________, theory and _____________. atomic theory http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gif http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_structure2/atom.gif WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? GENETIC VARIATION is found _________________ naturally in all populations http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? ______________________ STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE means that members of each species must COMPETE ________ for food, space, and other RESOURCES __________. http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a ________ population less likely to survive. are ________ http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST _____________________ organisms which are better adapted survive and to the environment will ______ reproduce passing on their _____. genes ________, http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg VOCAB http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan170l.jpg Ability of an individual to survive ______ and reproduce in its specific ____________ environment = fitness ______ VOCAB inherited characteristic that Any ___________________ of survival increases an organism’s chance ______________ ADAPTATION = _____________ http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.html http://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet.jpg http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Over time, natural selection CHANGES in the results in ________ inherited characteristics of a POPULATION __________. increase a These changes ______ species’ fitness _____ in its environment. How Does Evolution Really Work? WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION ____________________________ suggests that each species has DESCENDED with CHANGES ___________, ________, from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living TO EACH OTHER species are RELATED ____________________, and that all species, living and extinct, COMMON ANCESTOR share a _________________. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: Artificial selection 1. ________________ 2. ________________ Fossil record Geographic Distribution 3. _______________ Homologous structures 4. _______________ 5. _______________ Embryology DNA 6. _______________ 7. _______________ See Natural selection happen ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS In artificial selection, ____________ NATURE provides the _________ variation through _________ and sexual _________________ mutation reproduction and humans ______________ select those traits that they find ______. useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico by Mayans, had religious significance Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk Dachshund – bred in Germany as early as the 15th century to hunt badgers SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 How Do We Know Evolution Happens? 2. The Fossil Record – Fossils are the _______ remains ______ _________________ of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth. How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth while the fossils _____, _____ found within life the rock tell a history of ___. The fossils are thought to be the ________ same age as the rock they are found in. Movement of Earth’s Crust Section 15-2 Earthquakes and volcanoes cause uplifting of the layers of the Earth, taking the fossils along Sea level Fish die in the ocean and are covered in sediment. Over time and under increasing pressure, the remains becomes fossilized Go to Section: Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers. When part of Earth’s crust is compressed, a bend in a rock forms, tilting the rock layers. As the surface erodes due to water, wind, waves, or glaciers, the older rock surface is exposed. Fossils of marine fish found on the mountainsides of southwest Wyoming, which at one time was covered by an inland sea TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107 TIK-TAALIK TIK-TAALIK http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers Earliest fish with a neck Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004 Fossil record shows change over time http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/98/398-004-411B88E5.gif If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find closely ____________ related yet _______________ different species living in a _________ geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see! http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006 Lots of vegetation Short necks Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif GALAPAGOS FINCHES The _____ beaks of Galapagos finches have adapted ______ to eating a variety _____ of foods _____. If Darwin’s theory is correct you would species also expect to find different _______________ living in far ________ apart geographic regions but similar habitats becoming more ________ alike similar ecosystems as they adapt to ______________. That’s EXACTLY what we do see! http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm Whales and sharks have a _____ similar body design different organisms even though they are very _______ (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have _________________ independently adapted to living in a _____ similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution Conclusion: The pressure of the environment drives evolution Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act more like them = convergent evolution Structures 4. HOMOLOGOUS _____________________ Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html 4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______, different but are made from the __________, same bones because they are made from the same clump of _____________ undifferentiated cells in the _______. embryo Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html 4. Homologous Body Structures – Some _______________________ homologous body structures are _______ vestigial and have no useful function even though they are still present, like ________in hipbones whales and boa constrictors, or a ____ tail and ________________in cecum (appendix) humans. http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria cecum to digest plants called a _____. In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. appendix It is our _________ http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small longer they no _______ function ______ in walking. Why would an organism possess organs with ___ little or no function ________________? One explanation: code is present to make the organ, but The gene ________ function has been lost through ______________. change over time _________________ If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination. http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif 5. _____________________ Similarities in Embryology ________ Embryos of many animals with backbones are very similar. Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml It is clear that the same groups of _____________ undifferentiated cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, evolved from suggesting that they all _______ a _______________. common ancestor Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm Similarities in DNA 6. _______________ Similarities DNA and in ____ PROTEIN ________ sequences suggest relatedness Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes karyotypes suggest an Similar _________ evolutionary relationship ___________________. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt. Did you ever wonder why dogs and fruit but cats don’t need to eat fresh ________, YOU _______? DO http://www.naturescornermagazine.com/NaturesBlog/images/dog%20care%20in%20summer.jpg http://www.alpo.com/where.aspx Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own VITAMIN C but humans need to eat _________, fresh fruit or they end up with ________. SCURVY http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is ________________. NONFUNCTIONAL Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? PRIMATES… which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes. http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________________. PSEUDOGENES EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional ___________. http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg WHY DOES EVOLUTION MATTER NOW? Can see Natural selection happen 7.____________________________ EX: Peppered Moths There is a natural variation in populations of peppered moths. Typica Carbonaria Typica form - lighter ________________ Carbonaria form - darker ___________________ http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif The ___________ light colored form was the predominant form in England _____________________________. prior to the Industrial Revolution Around the middle of the 19th century the ______ darker form began to appear. It was first reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the dark ____ variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the pollution there and the lighter ______ colored moths have increased in numbers. http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg 7.____________________________ Can see Natural selection happen EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new __________. diseases Bird flu _______ HIV ___ http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis __________________________ http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg Should the Use of Antibiotics Be Restricted? Read the Issues in Biology article on p. 403 in your text. Then watch the video Why Does Evolution Matter Now? and discuss the question: Should the use of antibiotics be restricted?