Article title: Keeping ‘one step ahead’ of invasive species: Using an integrated framework to screen and target
species for detailed biosecurity risk assessment
Journal name: Biological Invasions
Author names: Sunil K Singh1,2,3,4, Gavin J. Ash2 and Mike Hodda1,4
Author affiliations: 1CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
2
Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between Charles Sturt University and the NSW
Department of Primary Industries) Wagga Wagga NSW, 2678, Australia.
3
4
Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
Corresponding author: Sunil K Singh, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia. Email:
s11000363@yahoo.com
1
Electronic supplementary information: Assessment of plant-parasitic
nematode species exotic to Australia using PeST framework
Assessment criteria ................................................................................................................................. 5
PPN species profiles ............................................................................................................................. 11
Anguina agropyri Kirjanova, 1955 ....................................................................................................... 11
Anguina graminis (Hardy 1850) Filipjev, 1936 .................................................................................... 13
Aphelenchoides arachidis Bos, 1977 .................................................................................................. 15
Aphelenchoides sacchari Hooper, 1958................................................................................................ 17
Bitylenchus vulgaris (Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972) Jairajpuri, 1982 .......................................... 19
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Baujard, 1989 ................................................................... 21
Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya & Enda, 1979........................................................................ 23
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934) Nickle, 1970 .................................................. 25
Ditylenchus angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936 ........................................................................... 28
Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945.................................................................................................... 30
Ditylenchus gigas Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Liebanas, Landa, Subbotin & Castillo,
2011 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Ditylenchus medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965 ......................................................................................... 35
Ditylenchus weischeri Chizhov, Borisov & Subbotin, 2010................................................................. 37
Dolichodorus heterocephalus Cobb, 1914............................................................................................ 39
Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975 .................................................................................. 41
Globodera tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 .......................... 44
Helicotylenchus microcephalus Sher, 1966 .......................................................................................... 46
Helicotylenchus vulgaris Yuen, 1964 ................................................................................................... 48
Hemicriconemoides litchi Edward & Misra, 1964................................................................................ 50
Hemicycliophora poranga Monteiro & Lordello, 1978........................................................................ 52
Hemicycliophora similis Thorne, 1955 ................................................................................................. 54
Heterodera cajani Koshy, 1967 ............................................................................................................ 56
Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950 ........................................................................................................... 59
Heterodera ciceri Vovlas, Greco & Di Vito, 1985 ............................................................................... 61
Heterodera daverti Wout & Sturhan, 1978 .......................................................................................... 63
Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984 .......................................................................... 65
Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 ................................................................................................... 67
Heterodera goettingiana Liebscher, 1892 .......................................................................................... 70
Heterodera hordecalis Andersson, 1975 ............................................................................................ 73
Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 ...................................................................................................... 75
Heterodera oryzae Luc & Berdon Brizuela, 1961 ................................................................................ 78
Heterodera oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash, 1978 .................................................................................. 80
Heterodera sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963 ............................................................................................ 82
Heterodera zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971 ................................................................................. 85
2
Hirschmanniella gracilis (De Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1964 ......................................................... 88
Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher, 1968 ................................................................................................... 90
Hirschmanniella miticausa Bridge, Mortimer & Jackson, 1983 .......................................................... 92
Hirschmanniella oryzae (van Breda de Hann, 1902) Luc & Goodey, 1964 ......................................... 93
Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc & Goodey, 1962 ........................ 96
Hoplolaimus (B.) columbus Sher, 1963 ................................................................................................ 98
Hoplolaimus (B.) indicus Sher, 1963 .................................................................................................. 100
Ibipora lineatus (Román, 1964) Monteiro & Lordello, 1977 ............................................................. 103
Longidorus attenuatus Hooper, 1961................................................................................................ 105
Longidorus leptocephalus Hooper, 1961 .......................................................................................... 107
Longidorus macrosoma Hooper, 1961.............................................................................................. 109
Longidorus martini Merny, 1966 ........................................................................................................ 111
Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 .................................................................................. 113
Meloidogyne acronea Coetzee, 1956 .................................................................................................. 115
Meloidogyne africana Whitehead, 1959 ............................................................................................. 117
Meloidogyne arabicida Lopez & Salazar, 1989 ................................................................................. 119
Meloidogyne artiellia Franklin, 1961 ............................................................................................... 121
Meloidogyne brevicauda Loos, 1953 .................................................................................................. 123
Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley, 1980 .................................................. 125
Meloidogyne coffeicola Lordello & Zamith, 1960.............................................................................. 128
Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 .......................................................................... 130
Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968............................................................................................ 132
Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Birchfield, 1965 ..................................................................... 134
Meloidogyne indica Whitehead, 1968 ................................................................................................ 136
Meloidogyne minor Karssen, Bolk, van Aelst, van den Beld, Kox, Korthals, Molendijk, Zijlstra, van
Hoof & Cook, 2004............................................................................................................................. 138
Meloidogyne oryzae Maas, Sanders & Dede, 1978 ............................................................................ 140
Meloidogyne paranaensis Carneiro, Carneiro, Abrantes, Santos & Almeida, 1996 .......................... 142
Meloidogyne partityla Kleynhans, 1986 ............................................................................................. 144
Meloidogyne salasi Lopez-Chaves, 1985 ........................................................................................... 146
Merlinius microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970........................................................................ 148
Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944................................................................ 150
Paratrichodorus allius (Jensen, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974 ......................................................................... 152
Paratrichodorus nanus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974 ........................................................................ 154
Paratrichodorus teres (Hooper 1962) Siddiqi, 1974 ........................................................................ 156
Paratrichodorus tunisiensis (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974 ................................................................ 158
Paratylenchus (Paratylenchus) minutus Linford, in Linford, Oliveira & Ishii, 1949 ........................ 160
Pratylenchus convallariae Seinhorst, 1959 ...................................................................................... 162
Pratylenchus delattrei (Luc, 1958) Handoo & Golden, 1989 ............................................................. 164
Pratylenchus fallax Seinhorst, 1968 ................................................................................................. 166
3
Pratylenchus mediterraneus Corbett, 1983 ........................................................................................ 168
Pratylenchus sudanensis Loof & Yassin, 1971 .................................................................................. 170
Punctodera matadoresnsis Mulvey & Stone, 1976 ............................................................................ 172
Punctodera punctata (Thorne 1928) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 ........................................................... 174
Quinisulcius acutus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 .............................................................................. 176
Radopholus citri Machon & Bridge, 1996 .......................................................................................... 178
Rotylenchulus macrodoratus Dasgupta, Raski & Sher, 1968 ............................................................. 180
Scutellonema bradys (Steiner, 1937) Andrássy, 1958 ...................................................................... 182
Scutellonema clathricaudatum Whitehead, 1959 ............................................................................... 185
Scutellonema unum Sher, 1964 ......................................................................................................... 187
Subanguina hyparrheniae (Corbett, 1966) Fortuner & Maggenti, 1987 ............................................ 189
Trichodorus cedarus Yokoo, 1964 ..................................................................................................... 190
Trichodorus primitivus (De Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1922 .............................................................. 192
Trichodorus similis Seinhorst, 1963 ................................................................................................. 195
Tylenchorhynchus agri Ferris, 1963 ................................................................................................... 197
Tylenchorhynchus brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 ........................................................................................ 199
Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb, 1913 ......................................................................................... 201
Tylenchorhynchus nudus Allen, 1955 ................................................................................................. 203
Tylenchulus palustris Inserra, Vovlas, O’Bannon & Esser, 1988....................................................... 205
Xiphinema bricolensis Ebsary, Vrain & Graham, 1989...................................................................... 207
Xiphinema californicum Lamberti and Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 .............................................................. 209
Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Mikoletzky 1927) Thorne, 1939 ........................................................ 211
Xiphinema ifacolum Luc, 1961 ........................................................................................................... 214
Zygotylenchus guevarai (Tobar Jiménez, 1963) Braun & Loof, 1966.............................................. 216
4
Assessment criteria
Criterion
Scoring scheme (Maximum score: 1 minimum score: 0)a
Biogeographical
match- refers to
the similarities in
climate, abiotic
and biotic
conditions
between two
regions
Pathway diversityb
- means available
for transportation
and introduction
of a species
Self organising map (SOM) modeling of PPN species distributions
worldwide (presence and absence) was used to determine the
likelihoods of establishment of a species in Australia. The highest
likelihood of establishment (SOM index values) for each of the 97
PPN species in Australia was used.
The likelihood of establishment value were obtained from the SOM
model output.
Associated directly with a traded commodity such as tubers, rhizomes,
bulbs, propagative materials either seeds, nursery stock, ornamentals
or bonsai plants;
Three or more pathways: greater than 0.8.
Reasons for choosing criterion based on expert
opinion survey responses and literature review
There are patterns in the distribution of species
defined by anthropogenic movement, biological
and ecological adaptations of a species. The
likelihood of exotic pest species establishing in
foreign locations can be estimated using species
distribution models.
Weight
The means available for the introduction of a
species is an important contributor to the chances
of a species being moved and eventually arriving
to a location away from its native range.
0.1
0.2
Two pathways: scored between 0.7 and 0.8.
One pathway: scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
Not directly associated with a traded commodity but intercepted as
contaminant such as soil clods or debris;
Of seed or propagative material: scored between 0.5 and 0.6.
In baggage, packaging material, container, footwear or
machinery: scored between 0.4 and 0.5.
In items other than those specified above: scored
between 0.3 and 0.4.
Pathways/published interception records not known: scored less than
0.3.
5
Species survival
adaptations- biotic
mechanisms/
characteristics of
egg, juvenile or
adult stages to
survive.
Known to survive longer than a year in absence of host e.g. cysts:
scored greater than 0.8.
Survive by undergoing anhydrobiosis or cryptobiosis: scored between
0.7 and 0.8.
Species with specialised adaptations to cope with
biotic and abiotic stresses are more likely to
survive transit and also persist in a new
environment which may aid in their adaptation,
persistence and establishment of a self
propagating population.
0.1
The economic and environmental impacts of a
pathogenic species depend on their
aggressiveness towards their host. The more
aggressive a pathogen is; the greater are the
chances it will adversely affect its host and in
doing so also affect the yield of the host and also
indirectly impact other organisms dependent on
the same host.
0.1
Eggs or juveniles with adaptations for surviving for a few months:
scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
Survive as endoparasites and lay eggs inside plant tissue: scored
between 0.5 and 0.6.
Live as semi-endoparasites and could survive attached to bare rooted
plant material: scored between 0.4 and 0.5.
Migratory endo/ecto-parasites which could survive associated with
roots or soil: scored between 0.3 and 0.4.
Pathogenicity defined as the
ability of a species
to cause disease.
The pathogenicity
of PPN was
assessed by
evaluating
information on the
severity of damage
caused.
Without any of the above mentioned survival adaptations but likely to
survive for a month: scored less than 0.3.
Major pest with more than 10 damage reports: scored greater than 0.8.
Known to cause damage with 5-10 damage reports: scored between 0.7
and 0.8.
Not a major pest and less than 5 damage reports: scored between 0.6
and 0.7.
Cause damage only when present in combination with another
pathogen: scored between 0.5 and 0.6.
Cause damage at very high population densities or in combination with
other abiotic stress: scored between 0.4 and 0.5.
Known to damage plants but damage has not been quantified: scored
6
between 0.3 and 0.4.
Information on damage potential was not available, or confirmed as of
negligible impact to host plant through field and lab experiments:
scored less than 0.3.
Host range breadth
– refers to species
association (ectoparasite, endoparasite or semiendo parasite)
with the number
of plant species
and plant families.
Four or more plant families or if host plant is widely cultivated
worldwide: scored greater than 0.8.
Three families: scored between 0.7 and 0.8.
Two families: scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
Pathogenic species capable of parasitising and
reproducing on a wide range of plant hosts have
better chances of finding a suitable host in a new
range than species with a narrow host range. The
only exception is species which parasitise
cosmopolitan hosts which are widely cultivated.
0.1
Species able to overcome host defenses can be
used as a proxy for underlying genetic and
phenotypic capacity to co-evolve and adapt. This
combined with evidence of recent spread is a
good indicator for species with expanding ranges.
0.1
More than 20 hosts from one family: scored between 0.5 and 0.6.
10-20 hosts from one family: scored between 0.4 and 0.5.
Less than 10 hosts from one family: scored between 0.3 and 0.4.
Emerging pest
status - recent
spread into new
areas and changes
in pathogenicity
such as ability to
overcome host
plant resistance or
parasitism of new
plant hosts.
Only one plant host which is not widely cultivated: scored less than
0.3.
Reports of damage from new places and evidence of spread in last ten
years: scored greater than 0.8.
Species with increased pathogenicity and parasitism of plants with
resistance genes in last ten years: scored between 0.7 and 0.8.
Where a pest has previously existed, frequent reports of damage (1 or
more per year) in the last ten years: scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
Species recorded from 10 or more new plant hosts in last ten years:
scored between 0.5 and 0.6.
Species recorded from 5-10 new plant hosts in last ten years: scored
between 0.4 and 0.5.
7
Species recorded from less than 5 new plant hosts in last ten years:
scored between 0.3 and 0.4.
Ease of species
identification
tools available and
the expertise
required to
identify a species
PPN species which have not spread into new areas but caused
infrequent damage in areas where they are present in last ten years:
scored less than 0.3.
Molecular information not available and taxonomic expertise is
required;
From a Genus with more than 50 species: scored
greater than 0.8.
From a Genus with 20-50 species: scored between 0.7
and
0.8.
Species identification is crucial for precise
assessment of biosecurity risks. The ability to
accurately identify a species can impact on the
measures used to prevent their entry. If a species
is misidentified, then the biosecurity risks are also
likely to be misrepresented. Hence a measure of
the skills required to identify a species indicates
the practical challenges.
0.1
From a Genus with less than 20 species: scored between 0.6
and 0.7.
Limited molecular information; both morphological and molecular
methods are required for reliable species identification: scored between
0.5 and 0.6.
Positive control not widely available (e.g. species is not a well known
quarantine pest) and require some taxonomic expertise for
identification: scored between 0.4 and 0.5.
Molecular markers and sequence information are available and species
can be identified based on molecular methods: scored between 0.3 and
0.4.
Well known quarantine pest, rapid diagnostic tools and positive
controls are available (i.e. with molecular information and protocols to
accurately identify a species without requiring taxonomic expertise):
scored less than 0.3.
8
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base –
refers to the
number of studies,
objectives and
breath of
information
available on a
species as a proxy
for uncertainty
Less than 10 published studies, biology and ecology of species not
well known: scored greater than 0.8.
10-20 published studies, very limited information on species biology
and ecology: scored between 0.7 and 0.8.
The lack of information on a species is a major
challenge to assessing the biosecurity risks. By
quantifying the available information on a
species, we can estimate the uncertainty
associated with a species.
0.1
Pathotypes of a species can have different levels
of aggressiveness and impacts. Where countries
do not have specific pathotypes, the biosecurity
risks from exotic pathotypes can be assessed.
0.05
20-30 published studies, but lacking some basic information required
for risk assessment: scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
30-40 published studies, but lacking some information required for
risk assessment: scored between 0.5 and 0.6.
40-50 published studies, but lacking some information required for
risk assessments: scored between 0.4 and 0.5.
More than 50 published studies, but lacking some information required
for risk assessments: scored between 0.3 and 0.4.
Pathotypes defined as
members of a
species which are
further
distinguishable on
the basis of host
reaction but not
recognised as
separate species.
Detailed studies on species biology and ecology are available and
provide most of the basic information required for risk assessment:
scored less than 0.3.
More than 10 recognised races: scored more than 0.8.
6-10 recognised races: scored between 0.7 and 0.8.
4-6 recognised races: scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
2-3 recognised races: scored between 0.5 and 0.6.
Races not recognised but considered as species complexes: scored
between 0.4 and 0.5.
Intra-species differences in host range and pathogenicity are published:
scored between 0.3 and 0.4.
9
Disease
complexes - refers
to the ability of
species to act
synergistically
with other plant
pathogens such as
fungi, bacteria and
viruses to cause
disease to plants.
Presence of races controversial or uncertain: scored less than 0.3
Act as vector of virus and forms disease complex: scored greater than
0.8.
Forms disease complex with fungi or bacteria: scored between 0.7 and
0.8.
Species able to interact with other pathogenic
species can have impacts which are difficult to
attribute to a particular pathogen. Due to the
complex interactions, such diseases are also
difficult to manage as multiple species need to be
controlled.
0.05
Causes lesions which can predispose plant to attack by other
pathogens: scored between 0.6 and 0.7.
Associated with disease complex but mechanism not known: scored
between 0.3 and 0.6.
Evidence on disease complex not available: scored less than 0.3.
1
a
When assigning scores, if there are exceptions, an expert may assign higher or lower values than those described in the scheme and provide
reasons for assigning the score.
b
Note this criterion does not evaluate the likelihood that a pest will successfully follow any given pathway. Nursery stock is considered as a
single pathway. The ability of species to infect multiple hosts is assessed using the criterion host range; a species able to infect multiple hosts
gets a higher score
10
PPN species profiles
Anguina agropyri Kirjanova, 1955
Synonyms
Paraanguina agropyri Kirjanova, 1955;
Anguina pacificae Cid del prado Vera & Maggenti, 1984
Species
Criteria Anguina Notes
weights agropyri
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.0948
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.02416
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.16845
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.02675
SOM top 50 in NT
8.44E-08
Biogeography
0.2 0.16845
Pathogenicity
0.1
0.3 The pathogenicity of A. agropyri is not well
known. Caused reduction in seed yield and
vegetative growth of Agropyron repens. The
syn. A. pacificae is capable of damaging Poa
annua commonly grown on golf greens and
sports fields.
Host range
0.1
0.3 The hosts include Agropyron smithii, western
wheatgrass; Agropyrum repens (Kirjanova
1955) bluegrass, Poa annua L. (Omniphagous
- if introduced, it is likely to have a host in the
introduced region).
Disease complex
0.05
Pathotypes
0.05
0.3 Associated with coryneform bacteria but
disease complex is not well known.
0 Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1
0.3 A. pacificae has been reported recently
(McClure et al 2008).
Species identification
0.1
0.9 The taxonomy of A. agropyri and A. pacificae
is not clear based on morphology. Diagnostic
protocols are not readily available for A.
agropyri. There is only 1 nucleotide sequence
on GenBank.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1
0.8 Very few studies have been carried out.
Biological and ecological aspects are not well
known.
Pathways
0.1
0.4 Possible pathways include vegetative materials
(grass, hay) and as soil contaminants (e.g.
soiled footwear, sporting equipment,
11
machinery).
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1
0.5 Although direct studies are not available on
this species, based on general characteristics of
the genus, the species is likely to survive for
short periods in soil contaminant and longer
periods with vegetative materials.
0.39869
Short notes
Species first described in 1955 Anguina agropyri [syn. Paraanguina agropyri] caused
reduction in seed and green mass of Agropyron repens. Cid del Prado et al (1984) described
Anguina pacificae as a new species found in USA California, similar to A. agropyri. Siddiqi
(2000) considers A. pacificae as syn. of A. agropyri. However some authors (Powers et al
2001, McClure et al 2008) consider A. pacificae to be a valid species.
A. pacificae has been reported to cause damage to grass (Poa annua) on golf greens McClure
et al 2008.
Literature cited
1. Kirjanova, E. S. 1955. Pyrejnaja ugrica-Paranguina agropyri Kirjanova, gen. et. sp. n.
(nematodes). Trudy Zoologichesogo Instituta Akademia Nauk SSR 18:42-53.
2. Chizhov, V. N. (1978). "Anguinidae of fodder grasses in the Moscow region."
Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii im. K.I. Skryabina (23
(Fitogel'mintologiya)): 55-59. In Russian - English abstract only
3. Sturhan, D. and M. Rahi (1996). "Phasmid-like structures in Anguinidae (Nematoda,
Tylenchida)." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19(2): 185-188.
4. Kostyuk, N. A. (1995). "Ontogenesis of gall-forming nematodes Anguina agropyri
and Subanguina radicola." Ontogenez 26(1): 68-75.
5. Evtushenko, L. I., L. V. Dorofeeva, et al. (1994). "Coryneform bacteria from plant
galls induced by nematodes of the subfamily Anguininae." Russian Journal of
Nematology 2(2): 99-104.
6. Shiabova, T. N., G. N. Shavrov, et al. (1986). "Parasites of cereal cultures." Zashchita
Rastenii (Moscow) 1986(2): 56-58.
7. Association with cereals (In Russian)
8. Cid del Prado Vera, I. and A. R. Maggenti (1984). "A new gall-forming species of
Anguina Scopoli, 1777 (Nemata: Anguinidae) on bluegrass, Poa annua L., from the
coast of California." Journal of Nematology 16(4): 386-392.
9. Powers, T. O., A. L. Szalanski, et al. (2001). "Identification of seed gall nematodes of
agronomic and regulatory concern with PCR-RFLP of ITS1." Journal of Nematology
33(4): 191-194.
10. McClure, M. A., M. E. Schmitt, et al. (2008). Distribution, Biology and Pathology of
Anguina pacificae. Journal of Nematology 40(3): 226-239.
12
Anguina graminis (Hardy 1850) Filipjev, 1936
Synonyms
Vibrio graminis Hardy, 1850;
Tylenchus graminis (Hardy) Marcinowski, 1909;
Anguillulina graminis (Hardy) Goodey, 1932
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.04746
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.01208
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.08654
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.05107
SOM top 50 in NT
4.18E-08
Biogeography
0.2 0.08654
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
Not well known.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Reported mainly from grasses Festuca
rubra, Festuca ovina var. duriuscula, hard
fescue Carex sp. and unspecified cereals
(Omniphagous).
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Is associated with Rathayibacter caricis and
Rathayibacter festucae however evidence of
toxicity or disease is not available.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Has been reported from mainly in Europe
and also the USA. No reports of recent
spread.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Difficult to distinguish from other
Anguinids, diagnostic protocols are not
readily available and taxonomical expertise
utilizing morphology is required. There are 2
sequences on GenBank.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Very few studies have been conducted on
the biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.4
Potential pathways include infected grass
seeds, vegetative materials.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Although direct evidence is not available for
this species, based on the characteristics of
the genus and closely related Anguina
species, it is likely to survive for short
periods in soil contaminants and longer
periods with vegetative materials.
13
Overall risk index
Literature cited
0.372307
1. Artyukhova, G. A. and V. N. Chizhov (1980). "Anatomical changes in some perennial
grass plants caused by the nematodes of the family Anguinidae." Byulleten'
Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii: 8-11. In Russian - English abstract only
2. Chizhov, V. N. (1978). "Anguinidae on food cereal grasses in Moscow region."
Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii: 55-59. In Russian - English
abstract only
3. Dorofeeva, L. V., L. I. Evtushenko, et al. (2002). "Rathayibacter caricis sp. nov. and
Rathayibacter festucae sp. nov., isolated from the phyllosphere of Carex sp. and the
leaf gall induced by the nematode Anguina graminis on Festuca rubra L.,
respectively." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
52(6): 1917-1923.
4. Jensen, H. J., R. Ostrowski, et al. (1964). "Anguina sp. present in oatgrass on the
southwest Oregon coast." Plant Disease Reporter 48(12): 990.
5. Powers, T. O., A. L. Szalanski, et al. (2001). "Identification of seed gall nematodes of
agronomic and regulatory concern with PCR-RFLP of ITS1." Journal of Nematology
33(4): 191-194.
6. Solov'eva, G. I. and L. I. Gruzdeva (1974). "Nematodes of the genus Anguina
(Tylenchidae), parasitic in wild grasses, found for the first time in South Karelia."
Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 53(6): 834-840.
7. Southey, J. F. (1974). "Anguina graminis." C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant-parasitic
Nematodes (Set 4, 53): pp-3 pp.
14
Aphelenchoides arachidis Bos, 1977
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in
Au, NSW &
WA
0.080486
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.06624
SOM top 50 in
SA & VIC
0.051001
SOM top 50 in
TAS
3.49E-08
SOM top 50 in
NT
0.068337
Biogeography
0.2 0.080486
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Endoparasite of ground nuts and cause reduction in
size of seeds, which are discoloured and shrivelled
with loss of market value of peanut seeds.(Bridge
et al 1977).
Host range
0.1 0.3
Groundnut is the main host but several other crop
and weeds can act as alternative hosts (CABI cpc).
Disease
complex
0.05 0.4
Predisposes infected seeds to fungal attack
(McDonald et al 1979).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Recent spread into new areas (Lesufi et al 2005,
Montasser et al 2008).
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
This species can be confused with other
Aphelenchoides sp. and as it occurs in mixed
species with Ditylenchus africanus. Diagnostic
protocols are not readily available.
There is only 1 sequence on GenBank corresponding species identification and
information has not been published.
Uncertainty due
to
knowledge base
of species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on effects on other hosts,
biological and ecological preferences of this
species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Can be spread with infested seeds and has been
intercepted (Lal, 2006).
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Can survive desiccation in partly dried peanut
pods.
15
Overall risk
index
0.4460972
Short notes
Aphelenchoides arachidis is parasitic on groundnut and causes economic damage (Lesufi M,
2008). First described from peanuts in Nigeria and initially thought to be limited to Nigeria
(Bos 1977), it has lately been recorded from South Africa (Lesufi et al 2005) Egypt
(Montasser, Sweelam et al. 2008) and Uganda (Talwana, Butseya et al. 2008) and intercepted
with seeds in India (Rajan and Arjun 2006). A. arachidis also occurs in mixed populations
with Ditylenchus africanus.
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Bos, W. S. (1977). "Aphelenchoides arachidis n.sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea), an
endoparasite of the testa of groundnuts in Nigeria." Zeitschrift fur
Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 84(2): 95-99.
2. Bridge, J., W. S. Bos, et al. (1977). "The biology and possible importance of
Aphelenchoides arachidis, a seed-borne endoparasitic nematode of groundnuts from
northern Nigeria." Nematologica 23(2): 253-259.
3. Lesufi, M.M., Swart, A. and Tiedt, L.R. 2005. The introduction and possible spread of
Aphelenchoides arachidis in South Africa. Proceedings of the 17th Symposium of the
Nematological Society of Southern Africa, 2525 May 2005, Hans Merensky Estate,
South Africa African Plant Protection 12:36-37 [Abstract].
4. McDonald, D., W. S. Bos, et al. (1979). "Effects of infestation of peanut (groundnut)
seed by the testa nematode, Aphelenchoides arachidis, on seed infection by fungi and
on seedling emergence." Plant Disease Reporter 63(6): 464-467.
5. Montasser, S. A., M. E. Sweelam, et al. (2008). "Occurrence and distribution of
Aphelenchoides arachidis on groundnut pods in Egypt - a new record." Pakistan
Journal of Nematology 26(2): 151-152.
6. Lal, R. and A. Lal (2006). "Plant parasitic nematodes intercepted from seeds, soil
clods and packing material under import quarantine." Journal of New Seeds 8(1): 4960.
16
Aphelenchoides sacchari Hooper, 1958
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.097594
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.21742
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.023688
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000104
SOM top 50 in NT
0.013151
Biogeography
0.2 0.21742
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Is pathogenic to cultivated
mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and
can cause yield loss at high
population densities (Grewal and
Siddiqi, 1993; Aman et al 2002).
Host range
0.1 0.4
Is omniphagous has been reported
from cultivated mushrooms on which
it causes economic losses. Other crop
associations include sugarcane and
tobacco.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Although this nematode feeds on
fungus, its association with disease
complexes is not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Has been reported lately from
mushroom houses in India, is difficult
to control.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Diagnostic protocols not readily
available. Taxonomic expertise is
necessary. There are no sequences on
GenBank.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.5
The lifecycle is known, however there
is uncertainty on ecological
preferences, survival adaptations and
host range of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
The association with edible
mushrooms means movement of
mushroom produce and growing
media can act as means of
introduction.
17
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1 0.5
The species is known to survive well
in growing media and on mushrooms.
0.383484
Literature cited
1. Aman, S., C. Ravinder, et al. (2002). "Some common nematodes of mushroom and
their management." Annals of Agri Bio Research 7(1): 51-52.
2. Grewal, P. S. and S. F. Siddiqi (1993). "Nematodes of cultivated mushrooms:
diversity, bionomics and control." Nematological Abstracts 62(4): 175-208.
3. Hooper, D. J. (1958). "Aphelenchoides dactylocercus n. sp. and A. sacchari n. sp.
(Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea)." Nematologica 3: 229-235.
4. Janowicz, K. (1978). "Biology of Aphelenchoides sacchari Hooper, 1958 (Nematoda,
Aphelenchoididae)." Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych,
Phytopathologia Polonica III(213): 157-166.
5. Sharma, N. K., C. D. Thapa, et al. (1981). "Pathogenicity and identity of
myceliophagus nematode infesting Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. in Himachal
Pradesh (India)." Indian Journal of Nematology 11(2): 230-231.
18
Bitylenchus vulgaris (Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972) Jairajpuri,
1982
Synonyms
Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972 (syn. of T. brevilineatus
for Khan & Khan, 1997);
Bitylenchus vulgaris (Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi) Siddiqi, 1986
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.10993
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.24256
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.075468
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000221
SOM top 50 in NT
0.011957
Biogeography
0.2 0.24256
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Feeds on a wide range of crop plants, causes
reduced growth and stunting of plants. Also
associated with reduced seed emergence.
Host range
0.1 0.8
Polyphagous
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Forms disease complex with fungi
Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium
semitectum (Hasan and Bhaskar 2004).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Recent reports of damage mainly from
India.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Diagnostic protocols not readily available.
There are a large number of species in the
genus and taxonomic expertise is required.
Syn. Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris is widely
published. There are no nucleotide
sequences on GenBank.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
Information on dispersal and survival
adaptations is lacking. Some information on
species biology and ecology is available.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Species is associated with wide range of
plants and likely pathways include rooted
vegetative materials and soil contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Specialised adaptations are not known and
are likely to survive in soil for short (weeks)
to medium (few months) periods.
19
Overall risk index
0.493512
Literature cited
1. Hasan, N. and R. B. Bhaskar (2004). "Disease complex of berseem involving
nematode and two soil-inhabiting fungi." Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 12(1):
159-161.
2. Patel, B. A., U. S. Singh, et al. (1995). "Outbreak of Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris on
maize in Panchmahals district of Gujarat State." Current Nematology 6(1): 101-102.
3. Patel, S. B. and H. R. Patel (1996). "Host range of Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris."
Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 26(2): 236-237.
4. Patel, P. N. and N. A. Thakar (1989). "Damaging threshold level of the stunt
nematode, Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris on wheat variety, J-24." Indian Journal of
Nematology 19(1): 78.
5. Patel, R. G., U. S. Singh, et al. (1999). "Yield losses due to infestation by
Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris on maize in Gujarat, India." Pakistan Journal of
Nematology 17(2): 169-171.
6. Siyanand, A. R. Seshadri, et al. (1982). "Investigation on the life-cycles of
Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris, Pratylenchus thornei and Hoplolaimus indicus
individually and in combined infestations in maize." Indian Journal of Nematology
12(2): 272-276.
7. Upadhyay, K. D. and G. Swarup (1976). "Reaction of some maize varieties against
Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris." Indian Journal of Nematology 6(1): 105-106.
8. Upadhyay, K. D., G. Swarup, et al. (1972). "Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris sp.n.
associated with maize roots in India, with notes on its embryology and life history."
Indian Journal of Nematology 2(2): 129-138.
20
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Baujard, 1989
Synonyms
Aphelenchoides cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1933;
Aphelenchus cocophilus Cobb, 1919;
Chitinoaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Chitwood in Corbett, 1959;
Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.059063
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.05897
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.039913
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.001471
SOM top 50 in NT
0.1423
Biogeography
0.2 0.1423
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to palm trees - causes tree
death and is an economically important
pest.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main hosts include palm trees including
coconut.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Associated with the palm weevil which
acts as a vector for this species.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Recent reports of damage from South
America (Duarte et al 2008).
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Diagnostic protocols are not available
and there are many species in the
genera. Taxonomic expertise is required
for species identifications. There are 4
nucleotide sequences on GenBank.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on lifecycle,
survival adaptations and ecological
preferences of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
The potential pathways include infested
palm wood and beetle vector
Rhynchophorus palmarum.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Although direct evidence of survival
periods and special adaptations are not
available, based on general
characteristics of species with similar
biology from the genus, it is likely to
survive for medium term (few months)
21
in its vector and or infected plant
material.
Overall risk index
0.44346
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Duarte, A. G., I. S. De Lima, et al. (2008). "Disposition of the nematode
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (COBB) Baujard, in coconut palm trees with the red ring
disease." Revista Brasileira De Fruticultura 30(3): 622-627.
2. Oehlschlager, A. C., C. Chinchilla, et al. (2002). "Control of red ring disease by mass
trapping of Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Florida
Entomologist 85(3): 507-513.
22
Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya & Enda, 1979
Synonyms
Bursaphelenchus kolymensis Korentchenko
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.1281
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.12542
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.16898
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.34211
SOM top 50 in NT
0.018185
Biogeography
0.2 0.34211
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.4
Weak pathogenicity has been
demonstrated under experimental
conditions (Braasch 1996; Chen et al
2010; Kanzaki and Futai 2006;
Kanzaki et al 2012). Genetically and
ecologically this species is very
similar to the highly pathogenic B.
xylophilus (Yan et al 2012).
Host range
0.1 0.4
Omniphagous - Pinus sp. and other
forest trees can act as hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Is associated with various bacteria
(Tian et al 2011) including bacteria
associated with pine wilt disease
complex (Zhao et al 2009).
Pathotypes
0.05 0.3
There is evidence of different isolates
with differences in pathogenicity.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
Recent evidence has shown moderate
pathogenicity to various species of
Pine.
Species
identification
0.1 0.5
Taxonomy is confusing. Molecular
methods are available for
distinguishing from B. xylophilus.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty on biological and
ecological aspects of this species.
Recent studies have revealed
association with bacteria and potential
to cause disease however more
detailed information is lacking.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include infected
pinewood packaging materials and
23
beetle vector.
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1 0.4
Is able to survive inside infected wood
and in beetle vectors for medium
periods.
0.458422
Literature cited
1. Braasch, H. (1996). "Pathogenicity tests with Bursaphelenchus mucronatus on pine
and spruce seedlings in Germany." European Journal of Forest Pathology 26(4): 205216.
2. Chen, F., Y. Shi, et al. (2010). "Pathogenicity of different isolates of Bursaphelenchus
mucronatus to Pinus taiwanensis and P. thunbergii seedlings." Scientia Silvae Sinicae
46(12): 86-90.
3. Han, Z. M., Y. D. Hong, et al. (2003). "A study on pathogenicity of bacteria carried
by pine wood nematodes." Journal of Phytopathology 151(11-12): 683-689.
4. Kanzaki, N. and K. Futai (2006). "Is Bursaphelenchus mucronatus a weak pathogen to
the Japanese red pine?" Nematology 8: 485-489.
5. Kanzaki, N., R. Tanaka, et al. (2012). "Mortality of Shaded Pine Trees Inoculated
With Virulent and Less-Virulent Isolates of Pine Wood Nematodes." Environmental
Entomology 41(4): 828-832.
6. Mamiya, Y. and N. Enda (1979). "Bursaphelenchus mucronatus n. sp (Nematoda,
Aphelenchoidadae) from pine wood and its biology and pathogenicity to pine trees."
Nematologica 25(3): 353-361.\
7. Matsunaga, K. and K. Togashi (2004). "A simple method for discriminating
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B-mucronatus by species-specific polymerase chain
reaction primer pairs." Nematology 6: 273-277.
8. Tian, X. L., X. Y. Cheng, et al. (2011). "Composition of Bacterial Communities
Associated with a Plant-Parasitic Nematode Bursaphelenchus mucronatus." Current
Microbiology 62(1): 117-125.
9. Yan, X., X. Y. Cheng, et al. (2012). "Comparative transcriptomics of two pathogenic
pinewood nematodes yields insights into parasitic adaptation to life on pine hosts."
Gene 505(1): 81-90.
10. Zhao, B., F. Lin, et al. (2009). "Pathogenic roles of the bacteria carried by
Bursaphelenchus mucronatus." Journal of Nematology 41(1): 11-16.
24
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934) Nickle, 1970
Synonyms
Aphelenchoides xylophilus Steiner & Buhrer, 1934;
Bursaphelenchus lignicolus Mamiya & Kiyohara, 1972
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.37258
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.27642
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.3764
SOM top 50 in
TAS
0.086575
SOM top 50 in NT
0.026878
Biogeography
0.2 0.3764
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Highly pathogenic to Pinus sp. Causes
tree death and is economically
important
Host range
0.1 0.6
Mainly Pinus P. densiflora, P.
thunbergii, P. Luchuensis, Pinus
echinata (Shortleaf pine) Pinus eliottii
(Slash pine) Pinus lambertiana (big
pine) Pinus luchuensis (luchu pine)
Pinus nigra (black pine) Pinus radiata
(radiata pine) Pinus resinosa (red pine)
Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) Pinus
sylvestris (Scots pine) Pinus taeda
(lobolly pine) Pinus thunbergii
(Japanese black pine). The hosts are
cosmopolitan.
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Forms disease complex with blue stain
fungi, bacteria and is vectored by beetle
from the genus Monochamus.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.5
Several strains with differences in
pathogenicity are known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.8
Has recently spread into Portugal and
Spain. Difficult to control due to
efficient dispersal via beetle vector
mediated and human assisted. In
addition with a projected warmer
climate there is potential for range
expansion.
Species
0.1 0.5
Rapid diagnostic protocols are available
25
identification
for this species. However there are
many species with similar
characteristics which are difficult to
distinguish morphologically.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.5
Much of the research is on
understanding the biology and ecology
of the species. However there are still
gaps in successful management
strategies.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include infected
pinewood (e.g. firewood, timber, sawn
logs, and packaging materials). In
addition beetle vector may also harbour
and spread this species into new areas.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.7
Has specialised survival adaptations formation of dauer larvae, superior
competitive abilities.
Overall risk index
0.62028
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Abelleira, A., A. Picoaga, et al. (2011). "Detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,
Causal Agent of Pine Wilt Disease on Pinus pinaster in Northwestern Spain." Plant
Disease 95(6): 776-776.
2. Aikawa, T. (2008). Transmission biology of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in relation to
its insect vector. Pine Wilt Disease. B. Zhao, K. Futai, J. Sutherland and Y. Takeuchi,
Springer Japan: 123-138.
3. Akhmatovitch, N. A. and A. Y. Ryss (2009). "Ways of dispersal of the nematodes
belonging to the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus species group with saw timber in
Russian Federation." Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg) 43(6): 437-444.
4. Arakawa, Y. and K. Togashi (2004). "Presence of the pine wood nematode,
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in the spermatheca of female Monochamus alternatus."
Nematology 6: 157-159.
5. Bolla, J. A., J. Bramble, et al. (1989). "Attraction of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
pathotype MPSy-1, to Monochamus carolinensis larvae." Japanese Journal of
Nematology 19(12): 32-37.
6. Bolla, R. I., C. Weaver, et al. (1988). "Genomic differences among pathotypes of
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus." Journal of Nematology 20(2): 309-316.
7. Braasch, H. (1996). "Studies on the transmissibility of the pine wood nematode
(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) from wood chips to Pinus seedlings and stumps."
Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Stuttgart) 48(8-9): 173-175.
8. Cheng, X. Y., F. X. Cheng, et al. (2007). "Genetic variation in the invasive process of
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) and its possible
spread routes in China." Heredity 100(4): 356-365.
9. Cheng, X.-Y., P.-Z. Xie, et al. (2009). "Competitive displacement of the native
species Bursaphelenchus mucronatus by an alien species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
26
(Nematoda: Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae): a case of successful invasion."
Biological Invasions 11(2): 205-213.
10. Halik, S. and D. R. Bergdahl (1992). "Survival and infectivity of Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus in wood-chip soil-mixtures." Journal of Nematology 24(4): 495-503.
11. Hisai, J., K. Hirata, et al. (2007). "Investigation of survival time of pine wood
nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in wood chips and wood blocks." Research
Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service Japan 42: 47-49.
12. Hu, Y. Q., X. C. Kong, et al. (2011). "Direct PCR-based method for detecting
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode in wood tissue of Pinus
massoniana." Forest Pathology 41(2): 165-168.
13. Jikumaru, S. and K. Togashi (2000). "Temperature effects on the transmission of
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nemata: Aphelenchoididae) by Monochamus alternatus
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)." Journal of Nematology 32(1): 110-116.
14. Togashi, K. and K. Matsunaga (2003). "Between-isolate difference in dispersal ability
of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and vulnerability to inhibition by Pinus densiflora."
Nematology 5: 559-564.
27
Ditylenchus angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936
Synonyms
Anguillulina angusta (Butler, 1913) Goodey, 1932
Tylenchus angustus Butler, 1913
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.06843
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.15032
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.022789
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.13E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.10651
Biogeography
0.2 0.15032
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to rice and causes
economic yield losses.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Mainly rice Oryzae perennis, O. sativa
var. fatua, O. gtaberima, O.cubensis,
O. officinalis, O. meyriana, O.
latifolia, O. eichingeri, O. alta, O.
minuta, O. nivara, O. rufipogon and
O. spontaneae; Weed hosts include:
Echinochola colona, Leersia
hexandra, Sacciolepsis interrupta can
act as alternative hosts
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
Continues to damage in deep water
rice in areas where it is present.
Because it is spread with rice seeds, it
can spread into new uninfected areas.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
The species is similar in morphology
to other Ditylenchus sp. And
Aphelenchoides besseyi which also
occurs on rice and taxonomic expertise
is required to distinguish species.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the genetics,
ecology and management aspects of
the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include infected
rice seeds, via rice stubble and
infected seedlings. It has been
intercepted with rice seeds.
28
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1 0.7
Capable of surviving during storage of
seeds by undergoing Anhydrobiosis.
0.460064
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Ali, M. R., Y. Fukutoku, et al. (1997). "Effect of Ditylenchus angustus on growth of
rice plants." Japanese Journal of Nematology 27(2): 52-66.
2. Bridge, J., R. A. Plowright, et al. (2005). Nematode parasites of rice. In: M. Luc, R.
A. Sikora and J. Bridge (Eds.) Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical
agriculture Wallingford, CABI Publishing: 87-130.
3. Cox, P. G. and L. Rahman (1980). "Components of yield loss from ufra."
International Rice Research Newsletter 5(4): 18-19.
4. Debanand, D. (2004). "Chemical control of rice stem nematode, Ditylenchus
angustus, in flooded rice in Assam." Annals of Biology 20(1): 43-45.
5. Ibrahim, S. K., R. N. Perry, et al. (1994). "Use of esterase and protein patterns to
differentiate two new species of Aphelenchoides on rice from other species of
Aphelenchoides and from Ditylenchus angustus and D. myceliophagus."
Nematologica 40(2): 267-275.
6. Ibrahim, S. K. and R. N. Perry (1993). "Desiccation survival of the rice stem
nematode Ditylenchus angustus." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16(1): 3138.
7. Ibrahim, S. K. and R. N. Perry (1994). "Infectivity and population dynamics of the
rice stem nematode, Ditylenchus angustus." Nematologica 40(3): 412-422.
8. Lal, R. and A. Lal (2006). "Plant parasitic nematodes intercepted from seeds, soil
clods and packing material under import quarantine." Journal of New Seeds 8(1): 4960.
9. Latif, M. A., M. W. Ullah, et al. (2011). "Management of ufra disease of rice caused
by Ditylenchus angustus with nematicides and resistance." African Journal of
Microbiology Research 5(13): 1660-1667.
10. Plowright, R. A. and J. R. Gill (1994). "Aspects of resistance in deep-water rice to the
stem nematode Ditylenchus angustus." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17(4):
357-367.
11. Prasad, J. S. and K. S. Varaprasad (2002). "Ufra nematode, Ditylenchus angustus is
seed borne!" Crop Protection 21(1): 75-76.
12. Rahman, M. L., A. H. Mondal, et al. (1994). "Widespread ufra disease incidence in
different rice ecosystems in Bangladesh." International Rice Research Notes 19(3):
27-28.
29
Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in
Au, NSW & WA
0.43551
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.32143
SOM top 50 in
SA & VIC
0.56511
SOM top 50 in
TAS
0.52314
SOM top 50 in
NT
0.004568
Biogeography
0.2 0.56511
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Damaging pathogen of potato, garlic, onions
and other crops.
Host range
0.1 0.8
Has wide host range, including crops and
weed hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Is known to form disease complex with
fungal pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.3
There is evidence of genetic variability
within the species; however formal
classification of races is lacking (see
Subbotin et al, 2011).
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
Has been recently detected in Canada, and
continues to cause damage in areas where it
is present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Can be confused with other Ditylenchus sp.
Diagnostic protocols are available however
there is considerable variability in
populations from different hosts as well as
geographical locations, hence taxonomic
expertise is required for confirmatory
diagnosis.
Uncertainty due
to
knowledge base
of species
0.1 0.5
There is uncertainty of the genetic and
ecological aspects of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include infected tuber,
bulbs and vegetative materials. The direct
association with consumable produce (e.g.
30
potato, sweetpotato, garlic) increases the
chances of human mediated dispersal.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.7
Overall risk
index
Is able to survive on alternative hosts during
overwintering as well as in the absence of
hosts for up to 28-32 weeks (Basson et al
1993; Svilponis et al 2011).
0.633022
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Anderson, R. V. and H. M. Darling (1964). "Embryology and reproduction of
Ditylenchus destructor (Thorne) with emphasis on gonad development." Proceedings
of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31(2): 240-256.
2. Basson, S., D. Dewaele, et al. (1993). "Survival of Ditylenchus destructor in soil,
hulls and seeds of groundnut." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16(1): 79-85.
3. Faulkner, L. R. and H. M. Darling (1961). "Pathological histology, hosts, and culture
of potato rot nematode." Phytopathology 51(11): 778-786.
4. Jin, F., T. Hai, et al. (2008). "Effect of agronomic measures on population dynamics
of sweet potato stem nematode (Ditylenchus destructor)." Zhongguo Shengtai Nongye
Xuebao / Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 16(4): 921-924.
5. Huang, J., L. Qi, et al. (2009). "Morphological and genetic analysis on different
populations of Ditylenchus destructor." Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 39(2): 125-131.
6. Huang, W. K., D. L. Peng, et al. (2010). "Assessment of genetic variability in
population of Ditylenchus destructor (Thorne 1945) (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) from
China." Russian Journal of Nematology 18(1): 19-30.
7. Lin, M., X. Liu, et al. (1997). "Observations on the overwintering of Ditylenchus
destructor in sweet potato and its tolerance against pH and salt concentration." Jiangsu
Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13(1): 36-39.
8. Macguidwin, A. E. and S. A. Slack (1991). "Suitability of alfalfa, corn, oat, redclover, and snapbean as hosts for the potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor."
Plant Disease 75(1): 37-39.
9. Mutua, P. M. (2011). "Ditylenchus dipsaci and Ditylenchus destructor as a threat to
potato production." Julius-Kuhn-Archiv (436): 10.
10. Subbotin, S. A., A. M. Deimi, et al. (2011). "Length variation and repetitive
sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer of ribosomal RNA gene, diagnostics and
relationships of populations of potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne,
1945 (Tylenchida: Anguinidae)." Nematology 13(7): 773-785.
11. Svilponis, E., K. Hiiesaar, et al. (2011). "Low temperature survival of post-eclosion
stages of the potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor Thorne (Tylenchida:
Anguinidae)." Nematology 13: 977-983.
12. Thorne, G. (1945). "Ditylenchus destructor, n. sp, the potato rot nematode, and
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936, the teasel nematode (Nematoda,
Tylenchidae)." Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 12(2): 2734.
31
13. Wan, F., D. Peng, et al. (2008). "Species specific molecular diagnosis of Ditylenchus
destructor populations occurring in China." Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 38(3): 263270.
32
Ditylenchus gigas Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Liebanas,
Landa, Subbotin & Castillo, 2011
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.000253
SOM top 50 in QLD
1.06E-05
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.004834
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.066166
SOM top 50 in NT
1.58E-06
Biogeography
0.2 0.066166
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Known to cause economic damage
to beans.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Beans are the main hosts of this
species previously referred to as the
giant race of D. dipsaci. Other crop
and weeds can also act as hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Based on the giant bean race (before
separation of species) -known to be
associated with fungi in disease
complex causing necrosis and rot of
seeds.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.5
There is considerable variability in
the species complex D. dipsaci and
this species has been recently
separated from the complex
however variability within this
species is not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
The species (previously giant bean
race of D. dipsaci) continues to
cause damage in areas where it is
present.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Can be confused with Ditylenchus
dipsaci- previously this species was
part of D. dipsaci species complex
referred as the giant race
parasitizing beans. With advances in
molecular diagnostics this species
has been recently assigned new
species name D. gigas
33
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
This species was previously
considered part of D. dipsaci species
complex and the characteristics of
D. gigas is poorly known.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include infected
seeds, vegetative materials, and soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.7
The species can survive adverse
conditions through anhydrobiosis
and by parasitising alternative hosts.
Overall risk index
0.5132332
Literature cited
1. Abbad Andaloussi, F. and J. Bachikh (2001). "Studies on the host range of
Ditylenchus dipsaci in Morocco." Nematologia Mediterranea 29(1): 51-57.
2. Caubel, G. and D. Leclercq (1989). "Evaluation of resistance to giant Ditylenchus
dipsaci, studying symptoms in Vicia faba L." Nematologica 35(2): 216-224.
3. Clayden, I. and D. J. Hooper (1981). "New weed hosts for the giant race of
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn) Filipjev." Plant Pathology 30(4): 251-252.
4. Esquibet, M., E. Grenier, et al. (2003). "DNA polymorphism in the stem nematode
Ditylenchus dipsaci: development of diagnostic markers for normal and giant races."
Genome 46(6): 1077-1083.
5. Goodey, T. (1941). "Observations on a giant race of the stem eelworm, Anguillultna
dispaci, attacking broad beans, Vicia Faba. L." Journal of Helminthology 19(3/4):
114-122.
6. Hooper, D. J. (1984). "Observations on stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci, attacking
field beans, Vicia faba." Rothamsted Experimental Station, Report for 1983. 239-260.
7. Vovlas, N., A. Troccoli, et al. (2011). "Ditylenchus gigas n. sp. parasitizing broad
bean: a new stem nematode singled out from the Ditylenchus dipsaci species complex
using a polyphasic approach with molecular phylogeny." Plant Pathology 60(4): 762775.
34
Ditylenchus medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.23197
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.26216
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.17781
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025689
SOM top 50 in NT
0.011388
Biogeography
0.2 0.26216
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
Damage potential not known
although has been found associated
with alfalfa, wheat and other crop
plants.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Associated with alfalfa, wheat and
other crop plants.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
The species can be confused with
other Ditylenchus sp. Diagnostic
protocols are not readily available
and taxonomic expertise is required.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
There are few studies on this
species. Aspects of biology and
ecology are poorly known.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include alfalfa
seeds and vegetative materials and
as soil contaminant. Species is also
associated with aerial plant parts as
well as in soil.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific studies on the survival of
this species are not available. Based
on general characteristics of the
Genus, the species is likely to
survive in soil and with host plant.
Overall risk index
0.362432
Literature cited
35
1. Debanand, D., H. K. Bajaj, et al. (2005). "New and known species of Ditylenchus
Filipjev, 1936 from Haryana, India." Indian Journal of Nematology 35(1): 11-23.
2. Erum, Y. I. and F. Shahina (2010). "Taxonomic studies on parasitic and soil
nematodes found associated with wheat in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Nematology
28(1): 1-58.
3. Kheiri, A., S. Barooti, et al. (2002). "Tylenchida associated with field crops in Tehran
and Central Provinces of Iran." Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en
Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 67(3): 707-713.
4. Sakwe, P. N. and E. Geraert (1993). "The genus Ditylenchus Filipev, 1936 from
Cameroon (Nematoda, Anguinidae)." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16(4):
339-353.
5. Wasilewska, L. (1965). "Ditylenchus medicaginis sp. n., a new parasitic nematode
from Poland (Nematoda, Tylenchidae)." Bulletin de l'Academie Polonaise des
Sciences Ci II Ser Sci Biol 13: 167-170.
36
Ditylenchus weischeri Chizhov, Borisov & Subbotin, 2010
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
2.63E-05
SOM top 50 in QLD
3.33E-07
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.000937
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.02548
SOM top 50 in NT
2.40E-14
Biogeography
0.2
0.02548
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
Parasitises weed however crop hosts
and impacts are not known. Onion and
Strawberry were proven as non hosts.
Host range
0.1 0.2
Parasitizes Cirsium arvense, other
hosts are not yet known- recently
separated from D. dipsaci species
complex which has wide host range.
D. weischeri does not infect onion and
strawberry which are typical hosts of
D. dipsaci.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Recently separated from D. dipsaci
species complex and can be confused
with D dipsaci based on morphology
alone. Molecular methods are
necessary for distinguishing from D
dipsaci.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
The species has recently been
separated from the D. dipsaci species
complex.
Pathways
0.1 0.4
Potential pathways include infected
vegetative material, known to be
associated with aboveground plant
parts.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific studies on the survival of this
species are not available. Based on
general characteristics of the Genus,
37
the species is likely to survive in soil
and with host plant.
Overall risk index
0.305096
Literature cited
1. Chizhov, V. N., B. A. Borisov, et al. (2010). "A new stem nematode, Ditylenchus
weischeri sp n. (Nematoda: Tylenchida), a parasite of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in
the Central Region of the Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia." Russian Journal of
Nematology 18(2): 95-102.
38
Dolichodorus heterocephalus Cobb, 1914
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.094992
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.06637
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.10349
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.001382
SOM top 50 in NT
0.050938
Biogeography
0.2 0.10349
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenicity demonstrated on maize,
mentha (ornamental) and other crops
(Perry, 1953; Paracer et al., 1968).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Is able to parasitise wide range of crop
plants and weeds.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Can form disease complexes with
fungal pathogens - increasing the
severity of infection and can act
synergistically in causing damage with
other ectoparasitic nematodes such as
Belonolaimus longicaudatus.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required
for identification.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.5
The genetic characteristics, survival
adaptations and economic impacts of
this species are poorly known.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include
transportation of ornamental plants
(e.g. menthe) and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Species is likely to survive in soil for
short to medium term, however there
is uncertainty on the exact duration as
specific studies are lacking.
Overall risk index
0.355698
Literature cited
39
1. Barriga-Olivares, R. (1966). Reproduction and pathogenicity of plant-parasitic
nematodes associated with camellia in North Carolina. 26.
2. Greco, N. and M. d. Vito (2011). Main nematode problems of tomato. Acta
Horticulturae. A. Crescenzi: 243-249.
3. Paracer, S. M., M. Waseem, et al. (1968). "The biology and pathogenicity of the awl
nematode, Dolichodorus heterocephalus." Nematologica 13(4): 517-524.
4. Perry, V. G. (1953). "The awl nematode, Dolichodorus heterocephalus, a devastating
plant parasite." Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 20(1):
21-27.
5. Rhoades, H. L. (1964). "Nutsedge, an important host of plant nematodes in Florida."
Plant Disease Reporter 48(12): 994-995.
6. Stamps, R. H., R. Fowler, et al. (1995). "Effects of nematodes on growth of ming fern
(Asparagus macowanii)." (108): 41-42.
7. Tarjan, A. C. (1953). "Pathogenicity of some plant-parasitic nematodes from Florida
soils. III. Growth of Chinese waterchestnut, Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Henschel,
inoculated with Doli-chodorus heterocephalus Cobb (Tylen-chinae)." Proceedings of
the Helminthological Society of Washington 20: 94-96.
8. Zeng, Y. S., W. M. Ye, et al. (2012). "Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic
nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA." Zootaxa
(3452): 1-46.
40
Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975
Synonyms
Heterodera pallida Stone, 1973 (based on B and E pathotypes of English designation of
Heterodera rostochiensis);
Globodera pallida (Stone) Mulvey & Stone, 1976
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.17536
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.2081
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.27088
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.23069
SOM top 50 in NT
0.11182
Biogeography
0.2 0.27088
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Damaging pathogen of potato- reduces
yield.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Potato is the main cosmopolitan host,
however weeds from the family
Solanaceae can act as alternative hosts
(Boydston et al 2010).
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can form disease complex with fungal
pathogens (Bhattarai et al 2009).
Pathotypes
0.05 0.8
Has at least three known pathotypes.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.7
New incursions have been reported from
USA and Slovenia. There is some
evidence of changes in virulence
(Schouten and Beniers 1997). Resistance
as a management strategy is less
effective against G. pallida.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Although diagnostic protocols are
available, the species has got three
pathotypes which are difficult to
distinguish. A combination of host range
screening, molecular and enzyme
profiling is required to distinguish races.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on changes in
pathogenicity, virulence and genetic
characteristics of races of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include seed
potatoes, ware potatoes, and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
0.1 0.8
Forms cyst which can survive adverse
41
Adaptations
Overall risk index
conditions for long periods of time.
0.624176
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Alonso, R., A. Alemany, et al. (2011). "Population dynamics of Globodera pallida
(Nematoda: Heteroderidae) on two potato cultivars in natural field conditions in
Balearic Islands, Spain." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 9(2): 589-596.
2. Bhattarai, S., P. P. J. Haydock, et al. (2009). "Interactions between the potato cyst
nematodes, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, and soil-borne fungus, Rhizoctonia
solani (AG3), diseases of potatoes in the glasshouse and the field." Nematology 11:
631-640.
3. Blok, V. C., G. Malloch, et al. (1998). "Intraspecific variation in ribosomal DNA in
populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida." Journal of Nematology
30(2): 262-274.
4. Boydston, R. A., H. Mojtahedi, et al. (2010). "Weed Hosts of Globodera pallida from
Idaho." Plant Disease 94(7): 918-918.
5. Carpentier, J., M. Esquibet, et al. (2012). "The evolution of the Gp-Rbp-1 gene in
Globodera pallida includes multiple selective replacements." Molecular Plant
Pathology 13(6): 546-555.
6. Delopoulos, T., P. W. Jones, et al. (2011). "Variation in in vitro hatch of potato cyst
nematodes in response to different potato cultivars inoculated with isolates of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Nematology 13: 661-672.
7. Grenier, E., S. Fournet, et al. (2010). "A cyst nematode 'species factory' called the
Andes." Nematology 12: 163-169.
8. Handoo, Z. A., L. K. Carta, et al. (2007). "On the morphological identification of pale
cyst nematode, Globodera pallida associated with potato in the United States."
Phytopathology 97(7): S152-S152.
9. Hlaoua, W., N. Horrigue-Raouani, et al. (2008). "Morphological and molecular
characterisation of potato cyst nematode populations from Tunisia and survey of their
probable geographical origin." Biotechnology 7(4): 651-659.
10. Madani, M., L. Ward, et al. (2011). "Hsp90 gene, an additional target for
discrimination between the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G.
pallida , and the related species, G. tabacum tabacum." European Journal of Plant
Pathology 130(3): 271-285.
11. Nakhla, M. K., K. J. Owens, et al. (2010). "Multiplex real-time PCR assays for the
identification of the potato cyst and tobacco cyst nematodes." Plant Disease 94(8):
959-965.
12. Phlllips, M. S. and D. L. Trudgill (1998). "Variation of virulence, in terms of
quantitative reproduction of Globodera pallida populations, from Europe and South
America, in relation to resistance from Solanum vernei and S-tuberosum ssp andigena
CPC 2802." Nematologica 44(4): 409-423.
13. Schouten, H. J. and J. E. Beniers (1997). "Durability of resistance to Globodera
pallida .1. Changes in pathogenicity, virulence, and aggressiveness during
reproduction on partially resistant potato cultivars." Phytopathology 87(8): 862-867.
14. Skantar, A. M., Z. A. Handoo, et al. (2011). "Morphological and molecular
characterization of Globodera populations from Oregon and Idaho." Phytopathology
101(4): 480-491.
42
15. Širca, S., B. G. Stare, et al. (2012). "First Report of the Pale Potato Cyst Nematode
Globodera pallida from Slovenia." Plant Disease 96(5): 773-773.
16. Trudgill, D. L., M. J. Elliott, et al. (2003). "The white potato cyst nematode
(Globodera pallida) – a critical analysis of the threat in Britain." Annals of Applied
Biology 143(1): 73-80.
17. Turner, S. J. and K. Evans (1998). The origins, global distribution and biology of
potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) and Globodera pallida Stone).
Potato cyst nematodes, biology, distribution and control. R. J. Marks and B. B.
Brodie: 7-26.
18. Vovlas, N. and A. Troccoli (2010). "Plant parasitic nematodes dispersed by seeds
Nematodi fitoparassiti trasmessi per seme." Georgofili 7(Supplemento 10): 99-117.
19. Ward, M. G. and S. Hockland (1996). "Nematodes and plant health: legislation and
sampling strategies in decision making for nematode management." 47(1): 77-80.
20. Zouhar, M., P. Rysanek, et al. (2003). "First Report of the Potato Cyst Nematode
(Globodera pallida) in the Czech Republic." Plant Disease 87(1): 98-98.
43
Globodera tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954)
Skarbilovich, 1959
Synonyms
Heterodera tabacum Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954;
Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery) Skarbilovich, 1959;
Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery) Behrens, 1975;
Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery) Mulvey & Stone, 1976
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.21364
0.2162
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.21879
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.043777
SOM top 50 in NT
0.042372
Biogeography
0.2 0.21879
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenicity has been proven on
tobacco, causes economic losses.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Main host is tobacco however other
crop and non crop hosts are known.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can increase the severity of fungal
infections.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.6
There is intraspecific variability and
three subspecies are recognised.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Recent incursions into new areas
Canada and Spain.
Species
identification
0.1 0.5
The cysts can be confused with cysts
of other cyst forming nematodes and
taxonomic expertise is required for
diagnosis.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the genetic,
survival adaptations, and
characteristics relating to the
pathotypes of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
The cysts can be transported with soil
as contaminant or with propagative
materials.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts are adapted for long term
survival.
Overall risk index
0.553758
Literature cited
44
See CABI cpc profile
1. Belair, G. and S. Miller (2006). "First Report of Globodera tabacum Infecting
Tobacco Plants in Quebec, Canada." Plant Disease 90(4): 527-527.
2. Esparrago, G. and I. Blanco (2002). "First Report of the Cyst Nematode (Globodera
tabacum) Complex on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Spain." Plant Disease 86(12): 14021402.
3. LaMondia, J. A. (2002). "Broadleaf tobacco yield loss in relation to initial Globodera
tabacum tabacum population density." Journal of Nematology 34(1): 38-42.
4. Lamondia, J. A. (1992). "Predisposition of broadleaf tobacco to Fusarium-wilt by
early infection with Globodera tabacum tabacum or Meloidogyne hapla." Journal of
Nematology 24(3): 425-431.
5. Madani, M., L. J. Ward, et al. (2008). "Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction
for identifying potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis,
and the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum." Canadian Journal of Plant
Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie 30(4): 554-564.
6. Mota, M. M. and J. D. Eisenback (1993). "Morphometrics of Globodera tabacum
tabacum, G. t. virginiae, and G. t. solanacearum (Nemata, Heteroderinae)." Journal of
Nematology 25(2): 148-160.
7. Mota, M. M. and J. D. Eisenback (1993). "Morphology of 2nd-stage juveniles and
males of Globodera tabacum tabacum, G. t. virginiae, and G. t. solanacearum
(nemata, heteroderinae)." Journal of Nematology 25(1): 27-33.
8. Rodriguez-Molina, M. C., E. Palo, et al. (2007). "First report of Fusarium wilt of fluecured tobacco caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp batatas in Spain." Plant Disease
91(3): 323-323.
9. Rodriguez-Molina, M. C., E. Verdejo Alonso, et al. (2009). "Fusarium wilt of tobacco
associated to the tobacco cyst nematode (Globodera tabacum) complex in the Tietar
Valley: control strategies." Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 35(1): 103-114.
45
Helicotylenchus microcephalus Sher, 1966
Synonyms
Helicotylenchus magniferensis Elmiligy, 1970;
Helicotylenchus magnicephalus Phukan & Sanwal, 1981;
Helicotylenchus belurensis Singh & Khera, 1980
Species
Criteria
weights
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Notes
0.3292
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.42404
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.20861
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.006191
SOM top 50 in NT
0.31772
Biogeography
0.2
0.42404
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.4
Associated with poor growth of
Cymbidium. There is not much
information on the pathogenicity of this
species but is considered potentially
damaging (O'bannon and Inserra, 1989).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Has been reported from fruit trees,
vegetable crops and weeds. Sugarcane
(Nobbs 2003), Grapevines, Lucerne
(Philis 1995) from around the roots of
Ornamental plants (Zarina 2006) type
host: Oil palm Elaeis guineensis, Citrus
(Hashim 1983; Schliephake 1985) sour
oranges (Maggiorani et al 2004 ) weeds
(Zem and Lordello 1976) Chickpeas
(Nene et al 1996) Soybean (Fourie 2001)
- from PPN distribution database.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
Recent report of damage on Cymbidium.
Previously the nematode had only been
suspected of causing damage.
Species
identification
0.1 0.5
Diagnostic protocols are not readily
available and there are many species in
this genus. Taxonomic expertise is
required for positive diagnosis. There is
only 1 nucleotide sequence.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
0.1 0.8
The pathogenicity of the species on crops
has not been evaluated. Information on
46
species
biology and ecology of this species is
poorly known.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include transportation
of rooted nursery stock, ornamental plants
and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.3
The species is likely to survive for short
to medium term in association with soil.
Overall risk index
0.434808
Literature cited
1. Jagdale, G. B., A. B. Fawar, et al. (1986). "Nematodes associated with betelvine in
Maharashtra State (India)." International Nematology Network Newsletter 3(1): 1214.
2. O'Bannon, J. H. and R. N. Inserra (1989). "Helicotylenchus species as crop damaging
parasitic nematodes." Nematology Circular (Gainesville)(165): 3 pp.
3. Pant, R. P., M. Das, et al. (2012). "Association of an ectoparasitic nematode Helicotylenchus microcephalus, with poor growth of Cymbidium hybrids in Sikkim."
Indian Phytopathology 65(2): 196-197.
4. Philis, J. (1995). "An updated list of plant parasitic nematodes from Cyprus and their
economic importance." Nematologia Mediterranea 23(2): 307-314.
5. Ramaji, F. A., E. Pourjam, et al. (2006). "Species of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 in
Jiroft and Kahnoj region." Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 42(3):137-140.
6. Subbotin, S. A., R. N. Inserra, et al. (2011). "Diversity and phylogenetic relationships
within the spiral nematodes of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Tylenchida:
Hoplolaimidae) as inferred from analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S
rRNA gene sequences." Nematology 13(3): 333-345.
7. Zarina, B. (2006). "Some new records of plant parasitic nematodes from Pakistan."
Pakistan Journal of Nematology 24: 9-18.
8. Zem, A. C. and L. G. E. Lordello (1976). "Nematodes associated with weed plants in
Brazil." Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" 33: 597-615.
9. Zhao, L., W. Zheng, et al. (2010). "Molecular identification of four Helicotylenchus
species based on PCR-RFLP and sequencing of rDNA." Journal of Agricultural
Biotechnology 18(5): 981-984.
47
Helicotylenchus vulgaris Yuen, 1964
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in
Au, NSW &
WA
0.14065
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.06741
SOM top 50 in
SA & VIC
0.23606
SOM top 50 in
TAS
0.026825
SOM top 50 in
NT
1.44E-06
Biogeography
0.2 0.23606
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Associated with poor growth of sugarbeet
and peas at high population densities. The
damage also depends on external conditions
(Spaull, 1982; Green and Dennis, 1981;
Dunning et al 1977).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Has been associated with many crop hosts
as well as weeds and natural vegetation.
Disease
complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.3
Variation known in populations from
different geographical locations (Subbotin et
al 2011).
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Although it has been recently been reported
from several hosts from different locations,
evidence of damage and or pathogenicity is
lacking.
Species
identification
0.1 0.5
There are many species within the genus
and rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available hence taxonomic expertise is
required.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 7
Uncertainty due
to
knowledge base
of species
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of this species. In addition the
impact and potential interaction of the
species with other soil pathogens is poorly
known.
48
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include nursery stock,
vegetative materials and as soil
contaminant. Can also be dispersed with
irrigation water (Ruccuzzo and Ciancio,
1991).
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.3
Is likely to survive for short to medium term
in soil and for longer periods when in direct
association with live host plant.
Overall risk
index
0.382212
Literature cited
1. Boag, B. (1980). "Nematodes associated with peas and beans in Scotland." Annals of
Applied Biology 95(1): 125-128.
2. D'Errico, F. P. (1970). "Some plant parasitic nematodes found in Italy." Bollettino del
Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri' Portici 28: 183-189.
3. Dunning, R. A., P. L. Mathias, et al. (1977). "Spiral nematodes associated with the
problem of establishing sugar beet on calcareous soils." Compte Rendu, Congres
d'Hiver, Institut International de Recherches Betteravieres 40: 323-332.
4. Green, C. D. and E. B. Dennis (1981). "An analysis of the variability in yield of pea
crops attacked by Heterodera goettingiana, Helicotylenchus vulgaris and Pratylenchus
thornei." Plant Pathology 30(2): 65-71.
5. Hassanzadeh, Z., A. Karegar, et al. (2005). "Some species of order Tylenchida
collected from alfalfa fields in Hamadan Province." Iranian Journal of Plant
Pathology 41(4): Pe663-Pe686, en257-en262.
6. Hoschitz, M. and H. Reisenzein (2004). "Comparative study of the soil-living
nematofauna associated with vine (Vitis spp.) infested with phylloxera (Viteus
vitifoliae Fitch)." Vitis 43(3): 131-138.
7. Roccuzzo, G. and A. Ciancio (1991). "Notes on nematodes found in irrigation water
in southern Italy." Nematologia Mediterranea 19(1): 105-108.
8. Spaull, A. M. (1982). "Helicotylenchus vulgaris and its association with damage to
sugar beet." Annals of Applied Biology 100(3): 501-510.
9. Subbotin, S. A., R. N. Inserra, et al. (2011). "Diversity and phylogenetic relationships
within the spiral nematodes of Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Tylenchida:
Hoplolaimidae) as inferred from analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S
rRNA gene sequences." Nematology 13(3): 333-345.
10. Wouts, W. M. and K. W. L. Knight (1993). "Helicotylenchus vulgaris Yuen, 1964
(Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae): a new record for New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of
Zoology 20(3): 133-136.
11. Yuen, P. H. (1966). "Further observations on Helicotylenchus vulgaris Yuen."
Nematologica 11(4): 623-637.
12. Yuen, P. H. (1964). "Four new species of Helicotylenchus Steiner (Hoplolaiminae :
Tylenchida) and a re-description of H. canadensis Waseem, 1961." Nematologica 10:
373-387.
49
Hemicriconemoides litchi Edward & Misra, 1964
Synonyms
There is taxonomic uncertainty on the validity of this species. Various authors
previously have considered it as synonym for H. mangiferae
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.094964
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.18118
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.022673
SOM top 50 in TAS
7.74E-10
SOM top 50 in NT
0.012781
Biogeography
0.2 0.18118
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Causes damage to lychee. Another
closely related species H. mangiferae
also causes similar damage and
previously H. litchi was considered as
synonym of H. mangiferae.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Mainly lychee but other crop (banana
and pineapple) and non crop hosts are
known.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Feeding by H. litchi predisposes the
roots to other soil pathogens and
increased severity of fungal infections.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.3
Intraspecific variability is known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
The species continues to cause damage
in areas where it is present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty of the validity of
this species and previously on the basis
of morphology was considered as
synonym of H. mangiferae.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 7
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Host range, taxonomy, lifecycle and
survival adaptations are poorly known.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include nursery
stock, vegetative materials and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.3
Likely to survive in soil for short medium terms and for longer periods
when in direct association with plant
hosts.
50
Overall risk index
0.476236
Literature cited
1. Chen, D.-Y., H.-F. Ni, et al. (2011). "Differentiation of Hemicriconemoides
mangiferae and H. litchi (Nematoda: Criconematina) based on morphometrics and
nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences." Nematology 13: 165-175.
2. Dasgupta, D. R., D. J. Raski, et al. (1969). "Revision of the genus Hemicriconemoides
Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 (Nematoda: Criconematidae)." Journal of Nematology
1(2): 126-145.
3. Edward, J. C. and S. L. Misra (1963). "Hemicriconemoides communis n. sp. and H.
litchi n. sp. (Nematoda : Crico-nematidae), from Uttar Pradesh, India." Nematologica
9: 405-411.
4. Liu, Z. M. and Z. X. Feng (1995). "Six new records of plant nematodes in China."
Journal of Guanxi Agricultural University 14(2): 121-124.
5. Nath, R. C., B. C. Sinha, et al. (2008). "Occurrence, distribution and importance of
plant parasitic nematodes associated with litchi plantations in North Tripura district."
Indian Journal of Nematology 38(1): 75-80.
6. Ni, H. F., Y. H. Cheng, et al. (2004). "Differentiation of Hemicriconemoides
mangeriferae and Hemicriconemoides litchi based on morphological and molecular
characteristics." Phytopathology 94(6): S76.
7. Pushpa, R. and H. K. Bajaj (1986). "On the intraspecific variations of
Hemicriconemoides litchi Edward and Misra, 1963 and H. mangiferae Siddiqi 1961."
Indian Journal of Nematology 15(2): 278.
51
Hemicycliophora poranga Monteiro & Lordello, 1978
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.21069
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.11298
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.29113
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000107
SOM top 50 in NT
0.012823
Biogeography
0.2 0.29113
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Is pathogenic on celery, maize, tomato
and parasitises other crop and non
crop hosts.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Proven hosts include celery, tomato,
maize, cowpeas, bean okra and
lettuce.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Can increase susceptibility of roots to
attack by soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Recently reported as causing damage
to celery (Emilse et al 2011).
Species
identification
0.1 0.5
Diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on impacts, host
range, disease complexes.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include nursery
stock, propagative materials and as
soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.3
Likely to survive for short to medium
term in soil and longer when in direct
association with host plants.
Overall risk index
0.418226
Literature cited
1. Chitambar, J. J. (1993). "Host-range of Hemicycliophora poranga and its
pathogenicity on tomato." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16(6): 557-561.
52
2. Chitambar, J. J. (1994). "Morphology and life-history studies on Hemicycliophora
poranga Monteiro and Lordello, 1978 (Nemata, Criconematidae)." Fundamental and
Applied Nematology 17(6): 521-525.
3. Emilse, C., A. Oggero, et al. (2011). "Anatomical and histological alterations induced
by Hemicycliophora poranga Monteiro & Lordello, 1978 in celery (Apium graveolens
L.) roots." Russian Journal of Nematology 19(1): 75-81.
4. Jamali, S., E. Purjam, et al. (2004). "Three species belonging to Criconematidae from
cereal fields in Isfahan Province." Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture
and Natural Resources 8(1): 223-234.
5. Rocha Monteiro, A. and L. G. E. Lordello (1978). "A description of Hemicycliophora
poranga n. sp. from Brazil (Nemata)." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 38(3): 569-571.
6. Rossi, C. E. and L. C. Camargo Barbosa Ferraz (2005). "Nematodes belonging to
Criconematoidea and Dorylaimoidea associated with subtropical and temperate fruits
in the states of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil." Nematologia Brasileira 29(2):
183-192.
53
Hemicycliophora similis Thorne, 1955
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.15509
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.14038
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.14233
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.02721
SOM top 50 in NT
0.00167
Biogeography
0.2 0.15509
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to cranberry and carrots.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Known hosts include cranberry,
blueberry, carrots and peony. Other
hosts are possible but have not been
reported.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Is an ectoparasite thus feeding site
can increase susceptibility of roots to
attack by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required
for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
Not many studies have been carried
out on this species and there is
uncertainty on host range biology and
ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include nursery
stock, propagative materials and as
soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.3
The species is likely to survive for
short (weeks) to medium (few
months) periods in soils and for
longer periods when in direct
association with its hosts.
Overall risk index
0.346018
Literature cited
54
1. Baker, A. D. (1959). "Some records of plant parasitic nematodes encountered in
Canada in 1958." Canadian Insect Pest Review 37(1): 120-122.
2. Bird, G. W. and W. R. Jenkins (1964). "Occurrence, parasitism, and pathogenicity of
nematodes associated with cranberry." Phytopathology 54(6): 677-680.
3. Bird, G. W. and W. R. Jenkins (1964). "Occurrence, parasitism, and pathogenicity of
nematodes associated with cranberry." Phytopathology 54(6): 677-680.
4. Carvalho, J. C. and A. D. Bona (1962). "Hemicycliophora similis em São Paulo."
Archivos do Instituto Biologico 29: 227-230.
5. Kisiel, M., J. Castillo, et al. (1971). "An Adhesive Plug Associated with the Feeding
of Hemicycliophora similis on Cranberry." Journal of Nematology 3(3): 296-298.
6. Klinkenberg, C. H. (1964). "Observations on the feeding habits of Rotylenchus
uniformis, Pratylenchus crenatus, P. penetrans, Tylenchorhynchus dubius and
Hemicycliophora similis." Nematologica 9(4): 502-506, 506 p.
7. McKewan, J. A. (1979). "Studies on the biology and life history of Hemicycliophora
similis." Journal of Nematology 11: 307-308.
8. Zuckerman, B. M. (1961). "Parasitism and Pathogenesis of the Cultivated Cranberry
By Some Nematodes." Nematologica 6(2): 135-143.
9. Zuckerman, B. M. (1962). "Evidence that Hemicycliophora similis Thorne can moult
while attached to roots." Nematologica 7(1): 102.
10. Zuckerman, B. M. (1964). "Studies of two nematode species associated with roots of
the cultivated highbush blueberry." Plant Disease Reporter 48: 170-172.
55
Heterodera cajani Koshy, 1967
Synonyms
Heterodera vigni Edward & Misra, 1968
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.10774
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.3382
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.023218
SOM top 50 in TAS
9.17E-10
SOM top 50 in NT
0.019638
Biogeography
0.2 0.3382
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Economically important pest of peas
and beans.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main hosts include pigeonpeas and
beans. Additional hosts include
Atylosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and
Rhynchosia (Sharma and Nene, 1985).
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
The presence of H. cajani can increase
the severity of attack by other soil
pathogens and has been associated with
wilt disease complex.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.6
There is evidence of races with
differences in host reactions (Walia and
Bajaj 1988). However molecular
differentiation and formal classification
is lacking.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
The species continues to persist and
cause damage in areas where it is
present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 5
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty of the pathotypes,
host range and molecular characteristics
of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials and as soil contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts are able to survive adverse
conditions and in absence of hosts for
long periods.
56
Overall risk index
0.55264
Literature cited
See CABI cpc cprofile
1. Abdollahi, M. and A. K. Ganguly (2009). " Evaluation of genetic variation among
Indian populations of the pigeonpea cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani, by RAPD."
Plant protection 1(4): 429-443.
2. Begum, M. Z. and M. S. Kumar (2005). "Management of disease complex involving
Heterodera cajani Koshy, 1967 and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. on
greengram ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)." Indian Journal of Nematology 35(2): 192194.
3. Jain, S. K., G. S. Dave, et al. (1994). "Host range of cyst nematode Heterodera cajani
in cold weather." Indian Phytopathology 47(2): 177-178.
4. Koshy, P. K. and G. Swarup (1972). "Susceptibility of plants to pigeon-pea cyst
nematode, Heterodera cajani." Indian J Nematol 2(1): 1-6.
5. Latha, T. K. S. and V. Narasimhan (2000). "Interaction between Macrophomina
phaseolina and Heterodera cajani in root disease complex of blackgram." Madras
Agricultural Journal 87(1/3): 98-101.
6. Patel, N. S., N. B. Patel, et al. (2003). Potential damage by Meloidogyne javanica
pathotype 2 and Heterodera cajani on pigeonpea. New Delhi, Division of
Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute: 98-102.
7. Rao, S. B., A. Rathi, et al. (2011). "A comparison of the variation in Indian
populations of pigeonpea cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani revealed by morphometric
and AFLP analysis." ZooKeys(135): 1-19.
8. Saxena, R. and D. D. R. Reddy (1987). "Crop losses in pigeonpea and mungbean by
pigeonpea cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani." Indian Journal of Nematology 17(1):
91-94.
9. Senthamizh, K., G. Rajendran, et al. (2005). "Host range, biology and races of
Heterodera cajani Koshy, 1967 occurring in Tamil Nadu (India)." Indian Journal of
Nematology 35(2): 187-191.
10. Sharma, S. B., S. S. Ali, et al. (1993). "Distribution and importance of plant parasitic
nematodes associated with pigeonpea in Gujarat State, India." Afro-Asian Journal of
Nematology 3(1): 55-59.
11. Sharma, S. B. and Y. L. Nene (1988). "Effect of Heterodera cajani, Rotylenchulus
reniformis and Hoplolaimus seinhorsti on pigeonpea biomass." Indian Journal of
Nematology 18(2): 273-278.
12. Sharma, S. B., Y. L. Nene, et al. (1993). "Effect of Heterodera cajani on biomass and
grain yield of pigeon pea on vertisol in pot and field experiments." Plant Pathology
42(2): 163-167.
13. Sharma, S. B., B. M. R. Reddy, et al. (1992). "Incidence and importance of plantparasitic nematodes on pigeon pea and groundnut in Karnataka State in southern
India." Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 2(1-2): 21-26.
14. Sharma, S. B. and Y. L. Nene (1985). "Additions to host range of pigeonpea cyst
nematode, Heterodera cajani." International Pigeonpea Newsletter(4): 42-42.
15. Shukla, P. K. and A. Haseeb (2002). "Survey of farmer's fields for the association of
plant parasitic nematodes and wilt fungi with pigeon pea and quantification of losses."
Indian Journal of Nematology 32(2): 162-164.
16. Siddiqui, Z. A. and U. Shakeel (2007). "Screening of Bacillus isolates for potential
biocontrol of the wilt disease complex of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) under
57
greenhouse and small-scale field conditions." Journal of Plant Pathology 89(2): 179183.
17. Siddiqui, Z. A. and M. Irshad (1999). "Effect of Heterodera cajani and Meloidogyne
incognita with Fusarium udum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on the wilt disease
complex of pigeonpea." Indian Phytopathology 52(1): 66-70.
18. Siddiqui, Z. A. and I. Mahmood (1995). "Biological-control of Heterodera cajani and
Fusarium udum by Bacillus subtilis, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Glomus
fasciculatum on pigeonpea." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18(6): 559-566.
19. Umarao, S. B. R., R. Gothalwal, et al. (2007). "Variation of RAPD profiles in
different geographical Indian populations of Heterodera cajani (Nematoda)."
International Journal of Nematology 17(1): 21-28.
20. Venkatesan, P., H. C. Meher, et al. (2004). "Isozyme, RAPD and microsatellite
markers for the quick diagnosis of four Heterodera species." Annals of Plant
Protection Sciences 12(1): 99-105.
21. Walia, R. K. and H. K. Bajaj (1988). "Further studies on the existence of races in
pigeon pea cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani." Indian Journal of Nematology 18(2):
269-272.
58
Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.099087
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.11357
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.13317
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.091878
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000142
Biogeography
0.2 0.13317
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to carrots.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Main host is carrot which is widely
grown in many parts of the world
where conditions are suitable
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Methyl bromide and fungicides were
the most effective control
mechanisms and with the
unavailability of chemical
nematicides, it is difficult to control
populations of H. carotae. It
continues to spread within Europe in
recent years
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 9
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the molecular
characteristics, presence of
pathotypes, host range and ecological
preferences of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Directly associated with produce
hence potential for human mediated
dispersal with infected carrots. Other
potential pathways include seedlings,
propagative materials, and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to survive adverse
conditions, and for long periods in
59
the absence of suitable hosts.
Overall risk index
0.466634
Literature cited
1. Bossis, M. and D. Mugniéry (1988). "Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950. 2.
Population dynamics in the west of France." Revue de Nématologie 11(3): 315320.
2. Bossis, M. and D. Mugniéry (1989). "Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950. 3.
Injuriousness in fields in western France." Revue de Nématologie 12(2): 177-180.
3. Bossis, M., A. Cavelier, et al. (1989). "Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950. 4.
Advantages and limitations of chemical control." Revue de Nematologie 12(4):
343-350.
4. Colombo, A. and E. Buonocore (2001). "The carrot cyst nematode, Heterodera
carotae, in Sicily." Informatore Fitopatologico 51(6): 74-75.
5. Colombo, A., T. D'Addabbo, et al. (2008). Chemical control of carrot cyst
nematode Heterodera carotae in Sicily. Bologna, Università di Bologna: 333-338.
6. Greco, N. (1987). "Heterodera carotae: a destructive nematode of carrot."
Nematology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services(140): 4pp.
7. Greco, N. and A. Brandonisio (1987). "The biology of Heterodera carotae."
Nematologica 32(4): 447-460.
8. Greco, N. and F. Lamberti (1977). "Comparison of nematicides for the control of
Heterodera carotae." Nematologia Mediterranea 5(1): 1-9.
9. Jones, F. G. W. (1950). "A new species of root eelworm attacking carrots." Nature,
Lond. 165(4185): p. 81.
10. Lamberti, F. (1971). "Nematode-induced abnormalities of carrot in southern Italy."
Plant Disease Reporter 55: 111-113.
11. Madani, M., N. Vovlas, et al. (2004). "Molecular characterization of cyst nematode
species (Heterodera spp.) from the Mediterranean basin using RFLPs and
sequences of ITS-rDNA." Journal of Phytopathology 152(4): 229-234.
12. Mugniéry, D. and M. Bossis (1988). "Heterodera carotae Jones, 1950. l. Host
range, speed of development, cycle." Revue de Nématologie 11(3): 307-313.
13. Osborne, P. (1971). "First record of Heterodera carotae in Scotland." Plant
Pathology 20(3): 148-148.
60
Heterodera ciceri Vovlas, Greco & Di Vito, 1985
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.010654
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.001
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.052808
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.03126
SOM top 50 in NT
1.57E-06
Biogeography
0.2 0.052808
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Is pathogenic to peas and causes
economic yield losses.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main hosts include: Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum), Lentil (Lens culinaris), and
Pea (Pisum sativum).
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can form disease complex with wilt
fungus and also reduce root nodulation
on their hosts.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.5
There is evidence of differences in host
reaction from different geographical
locations however formal classification
of pathotypes is lacking.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
Continues to damage crops in areas
where it is present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 5
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is little information on the
molecular characteristics, pathotypes
and ecological preferences of this
species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include vegetative
or propagative materials and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts can survive adverse
conditions and for long periods in
absence of crop hosts.
Overall risk index
0.4855616
61
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Castillo, P., J. A. Navas-Cortés, et al. (2008). "Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Attacking
Chickpea and Their In Planta Interactions with Rhizobia and Phytopathogenic Fungi."
Plant Disease 92(6): 840-853.
2. Di Vito, M., N. Greco, et al. (2001). "Reproduction of eight populations of Heterodera
ciceri on selected plant species." Nematologia Mediterranea 29(1): 79-90.
3. Greco, N., M. Di Vito, et al. (1988). "Effect of Heterodera ciceri on yield of chickpea
and lentil and development of this nematode on chickpea in Syria." Nematologica
34(1): 98-114.
4. Greco, N., M. Di Vito, et al. (1992). "Plant parasitic nematodes of cool season food
legumes in Syria." Nematologia Mediterranea 20(1): 37-46.
5. Greco, N., N. Volvas, et al. (1992). "The chickpea cyst nematode, Heterodera ciceri."
Nematology Circular (Gainesville)(198).
6. Greco, N., M. d. Vito, et al. (1993). "Effect of Heterodera ciceri on the growth of
selected lines of Cicer species." Nematologia Mediterranea 21(1): 111-116.
7. Greco, N. and M. Di Vito (1994). "Nematodes of food legumes in the Mediterranean
Basin." Bulletin OEPP 24(2): 393-398.
8. Ismail, M. F., A. El-Ahmed, et al. (2009). "Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes
and vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis with the lentil crop in
Syria." Arab Journal of Plant Protection 27(1): 18-25.
9. Kaloshian, I., N. Greco, et al. (1986). "Life cycle of Heterodera ciceri on chickpea."
Nematologia Mediterranea 14(1): 135-145.
10. Vito, M. d., N. Greco, et al. (1994). "Plant parasitic nematodes of legumes in Turkey."
Nematologia Mediterranea 22(2): 245-251.
11. Vovlas, N., N. Greco, et al. (1985). "Heterodera ciceri sp.n. (Nematoda:
Heteroderidae) on Cicer arietinum from Northern Syria." Nematologia Mediterranea
13(2): 239-252.
62
Heterodera daverti Wout & Sturhan, 1978
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.00244
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.01208
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.003027
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025688
SOM top 50 in NT
0.006808
Biogeography
0.2 0.025688
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenicity has been demonstrated on
clover.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main hosts include Trifolium sp. Other
host include carnations, beans and peas.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Forms disease complex with fungal
pathogens and reduced root nodule
formation.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Recent reports of damage in areas
where it is known to occur.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Diagnostic protocols are not available.
Identification requires taxonomic
expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the molecular
characteristics of the species, host
range, pathotypes and ecological
preferences.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include
transportation of carnations as pot
plants, nursery stock, vegetative
propagative material and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts are able to survive adverse
conditions.
Overall risk index
0.4401376
Literature cited
63
1. Ambrogioni, L. and S. Caroppo (1988). "Life cycle of a cyst nematode close to
Heterodera daverti Wouts and Sturhan on Trifolium repens L. excised root cultures."
Redia 71(2): 439-454.
2. Giacometti, R., G. d'Errico, et al. (2010). "In vitro nematicidal activity of the
experimental formulation Tequil against Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera
daverti." Nematropica 40(2): 263-268.
3. Giacometti, R., G. d'Errico, et al. (2009). "Carnations, geodisinfection with an
exothermic reaction substance and water vapour." Colture Protette 38(9): 88-92.
4. Massoud, S. I., F. H. Abdel Rahman, et al. (1988). "Studies on Heterodera daverti on
Egyptian clover Trifolium alexandrinum." Nematologia Mediterranea 16(1): 7-11.
5. Massoud, S. I. and A. I. Ghorab (1988). "Parasitism of Heterodera daverti on clover
root rhizobium nodules in Egypt." Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 20(1): 73-78.
6. Nordmeyer, D. and R. A. Sikora (1983). "Four new hosts for Heterodera daverti."
Nematologia Mediterranea 11(1): 101-102.
7. Nordmeyer, D. and R. A. Sikora (1983). "Studies on the interaction between
Heterodera daverti, Fusarium avenaceum and F. oxysporum on Trifolium
subterraneum." Revue de Nematologie 6(2): 193-198.
8. Wouts, W. M. and D. Sturhan (1978). "Identity of Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932
and description of H. daverti n. sp (nematoda tylenchida)." Nematologica 24(1): 121.
64
Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984
Synonyms
Bidera filipjevi Madzhidov, 1981;
Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) Stone, 1985;
Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) Siddiqi, 1986
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.20286
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.23987
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.24593
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.11144
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000408
Biogeography
0.2 0.24593
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Pathogenic on wheat and causes
economic losses.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Mainly wheat. Other graminaceous
hosts are known.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Can form disease complexes with
fungal pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.8
At least 5 pathotypes are known and
there is intraspecific variability.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.8
Recent incursions in China and Serbia.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Can be confused with Heterodera
avenae, difficult to be distinguishing
pathotypes. Can occur as species
complex with other species of cereal
cyst nematodes H. latipons and H.
avenae.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 47.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on pathotypes,
molecular characteristics and
ecological preferences of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include vegetative
materials and as soil contaminant with
harvesting machinery.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to survive adverse
conditions.
Overall risk index
0.634186
Short notes
65
Is an important species which affects mainly cereals- is able to reproduce on lines resistant to
H. avenae, morphologically is very similar to H. avenae and can be confused while
identifying. H. filipjevi has lately been reported from Serbia, China and USA. Although the
host range is narrow they affect important crops such as wheat and are economically
significant pests. Such examples of narrow host range also include H. avenae, H. carotae, H.
fici, H. filipjevi and H. ciceri.
Literature cited
1. Hajihassani, A., Z. T. Maafi, et al. (2011). "Survey and biology of cereal cyst
nematode, Heterodera latipons, in rain-fed wheat in Markazi Province, Iran."
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 13(4): 576-580.
2. Hajihasani, A., Z. T. Maafi, et al. (2010). "The life cycle of Heterodera filipjevi in
winter wheat under microplot conditions in Iran." Nematologia Mediterranea 38(1):
53-57.
3. Hesar, A. M., E. M. Moghadam, et al. (2012). "Comparative morphological and
molecular study of Iranian populations of Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981)
Stelter, 1984 and other members of 'H. avenae group'." Journal of Nematode
Morphology and Systematics 15(1): 1-11.
4. Li, H. L., H. X. Yuan, et al. (2010). "First record of the cereal cyst nematode
Heterodera filipjevi in China." Plant Disease 94(12): 1505.
5. Oro, V., S. Zivkovic, et al. (2012). "First Report of the Cereal Cyst Nematode
Heterodera filipjevi on Wheat in Serbia." Plant Disease 96(10): 1583-1583.
6. Özarslandan, M., A. Özarslandan, et al. (2010). "Determination of the pathotype
group of Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) population and resistance of H.
populations against wheat genotypes." Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 34(4): 515-527.
7. Rumpenhorst, H. J., I. H. Elekçioğlu, et al. (1996). "The cereal cyst nematode
Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov) in Turkey." Nematologia Mediterranea 24(1): 135138.
8. Sahi̇ n, E., J. M. Ni̇ col, et al. (2010). "Hatching of Heterodera filipjevi in controlled
and natural temperature conditions in Turkey." Nematology 12(2): 193-200.
9. Yan, G. P. and R. W. Smiley (2010). "Distinguishing Heterodera filipjevi and H.
avenae using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
and cyst morphology." Phytopathology 100(3): 216-224.
10. Yan, G. P. and R. W. Smiley (2009). Discovery of Heterodera filipjevi on wheat in
the USA. Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and outlook. Proceedings of the
First Workshop of the International Cereal Cyst Nematode Initiative, Antalya,
Turkey, 21-23 October 2009. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol and A. A. Dababat: 94-99.
66
Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.39986
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.40779
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.34797
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.028084
SOM top 50 in NT
0.101
Biogeography
0.2 0.40779
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Damaging and economically
important pest of soybeans.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Soybean is the main host but can
survive on other crop and non crop
hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can interact with fungal pathogens,
increasing disease severity from other
soil pathogens, and reduce nitrogen
fixation. Associated with sudden death
syndrome of soybean.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.8
There is intraspecific variability and at
least 16 races are known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.8
Continues to cause damage in areas
where it is present and has also spread
into new areas.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are
available. Taxonomic expertise is
required for confirmatory diagnosis.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank:
36,461.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.5
There is uncertainty on ecological
preferences, genetic mechanisms used
to overcome resistance, and
management aspects.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include
propagative materials, as soil
contaminant with machinery and or
seeds, local dispersal with water, wind
and birds.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts can survive for long periods
67
in the absence of host and during
adverse conditions.
Overall risk index
0.63
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Adeniji, M. O., D. I. Edwards, et al. (1975). "Interrelationship of Heterodera glycines
and Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae in soybeans." Phytopathology 65(6): 722725.
2. Alston, D. G. and D. P. Schmitt (1987). "POPULATION-DENSITY AND SPATIAL
PATTERN OF HETERODERA-GLYCINES IN RELATION TO SOYBEAN
PHENOLOGY." Journal of Nematology 19(3): 336-345.
3. Alston, D. G. and D. P. Schmitt (1988). "DEVELOPMENT OF HETERODERAGLYCINES LIFE STAGES AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE." Journal of
Nematology 20(3): 366-372.
4. Dong, K., K. R. Barker, et al. (1997). "Genetics of soybean Heterodera glycines
interactions." Journal of Nematology 29(4): 509-522.
5. Francl, L. J. and V. H. Dropkin (1986). "HETERODERA-GLYCINES
POPULATION-DYNAMICS AND RELATION OF INITIAL POPULATION TO
SOYBEAN YIELD." Plant Disease 70(8): 791-795.
6. Inagaki, H. and M. Tsutsumi (1971). "Survival of the soybean cyst nematode,
Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) under certain storing
conditions." Appl Ent Zool Tokyo 6: 156-162.
7. Koenning, S. R. and S. C. Anand (1991). "EFFECTS OF WHEAT AND SOYBEAN
PLANTING DATE ON HETERODERA-GLYCINES POPULATION-DYNAMICS
AND SOYBEAN YIELD WITH CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE." Plant Disease
75(3): 301-304.
8. McLean, K. S. and G. W. Lawrence (1993). "Interrelationship of Heterodera glycines
and Fusarium solani in sudden-death syndrome of soybean." Journal of Nematology
25(3): 434-439.
9. McSorley, R. (2003). "Adaptations of nematodes to environmental extremes." Florida
Entomologist 86(2): 138-142.
10. Mizobutsi, E. H., S. Ferraz, et al. (2012). "Inoculum viability and survival of
Heterodera glycines race 3 in soil." Tropical Plant Pathology 37(3): 223-226.
11. Niblack, T. L., P. R. Arelli, et al. (2002). "A revised classification scheme for
genetically diverse populations of Heterodera glycines." Journal of Nematology
34(4): 279-288.
12. Niblack, T. L., K. N. Lambert, et al. (2006). A model plant pathogen from the
kingdom animalia: Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode. Annual Review
of Phytopathology. 44: 283-303.
13. Noel, G. R. (1992). HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND ECONOMICS. Biology and
Management of the Soybean Cyst Nematode. R. D. Riggs and J. A. Wrather: 1-13.
14. Noel, G. R. and D. I. Edwards (1996). "Population development of Heterodera
glycines and soybean yield in soybean-maize rotations following introduction into a
noninfested field." Journal of Nematology 28(3): 335-342.
15. Radice, A. D., R. D. Riggs, et al. (1988). "Detection of intraspecific diversity of
Heterodera glycines using isozyme phenotypes." Journal of Nematology 20(1): 29-39.
16. Riggs, R. D. and D. P. Schmitt (1988). "Complete characterization of the race scheme
for Heterodera glycines." Journal of Nematology 20(3): 392-395.
68
17. Riggs, R. D. (1988). "Races of Heterodera glycines." Nematropica 18(2): 163-170.
18. Riggs, R. D., T. L. Niblack, et al. (2001). "Overwinter population dynamics of
Heterodera glycines." Journal of Nematology 33(4): 219-226.
19. Ross, J. P. (1964). "EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENT OF
HETERODERA GLYCINES IN SOYBEAN ROOTS." Phytopathology 54(10):
1228-&.
20. Russin, J. S., M. B. Layton, et al. (1990). "Growth, nodule development, and N2fixing ability in soybean damaged by an insect fungus nematode pest complex."
Journal of Economic Entomology 83(1): 247-254.
21. Schroeder, N. E. and A. E. MacGuidwin (2010). "Behavioural quiescence reduces the
penetration and toxicity of exogenous compounds in second-stage juveniles of
Heterodera glycines." Nematology 12: 277-287.
22. Sipes, B. S., D. P. Schmitt, et al. (1992). "FITNESS COMPONENTS AND
SELECTION OF BIOTYPES OF HETERODERA-GLYCINES." Journal of
Nematology 24(3): 415-424.
23. Slack, D. A., R. D. Riggs, et al. (1972). "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND
MOISTURE ON SURVIVAL OF HETERODERA GLYCINES IN ABSENCE OF A
HOST." Journal of Nematology 4(4): 263-&.
24. Triantaphyllou, A. C. (1975). "GENETIC STRUCTURE OF RACES OF
HETERODERA-GLYCINES AND INHERITANCE OF ABILITY TO
REPRODUCE ON RESISTANT SOYBEANS." Journal of Nematology 7(4): 356363.
25. Triantaphyllou, A. C. and H. Hirechmann (1962). "Oogenesis and mode of
reproduction in the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines." Nematologica 7:
235-241.
26. Xing, L. and A. Westphal (2009). "Effects of crop rotation of soybean with corn on
severity of sudden death syndrome and population densities of Heterodera glycines in
naturally infested soil." Field Crops Research 112(1): 107-117.
27. Xing, L. J. and A. Westphal (2006). "Interaction of Fusarium solani f. sp glycines and
Heterodera glycines in sudden death syndrome of soybean." Phytopathology 96(7):
763-770.
28. Westphal, A. and L. J. Xing (2011). "Soil Suppressiveness Against the Disease
Complex of the Soybean Cyst Nematode and Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean."
Phytopathology 101(7): 878-886.
69
Heterodera goettingiana Liebscher, 1892
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.17378
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.12673
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.27343
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.22461
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000146
Biogeography
0.2 0.27343
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Is pathogenic to peas and causes
economic yield losses.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main hosts include peas and various
beans. Other known hosts include
lucerene and lupins.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Forms disease complex with fungal
pathogens and reduces nitrogen fixation
capacity of infected roots.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Continues to cause damage in areas
where it is present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Diagnostic protocols are available.
Taxonomic expertise is required for
confirmatory diagnosis.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 15.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.5
There is uncertainty on the genetic
characteristics, host range and
ecological preferences of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include planting
materials, seeds, and as soil
contaminant. Local dispersal with wind,
water and by birds is also possible.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to persist in soil in
absence of host and when conditions are
unsuitable.
Overall risk index
0.514686
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
70
1. Bleve-Zacheo, T., M. T. Melillo, et al. (1990). "Syncytia development in germplasm
pea accessions infected with Heterodera goettingiana." Nematologia Mediterranea
18(1): 93-102.
2. Boag, B. (1980). "Nematodes associated with peas and beans in Scotland." Annals of
Applied Biology 95(1): 125-128
3. Decker, H. and M. H. Al-Zainab (1987). "Development of Heterodera goettingiana in
Vicia faba." Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR 41(4): 73-77.
4. di Vito, M. (1991). "The pea cyst nematode, Heterodera goettingiana." Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry
Nematology Circular: 3pp.-3pp.
5. Divito, M., F. Lamberti, et al. (1978). "EFFECTS OF HETERODERAGOETTINGIANA ON WEIGHT OF FOLIAGE OF PEA PLANTS IN POTS."
Nematologica 24(2): 209-212.
6. Ferris, H. and N. Greco (1992). "Management strategies for Heterodera goettingiana
in a vegetable cropping system in Italy." Fundamental and Applied Nematology
15(1): 25-33.
7. Greco, N. and M. Di Vito (1994). "Nematodes of food legumes in the Mediterranean
Basin." Bulletin OEPP 24(2): 393-398.
8. Greco, N., H. Ferris, et al. (1991). "Effect of Heterodera goettingiana population
densities on the yield of pea, broad bean and vetch." Revue de Nematologie 14(4):
619-624.
9. Greco, N., M. di Vito, et al. (1986). "Studies on the biology of Heterodera
goettingiana in southern Italy." Nematologia Mediterranea 14(1): 23-39.
10. Green, C. D. and E. B. Dennis (1981). "An analysis of the variability in yield of pea
crops attacked by Heterodera goettingiana, Helicotylenchus vulgaris and Pratylenchus
thornei." Plant Pathology 30(2): 65-71.
11. Handoo, Z. A., A. M. Golden, et al. (1994). "Detection of a pea cyst nematode
(Heterodera goettingiana) in pea in western Washington." Plant Disease 78(8): 831831.
12. Jones, F. G. W., V. H. Meaton, et al. (1965). "POPULATION STUDIES ON PEA
CYST-NEMATODE HETERODERA GOETTINGIANA LIEBS." Annals of Applied
Biology 55(1): 13-&.
13. Maafi, Z. T., S. A. Subbotin, et al. (2003). "Molecular identification of cyst-forming
nematodes (Heteroderidae) from Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA
sequences." Nematology 5: 99-111.
14. Moriarty, F. (1962). "The effects of sowing time and of nitrogen on peas, Pisum
sativum and on pea root eel-worm, Heterodera goettingiana Liebscher." Nematologica
8: 169-175.
15. Perry, R. N., A. J. Clarke, et al. (1980). "HATCHING OF HETERODERA
GOETTINGIANA INVITRO." Nematologica 26(4): 493-495.
16. Rajan and L. Arjun (2004). "Interceptions of nematodes with quarantine
significance." Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 12(2): 397-402.
17. Shepherd, A. M. (1963). "The emergence of larvae of Heterodera goettingiana Liebs.
in vitro and a comparison between field populations of H. goettingiana and H.
rostochiensis Woll." Nematologica 9: 143-151.
18. Szalanski, A. L., D. D. Sui, et al. (1997). "Identification of Cyst Nematodes of
Agronomic and Regulatory Concern with PCR-RFLP of ITS1." J Nematol 29(3): 255267.
71
19. Tedford, E. C. and D. A. Inglis (1999). "Evaluation of legumes common to the Pacific
Northwest as hosts for the pea cyst nematode, Heterodera goettingiana." Journal of
Nematology 31(2): 155-163.
20. Vovlas, N. (2005). "Host suitability of Sonchus spp. to the pea cyst nematode
Heterodera goettingiana in Italy." International Journal of Nematology 15(1): 107109.
21. Zacheo, G., T. Bleve-Zacheo, et al. (1990). "Some biochemical properties of Pisum
sativum susceptible and resistant to Heterodera goettingiana." Nematologia
Mediterranea 18(2): 253-259.
72
Heterodera hordecalis Andersson, 1975
Synonyms
Bidera hordecalis (Andersson) Krall & Krall, 1978
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.002496
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.00022
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.016199
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.036494
SOM top 50 in NT
4.18E-08
Biogeography
0.2 0.036494
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.4
Damage is possible on barley
(Andersson, 1976; Sturhan 1996).
The impacts have not been
evaluated.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main hosts include barley, cereals
and grasses.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.4
Differences in host reactions are
known however formal
classification of pathotypes is
lacking.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent reports of
damage and or spread.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise
is required for identification. Can
be confused with other cereal cyst
nematodes such as H. latipons and
H. avenae which also occur on
cereals.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank:
14.
Uncertainty or
lack of Knowledge of
pest
0.1 0.7
There is little information on the
biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include
vegetative materials, seeds and as
soil contaminants.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to persist in absence
of host and when conditions are
73
unsuitable.
Overall risk index
0.3872988
Literature cited
1. Andersson, S. (1975). "Heterodera hordecalis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) a cyst
nematode of cereals and grasses in southern Sweden." Nematologica 20(4): 445-454.
2. Andersson, S. (1976). "Occurrence and behaviour of Heterodera hordecalis
Andersson and H. bifenestra Cooper in Sweden, with some references to H. avenae
Wollenweber and a similar Heterodera sp." Meddelanden Statens Vaztskyddsanstalt
16(170): 245-287.
3. Baksik, A., A. L. Zepp, et al. (1978). "The occurrence of Heterodera hordecalis
Andersson in Poland." Rocznik Nauk Rolniczych, E 7(1): 203-207.
4. Ireholm, A. (1994). "Characterization of pathotypes of cereal cyst nematodes,
Heterodera spp in sweden." Nematologica 40(3): 399-411.
5. Krall, E., D. Sturhan, et al. (1999). "Cyst nematodes attacking cereals and grasses in
Estonia." Transactions of the Estonian Agricultural University, Agronomy(203): 4448.
6. Lombardo, S., Z. Handoo, et al. (2009). Occurrence and distribution of cyst
nematodes infecting cereals in Sicily, Italy. Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research
and outlook. Proceedings of the First Workshop of the International Cereal Cyst
Nematode Initiative, Antalya, Turkey, 21-23 October 2009. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol
and A. A. Dababat: 61-65.
7. Maafi, Z. T., D. Sturhan, et al. (2007). "Species of the Heterodera avenae group
(Nematoda : Heteroderidae) from Iran." Russian Journal of Nematology 15(1): 49-58.
8. Rivoal, R., S. Valette, et al. (2003). "Genetic and phenotypic diversity in the
graminaceous cyst nematode complex, inferred from PCR-RFLP of ribosomal DNA
and morphometric analysis." European Journal of Plant Pathology 109(3): 227-241.
9. Sturhan, D. (1996). "The cereal and grass cyst nematodes Heterodera hordecalis and
H. bifenestra in Germany." Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur
Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem(317): 92-101.
74
Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969
Synonyms
Bidera latipons (Franklin) Krall & Krall, 1978;
Ephippiodera latipons (Franklin) Shagalina & Krall, 1981
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.085053
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.02578
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.22025
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.18
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000125
Biogeography
0.2 0.22025
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to wheat, barley and other
cereals and can cause economic yield
losses.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Parasitizes barley (Hordeum vulgare
L.), oats (Avena sativa L.),
rye (Secale cerale L.) and wheat
(Trititicum aestivum L.). Other hosts
include canary grass (Phalaris sp.)
(Mor et al. 1992). It seems that hard
and bread wheat (T. durum Desf.) are
poor hosts of this nematode (Scholz
2001).
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Not much information is available but
can exist in mixed populations with
other CCN and form complexes with
other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.5
Intraspecific variability is known with
differences in host reactions.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.7
Continues to cause damage in areas
where it is present and has been
detected in new areas.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Can occur in mixtures with other
cereal cyst nematodes H. avenae, H.
filipjevi.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank:
39.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the genetic
characteristics, host range, impacts,
association and interaction with other
soil pathogens.
75
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include
propagative materials, seeds, and as
soil contaminants.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to persist in soil in the
absence of host and when conditions
are unsuitable.
Overall risk index
0.56405
Literature cited
1. Al-Abed, A., A. Al-Momany, et al. (2009). Epidemiological studies on the
Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons, attacking barley in Jordan.
Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and outlook. Proceedings of the First
Workshop of the International Cereal Cyst Nematode Initiative, Antalya, Turkey, 2123 October 2009. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol and A. A. Dababat: 183-188.
2. Hajihasani, A., Z. T. Maafi, et al. (2010). "Relationships between population densities
of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons and yield losses of winter wheat in
microplots." Australasian Plant Pathology 39(6): 530-535.
3. Hajihassani, A., Z. T. Maafi, et al. (2011). "Survey and biology of cereal cyst
nematode, Heterodera latipons, in rain-fed wheat in Markazi Province, Iran."
International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 13(4): 576-580.
4. Hassan, G. A., K. Al-Assas, et al. (2008). "A survey of cyst nematode species in
wheat fields in Al-Hassakah governorate, north east Syria." Arab Journal of Plant
Protection 26(2): 118-122.
5. Mokrini, F., L. Waeyenberge, et al. (2012). "First Report of the Cereal Cyst
Nematode Heterodera latipons on Wheat in Morocco." Plant Disease 96(5): 774-774.
6. Momota, Y. (1979). "The first report of Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 in Japan."
Japanese Journal of Nematology 9: 73-74.
7. Mor, M., Y. Spiegel, et al. (2008). "Histological study of syncytia induced in cereals
by the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode Heterodera latipons." Nematology 10:
279-287.
8. Mor, M., E. Cohn, et al. (1992). "PHENOLOGY, PATHOGENICITY AND
PATHOTYPES OF CEREAL CYST NEMATODES, HETERODERA-AVENAE
AND H-LATIPONS (NEMATODA, HETERODERIDAE) IN ISRAEL."
Nematologica 38(4): 494-501.
9. Oka, Y., U. Gozel, et al. (2009). Cereal cyst nematodes in Israel, and their biology
and control strategies. Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and outlook.
Proceedings of the First Workshop of the International Cereal Cyst Nematode
Initiative, Antalya, Turkey, 21-23 October 2009. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol and A. A.
Dababat: 118-123.
10. Philis, I. (1988). "Occurrence of Heterodera latipons on barley in Cyprus."
Nematologia Mediterranea 16(2): 223-223.
11. Philis, J. (1997). "Heterodera latipons and Pratylenchus thornei attacking barley in
Cyprus." Nematologia Mediterranea 25(2): 305-309.
12. Philis, J. (1999). "The life cycle of the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode
Heterodera latipons in Cyprus." Nematologia Mediterranea 27(1): 43-46.
13. Rivoal, R. and J. M. Nicol (2009). Past research on the cereal cyst nematode complex
and future needs. Cereal cyst nematodes: status, research and outlook. Proceedings of
the First Workshop of the International Cereal Cyst Nematode Initiative, Antalya,
Turkey, 21-23 October 2009. I. T. Riley, J. M. Nicol and A. A. Dababat: 3-10.
76
14. Rivoal, R., S. Valette, et al. (2003). "Genetic and phenotypic diversity in the
graminaceous cyst nematode complex, inferred from PCR-RFLP of ribosomal DNA
and morphometric analysis." European Journal of Plant Pathology 109(3): 227-241.
15. Romero, M. D. (1980). "Heterodera latipons especie nueva para Espana."
Nematologia Mediterranea 8(1): 95-98.
16. Scholz, U. (2001). Biology, pathogenicity and control of the cereal cyst nematode
Heterodera latipons Franklin on wheat and barley under semiarid conditions, and
interactions with common root rot Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker
[teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus (Ito et Kurib.) Drechs. Ex Dastur.], Ph. D. Thesis
Dissertation, University of Bonn, Germany.
77
Heterodera oryzae Luc & Berdon Brizuela, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.14235
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.19329
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.10642
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.15E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.063856
Biogeography
0.2 0.19329
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Known to cause economic yield loss
in rice.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Rice is the main host. Other known
host include banana and weeds
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Can exist in mixed populations with
other rice nematodes H. elachista, M.
graminicola and form disease
complex with fungal and bacterial
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas
where it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required
for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank:
0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty on the biology
and ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include rice
seedlings, banana suckers, and other
propagative materials and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to persist in soil in
absence of host and when conditions
are adverse.
Overall risk index
0.468658
Literature cited
78
See CABI cpc profile
1. Cadet, P. and G. Merny (1978). "Influence of some factors on sex ratio in Heterodera
oryzae and H. sacchari (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)." Revue de Nematologie 1(2):
143-149.
2. Ibrahim, S. K. and R. N. Perry (1992). "Observations on the desiccation survival of
2nd-stage juveniles of the rice cyst nematodes, Heterodera sacchari, H. oryzae and H.
oryzicola." Nematologica 38(3): 328-334.
3. Luc, M. and R. Berdon Brizuela (1961). "Heterodera oryzae n. sp.(NematodaTylenchoidea) parasite du Riz En Cote D'Ivoire." Nematologica 6(4): 272-279.
4. Merny, G. and P. Cadet (1978). "Penetration of juveniles and development of adults
of Heterodera oryzae on different plants." Revue de Nematologie 1(2): 251-255.
5. Nobbs, J. M. (1992). "Morphological and biochemical differences between single cyst
cultures of Heterodera oryzae Luc & Berdon-Brizuela, 1961 (Nematoda:
Heteroderidae)." Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 2(1-2): 118-123.
6. Nobbs, J. M., S. K. Ibrahim, et al. (1992). "A morphological and biochemicalcomparison of the four cyst nematode species, Heterodera elachista, H. oryzicola, H.
oryzae and H. sacchari (nematoda, heteroderidae) known to attack rice (Oryza
sativa)." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15(6): 551-562.
7. Reversat, G. (1975). "Preliminary study of survival in anaerobiosis in 2nd stage larvae
of nematode Heterodera oryzae (Tylenchida Heteroderidae)." Comptes Rendus
Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L Academie Des Sciences Serie D 280(25): 28652868.
8. Reversat, G. (1977). "Influence of some external factors on rate of oxygen-uptake by
2nd-stage juveniles of Heterodera oryzae." Nematologica 23(3): 369-381.
9. Reversat, G. (1980). "Effect of in vitro storage time on the physiology of second stage
juveniles of Heterodera oryzae." Revue de Nematologie 3(2): 233-241.
10. Reversat, G. (1981). "Age-related-changes in the chemical oxygen-demand of 2nd
stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica and Heterodera oryzae." Nematologica
27(2): 220-227.
11. Taylor, D. P. (1978). "Parasitism of banana by Heterodera oryzae." Revue de
Nematologie 1(2): 165-169.
79
Heterodera oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash, 1978
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.050857
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.13756
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.011446
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.88E-10
SOM top 50 in NT
0.00064
Biogeography
0.2 0.13756
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to rice and banana causing
reduced yields in both.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main known hosts include rice and banana.
Weeds Cynodon dactylon,
Kyllinga monocephala and Urochola
decumbens can act as alternative hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Can form disease complex with fungus cause of seedling blight.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Diagnostic protocols are not available and
taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 2.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the genetic
characteristics and ecological preferences
of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as rice seedlings, banana
suckers and as soil contaminant with plant
materials and machinery.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to persist in soil in the
absence of host and when conditions are
unsuitable.
Overall risk index
0.462512
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
80
1. Charles, J. S. and T. S. Venkitesan (1985). "New hosts of Heterodera oryzicola Rao &
Jayaprakash, 1978 in Kerala, India." Indian Journal of Nematology 14(2): 181-182.
2. Charles, J. S. K. and T. S. Venkitesan (1990). "Host records of the rice cyst nematode
Heterodera oryzicola." Indian Journal of Nematology 20(2): 222-224.
3. Charles, J. S. K. and T. S. Venkitesan (1993). "Pathogenicity of Heterodera oryzicola
(Nemata, Tylenchina) towards banana (Musa AAB cv Nendran)." Fundamental and
Applied Nematology 16(4): 359-365.
4. Charles, J. S. K. and T. S. Venkitesan (1994). "Control of cyst nematode, Heterodera
oryzicola in banana cv. Nendran with nematicides." Annals of Plant Protection
Sciences 2(2): 49-51.
5. Charles, J. S. K. and T. S. Venkitesan (1995). "Biology of banana population of
Heterodera oryzicola (Nemata, Tylenchina)." Fundamental and Applied Nematology
18(5): 493-496.
6. Ibrahim, S. K. and R. N. Perry (1992). "Observations on the desiccation survival of
2nd-stage juveniles of the rice cyst nematodes, Heterodera sacchari, H. oryzae and H.
oryzicola." Nematologica 38(3): 328-334.
7. Jacob, A., H. Bai, et al. (1988). Extent of reduction in yield of rice caused by
Heterodera oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash, 1978. Integrated pest control: Progress and
perspectives. N. Mohandas and G. Koshy: 379-380.
8. Jayaprakash, A. and Y. S. Rao (1981). "Role of hatching factors in larval emergence
from cysts of Heterodera orizicola, a nematode pest of rice." Current Science 50(13):
601-601.
9. Jayaprakash, A. and Y. S. Rao (1982). "Life-history and behavior of the cyst
nematode, Heterodera oryzicola Rao and Jayaprakash, 1978 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)."
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Animal Sciences 91(3): 283-295.
10. Jayaprakash, A. and Y. S. Rao (1983). "Hatching behaviour of the cyst nematode,
Heterodera oryzicola." Indian Journal of Nematology 12(2): 400-402.
11. Jayaprakash, A. and Y. S. Rao (1984). "Cyst nematode, Heterodera oryzicola and
seedling blight fungus Sclerotium rolfsii disease complex in rice." Indian Journal of
Nematology 14(1): 58-59.
12. Jayaprakash, A. and Y. S. Rao (1984). "Vertical distribution of Heterodera oryzicola
in rice fields and influence of some edaphic factors and fertilizer application on the
nematode." Nematologia Mediterranea 12(1): 145-148.
13. Koshy, P. K., V. K. Sosamma, et al. (1988). "Occurrence of Heterodera oryzicola on
banana in Goa." Indian Journal of Nematology 17(2): 334-334.
14. Rao, Y. S., A. Jayaprakash, et al. (1988). "Nutritional disorders in rice due to
infestation by Heterodera oryzicola and Meloidogyne graminicola." Revue de
Nematologie 11(4): 375-380.
15. Rao, Y. S. and A. Jayaprakash (1978). "Heterodera oryzicola n. sp (Nematoda
Heteroderidae) - cyst nematode on rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Kerala state, India."
Nematologica 24(4): 341-&.
81
Heterodera sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.095836
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.19332
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.022702
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.94E-09
SOM top 50 in NT
0.12587
Biogeography
0.2 0.19332
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to rice and sugarcane, and
causes economic yield loss in rice.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Main hosts include rice and sugarcane.
Other grasses can act as alternative hosts.
Cereals such as maize, millet and sorghum
can act as alternative hosts and maintain
populations (Coyne et al 1999).
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Heavy infections by this nematode are
accompanied with root rot. However direct
evidence of disease complex with other soil
pathogens is lacking.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 3.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the genetic
characteristics, ecological preferences and
interactions with other soil pathogens.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as rice seedlings and as soil
contaminant. Local dispersal with irrigation
water, wind and animals is possible.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts are able to persist in soil in
absence of host and when conditions are
adverse.
Overall risk index
0.493664
82
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Audebert, A., D. L. Coyne, et al. (2000). "The influence of cyst nematodes
(Heterodera sacchari) and drought on water relations and growth of upland rice in
Cote d'Ivoire." Plant and Soil 220(1-2): 235-242.
2. Babatola, J. O. (1983). "Pathogenicity of Heterodera sacchari on rice." Nematologia
Mediterranea 11(1): 21-25.
3. Coyne, D., M. Smith, et al. (2001). "Plant parasitic nematode populations on upland
and hydromorphic rice in Cote d'Ivoire: relationship with moisture availability and
crop development on a valley slope." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 84(1):
31-43.
4. Coyne, D. L. and R. A. Plowright (2000). "Heterodera sacchari: field population
dynamics and damage to upland rice in Cote d'Ivoire." Nematology 2: 541-550.
5. Coyne, D. L. and R. A. Plowright (2002). "Assessment of the importance of
individual plant-parasitic nematode species in a community dominated by Heterodera
sacchari on upland rice in Cote d'Ivoire." Nematology 4: 661-669.
6. Coyne, D. L., R. A. Plowright, et al. (1996). "Preliminary investigations of nematodes
associated with rice in Guinea, Benin and Togo." Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology
6(1): 70-73.
7. Coyne, D. L. and R. A. Plowright (1999). "Susceptibility of some cereal crops to cyst
nematode Heterodera sacchari in West Africa." International Rice Research Notes
24(3): 17.
8. Coyne, D. L. (1999). "Effects of Heterodera sacchari population density on
establishment and development of upland rice cv. IDSA6 under field and pot
conditions." International Rice Research Notes 24(2): 21-22.
9. Fawole, B. and M. A. Raji (1988). "Relationship between numbers of Heterodera
sacchari cysts and upland rice growth and development." Annals of Applied Biology
112: 108-109.
10. Ibrahim, S. K. and R. N. Perry (1992). "Observations on the desiccation survival of
2nd-stage juveniles of the rice cyst nematodes, Heterodera sacchari, H. oryzae and H.
oryzicola." Nematologica 38(3): 328-334.
11. Ibrahim, S. K., R. N. Perry, et al. (1993). "Hatching behavior of the rice cyst
nematodes Heterodera sacchari and H. oryzicola in relation to age of host plant."
Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16(1): 23-29.
12. Maafi, Z. T., D. Sturhan, et al. (2007). "Morphological and molecular studies on
Heterodera sacchari, H. goldeni and H. leuceilyma (Nematoda : Heteroderidae)."
Nematology 9: 483-497.
13. Odihirin, R. A. (1977). "Irrigation water as a means for the dissemination of the sugar
cane cyst nematode Heterodera sacchari at Bacita Sugar Estate." Occasional
Publication, Nigerian Society for Plant Protection.(2): 58.
14. Reversat, G. and D. Destombes (1998). "Screening for resistance to Heterodera
sacchari in the two cultivated rice species, Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima."
Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21(4): 307-317.
15. Rivoal, R., S. Valette, et al. (2003). "Genetic and phenotypic diversity in the
graminaceous cyst nematode complex, inferred from PCR-RFLP of ribosomal DNA
and morphometric analysis." European Journal of Plant Pathology 109(3): 227-241.
16. Salawu, E. O. (1992). "Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera sacchari
singly and combined on the growth of sugarcane." Nematologia Mediterranea 20(2):
187-188.
83
17. Salawu, E. O. (1994). "Development and life cycle of Heterodera sacchari Luc &
Merny, 1963 on sugarcane." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 12(2): 131-136.
84
Heterodera zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.20274
0.43958
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.11871
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000931
SOM top 50 in NT
0.019705
Biogeography
0.2 0.43958
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Pathogenic to maize and causes economic
yield loss.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Hosts include maize, sorghum, rice, wheat,
barley, foxtail millet, barnyard millet,
finger millet, little millet, oat, rye,
sugarcane and khus-khus grass. Hosts
seem to vary depending on the races.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Can exist with other PPN, and can form
complexes with other soil pathogens (Rai
et al., 1996).
Pathotypes
0.05 0.8
There is evidence of genetic diversity in
populations from different geographical
locations (Meher et al., 2004; Umarao et
al., 2008; Grace et al., 2009). At least three
races can be differentiated (Singh et al
1989).
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present and there are records of new
detections recently in Indonesia, Portugal
and Greece.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Molecular diagnostic aids are available
however confirmation of identification
requires taxonomic expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 31.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on ecological
preferences, presence of pathotypes, and
interactions with other soil pathogens.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as rice seedlings, seed
potatoes and as soil contaminant. Local
85
spread with irrigation water, wind, and
birds is possible.
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1 0.8
Cysts are able to persist in soil in absence
of host and when conditions are
unfavourable.
0.642916
Literature cited
1. Baliadi, Y. (2008). "Identification of the morphological characters of cyst nematodes
of cultivated maize (Heterodera zeae) in Indonesia." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 14(1):
1-5
2. Bajaj, H. K. and D. C. Gupta (1994). "Existence of host races in Heterodera zeae
Koshy et-al." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17(4): 389-390.
3. Correia, F. J. S. and I. M. D. Abrantes (2005). "Characterization of Heterodera zeae
populations from Portugal." Journal of Nematology 37(3): 328-335.
4. Grace, T., G. Ragesh, et al. (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of ITS region of rDNA
reveals strong genetic divergence among geographically isolated populations of
Heterodera zeae." International Journal of Nematology 19(2): 196-202.
5. Hashmi, S., L. R. Krusberg, et al. (1993). "Reproduction of Heterodera zeae and its
suppression of corn plant-growth as affected by temperature." Journal of Nematology
25(1): 55-58.
6. Ismail, A. E., S. K. Abadir, et al. (1996). "Reproductive potential of Heterodera zeae
on corn under field conditions." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 14(1): 41-48.
7. Kanwar, R. S., H. K. Bajaj, et al. (1995). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated with
maize in Haryana along with biology of Heterodera zeae on maize." Indian Journal of
Nematology 25(1): 125-126.
8. Kaul, R. K. and C. L. Sethi (1982). "Interaction amongst Heterodera zeae,
Meloidogyne incognita and Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris on Zea mays." Indian Journal
of Nematology 12(1): 91-98.
9. Khan, M. Q. and A. Hussain (2004). "Plant parasitic nematodes in seed potato crop of
northern areas of Pakistan." International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 1(3):
365-367.
10. Krusberg, L. R., S. Sardanelli, et al. (1997). "Damage potential of Heterodera zeae to
Zea mays as affected by edaphic factors." Fundamental and Applied Nematology
20(6): 593-599.
11. Meher, H. C. and P. Venkatesan (2004). "RAPD markers and microsatellites for
detecting genetic polymorphism in six isolates of Heterodera zeae from India."
Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 12(1): 110-114.
12. Mishra, S. M. and P. Gupta (1986). "Pathogenicity of Heterodera zeae on maize ( Zea
mays)." Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 16(2): 190-192.
13. Rai, B., K. N. Pathak, et al. (1996). "Effect of inoculation of Heterodera zeae,
Exserohilum turcicum Setosphaeria turcica and Fusarium moniliforme Gibberella
fujikuroi alone and in combination in rabi maize and the development of Turcicum
leaf blight." Indian Journal of Nematology 26(1): 105-108.
14. Singh, S., S. Kumar, et al. (1998). "Esterase and malate dehydrogenase patterns of
races of Heterodera cajani and H. zeae." Indian Journal of Nematology 28(2): 105109.
86
15. Skantar, A. M., Z. A. Handoo, et al. (2010). "Morphological and molecular
description of Heterodera zeae from a corn field in Greece." Journal of Nematology
42(3): 268-268.
16. Srivastava, A. N. and L. Jagan (2004). "Effect of carbofuran and carbosulfan
following soil, seed and foliar application on plant growth of maize and reproduction
of maize cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae." Indian Journal of Nematology 34(2): 200203.
17. Srivastava, A. N. and R. K. Jaiswal (2010). "Biodiversity of maize cyst nematode,
Heterodera zeae in maize-wheat cropping system in Himachal Pradesh." Annals of
Plant Protection Sciences 18(1): 282.
18. Umarao, T. Grace, et al. (2008). "Molecular characterization of Indian populations of
maize cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae using PCR-RFLP of ribosomal DNA." Indian
Journal of Nematology 38(1): 81-85.
87
Hirschmanniella gracilis (De Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1964
Synonyms
Tylenchus gracilis de Man, 1880;
Tylenchorhynchus gracilis (de Man) Micoletzky, 1925;
Anguillulina gracilis (de Man) Goodey, 1932;
Chitinotylenchus gracilis (de Man) Hirschmann, 1955;
Radopholus gracilis (de Man) Allen, 1955 (also n. comb. by Hirschmann, 1955);
Hirschmannia gracilis (de Man) Luc & Goodey, 1962;
Radopholus gigas Andrássy, 1954;
Hirschmanniella gigas (Andrássy) Sher, 1968
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.24412
0.3218
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.23217
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.09084
SOM top 50 in NT
0.019855
Biogeography
0.2 0.3218
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to rice. Controlling H. gracilis
increased rice yields however direct
impacts of nematode on yield is not
available.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main host is rice. Other hosts include
sunflower, potamogeton, and tall fescue.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Causes root necrosis (Prior et al 2010)
however interaction with other soil
pathogens has not been demonstrated.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Recent reports form new locations.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic protocols not available
and taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 4.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include aquarium plants,
propagative materials and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Reported mainly from wet environments,
likely to survive in direct association with
88
its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.45936
Literature cited
1. Afshar, F. J., E. Pourjam, et al. (2006). "Tylenchs associated with Jiroft orchards and
a description of four newly found species for the nematode fauna of Iran." Iranian
Journal of Agricultural Sciences 37(3): 529-543.
2. Ahmad, N., P. K. Das, et al. (1984). "Evaluation of yield losses in rice due to
Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1963 (Tylenchida:
Nematoda) at Hooghly (West Bengal)." Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India
5(2/3): 85-91.
3. Prejs, K. (1973). "Nematodes (Nematoda) in the rhizosphere of Potamogeton lucens
L. and Potamogeton perfoliatus L. in Mikolajskie Lake." Bulletin de l'Academie
Polonaise des Sciences. Sciences Biologiques, Cl. II 21(9): 585-588.
4. Prejs, K. (1986). "Nematodes as a possible cause of rhizome damage in three species
of Potamogeton." Hydrobiologia 131(3): 281-286.
5. Prior, T., S. Hockland, et al. (2010). "First report of Hirschmanniella gracilis in the
UK causing necrosis to roots of tall fescue." New Disease Reports 22: 23.
6. Ryss, A. Y. and W. Karnkowski (2010). "Hirschmanniella caudacrena Sher, 1968
intercepted in aquarium plants imported to Poland." Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin
40(2): 204-210.
7. Seenivasan, N. and K. Devrajan (2002). "Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas
fluorescens against rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella gracilis on rice." Current
Nematology 13(1/2): 35-38.
8. Sturhan, D. and J. Hallmann (2010). "The genus Hirschmanniella (Tylenchida:
Pratylenchidae) in Europe, with description of H. halophila sp. n. from Germany and
notes on H. caudacrena." Nematology 12: 809-826.
9. Vetrivelkalai, P. and S. Subramanian (2006). "Population dynamics of plant parasitic
nematodes in different cropping sequences under wetland system." Indian Journal of
Nematology 36(1): 6-9.
10. Wu, H. (1999). "Impact of rice-root nematode on chlorophyl contents and relative
biochemicals of rice crop." Acta Phytophylacica Sinica 26(2): 187-188.
89
Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher, 1968
Synonyms
Tylenchus gracilis apud Imamura, 1931
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.11259
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.12662
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.073473
SOM top 50 in TAS
9.40E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.022597
Biogeography
0.2 0.12662
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to rice.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Rice is the main host. Alternative hosts
include weeds and lotus.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Causes root necrosis however association
in disease complexes has not been
demonstrated.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present. There are no recent reports of
spread of this species.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty of the biology (genetic
characteristics, host range) and ecology of
the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include rice seedlings,
propagative materials and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Likely to survive in direct association with
its host. Information on survival
adaptations is lacking.
Overall risk index
0.400324
Literature cited
1. Babatola, J. O. and J. Bridge (1979). "Pathogenicity of Hirschmanniella oryzae, H.
spinicaudata, and H. imamuri on rice." Journal of Nematology 11(2): 128-132.
90
2. Babatola, J. O. and J. Bridge (1980). "Feeding behaviour and histopathology of
Hirschmanniella oryzae, H. imamuri, and H. spinicaudata on rice." Journal of
Nematology 12(1): 48-53.
3. Babatola, J. O. (1983). "In vitro studies on activity and survival of Hirschmanniella
spp. in some chemical solutions." Annals of Applied Biology 102(2): 355-363.
4. Babatola, J. O. (1981). "Effect of pH, oxygen and temperature on the activity and
survival of Hirschmanniella spp." Nematologica 27(3): 285-291.
5. Babatola, J. O. (1979). "Varietal reaction of rice and other food crops to the rice-root
nematodes, Hirschmanniella oryzae, H. imamuri and H. spinicaudata." Nematropica
9(2): 123-128.
6. Goto, M. (1973). "Ecological studies on Hirschmanniella imamuri S.A. Sher and H.
oryzae S.A. Sher in Shonai District, Japan. III. On the factors affecting isolation of the
nematode from rice roots." Journal of the Yamagata Agriculture and Forestry Society
30: 20-27.
7. Goto, M. (1973). Invasion of rice roots in paddy fields by the rice root nematode
(Hirschmanniella imamuri). 17th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Applied
Entomology and Zoology, Nagano, Japan, 3-5 April 1973: 128.
8. Ichinohe, M. (1988). "Current research on the major nematode problems in Japan."
Journal of Nematology 20(2): 184-190.
9. Kuwahara, M. and K. Iyatomi (1970). "Studies of the bionomics of the rice-root
nematode, Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher and Hirschmanniella oryzae (Soltwedel)
Luc & Goodey, with special reference to its mode of life and population dynamics."
Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 14(3): 117-121.
10. Mihira, T. and M. Nagai (1996). "Occurrence of browning of East Indian lotus tuber
and host suitability by rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella imamuri." Proceedings of
the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society(43): 261-263.
11. Sato, T., T. Koyama, et al. (1970). "Relation between the occurrence of rice root
nematodes (Hirschmanniella oryzae Luc & Goodey and Hirschmanniella imamuri
Sher) and the cultivating practices of paddy rice plant." Bulletin of the Tohoku
National Agricultural Experiment Station 39: 207-219 pp.
91
Hirschmanniella miticausa Bridge, Mortimer & Jackson, 1983
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
2.15E-06
SOM top 50 in QLD
2.99E-05
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
6.96E-08
SOM top 50 in TAS
SOM top 50 in NT
9.60E-13
0.050307
Biogeography
0.2 0.050307
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Is pathogenic to taro.
Host range
0.1 0.1
Only known host is taro.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Forms disease complex with fungal
pathogens and causes rotting of taro corms.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
No records of recent spread.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include infected tubers
and planting materials. The direct
association of the nematode with tubers
increases the chances of human mediated
dispersal with movement of produce.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Likely to survive in direct association with
its host and for short periods in soil as
contaminant.
Overall risk index
0.3350614
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Bridge, J., J. J. Mortimer, et al. (1983). "Hirschmanniella miticausa n. sp. (Nematoda:
Pratylenchidae) and its pathogenicity on taro (Colocasia esculenta)." Revue de
Nematologie 6(2): 285-290.
2. Bridge, J. and S. L. M. Page (1984). "Plant nematode pests of crops in Papua New
Guinea." Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 1(2): 99-109.
92
Hirschmanniella oryzae (van Breda de Hann, 1902) Luc & Goodey,
1964
Synonyms
Tylenchus oryzae van Breda de Haan, 1902;
Anguillulina oryzae (van Breda de Haan) Goodey, 1932;
Hirschmannia oryzae (van Breda de Haan) Luc & Goodey, 1962;
Radopholus oryzae (van Breda de Haan) Thorne, 1949;
Rotylenchus oryzae (van Breda de Haan) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941;
Tylenchus apapillatus Imamura, 1931;
Anguillulina apapillata (Imamura) Goodey, 1932;
Rotylenchus apapillatus (Imamura) Filipjev, 1936
Hirschmanniella apapillata (Imamura) Siddiqi, 1986;
Hirschmanniella nana Siddiqi, 1966;
Hirschmanniella exigua Khan, 1972
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.47383
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.64614
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.31355
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000322
SOM top 50 in NT
0.42228
Biogeography
0.2 0.64614
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to rice, causes economically
important yield losses.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Rice is the main host however other crops
and weeds can act as alternative hosts.
Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli),
Juncus spp., juncle rice, red rice, knot grass,
bristle rush, nut grass, bermuda grass and
common reed (Abd-Elbary et al., 2012).
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Infection by H. oryzae is likely to increase
the susceptibility of roots to attack by other
soil pathogens. The response mechanism in
Rice to infection by H. oryzae is similar to
the response caused by fungi (Kyndt et al
2012). The interactions between H. oryzae
and other soil pathogens are poorly known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Continues to cause damage in areas where it
is present and spread into new areas.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required for
93
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 3.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the interactions with
other soil microorganisms, ecology survival adaptations and molecular
characteristics of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include rice seedlings,
and other propagative materials such as
banana suckers grown in vicinity of rice, and
as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
The nematode is likely to survive for short
period in soil and for longer periods when in
direct association with its hosts.
Overall risk index
0.534228
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Abd-Elbary, N. A., M. F. M. Eissa, et al. (2012). "Reproduction of the rice root
nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae on some field crops and common weeds."
Nematologia Mediterranea 40(1): 83-86.
2. Aly, K. and S. S. Shaukat (2000). "Effect of single and simultaneous inoculations of
Hirschmanniella oryzae and Tylenchorhynchus annulatus to rice seedlings under
laboratory conditions." Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 16(2): 197-200.
3. Babatola, J. O. (1979). "Varietal reaction of rice and other food crops to the rice-root
nematodes, Hirschmanniella oryzae, H. imamuri and H. spinicaudata." Nematropica
9(2): 123-128.
4. Babatola, J. O. and J. Bridge (1979). "Pathogenicity of Hirschmanniella oryzae, H.
spinicaudata, and H. imamuri on rice." Journal of Nematology 11(2): 128-132.
5. Babatola, J. O. and J. Bridge (1980). "Feeding behaviour and histopathology of
Hirschmanniella oryzae, H. imamuri, and H. spinicaudata on rice." Journal of
Nematology 12(1): 48-53.
6. Chen, D. Y., H. F. Ni, et al. (2006). "Distribution of rice root nematode
Hirschmanniella oryzae and a new recorded H. mucronata (Nematoda:
Pratylenchidae) in Taiwan." Plant Pathology Bulletin 15(3): 197-210.
7. Cho, H., T. W. Mew, et al. (1994). "Assessment of yield loss by rice-root nematode
Hirschmanniella oryzae, in IRRI rice fields." RDA Journal of Agricultural Science,
Rice 36(1): 63-67.
8. Hendro, M. E., J. C. Prot, et al. (1992). "Population dynamics of Hirschmanniella
mucronata and H. oryzae on Sesbania rostrata, Aeschynomene afraspera and rice cv.
IR 58." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15(2): 167-172.
9. Jonathan, E. I. and B. Velayutham (1987). "Evaluation of yield loss due to rice root
nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae." International Nematology Network Newsletter
4(4): 8-9.
10. Kuwahara, M. and K. Iyatomi (1970). "Studies of the bionomics of the rice-root
nematode, Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher and Hirschmanniella oryzae (Soltwedel)
Luc & Goodey, with special reference to its mode of life and population dynamics."
Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 14(3): 117-121.
94
11. Kuwahara, M. and I. Kisabu (1970). "Studies of the bionomics of the rice-root
nematode, Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher and Hirschmanniella oryzae (Soltwedel)
Luc & Goodey, with special reference to its mode of life and population dynamics."
Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 14: 117-121.
12. Kyndt, T., K. Nahar, et al. (2012). "Comparing systemic defence-related gene
expression changes upon migratory and sedentary nematode attack in rice." Plant
Biology 14: 73-8
13. Pokharel, R. R., P. Hobbs, et al. (2004). "Population densities of rice root nematode
(Hirschmanniella spp.) in long-term fertility experiments in Nepal." Nematologia
Mediterranea 32(2): 189-194.
14. Poussin, J. C., T. Neuts, et al. (2005). "Interactions between irrigated rice (Oryza
sativa) growth, nitrogen amendments and infection by Hirschmanniella oryzae
(Nematoda, Tylenchida)." Applied Soil Ecology 29(1): 27-37.
15. Rinaudo, G. and G. Germani (1981). "Effect of the nematodes Hirschmanniella
oryzae and H. spinicaudata on the N2 fixation in the rice rhizosphere." Revue de
Nematologie 4(1): 171-172.
16. Scotto la Massese, C. (1976). "New host of Hirschmanniella oryzae and new
localizations of H. oryzae and H. gracilis." Nematologia Mediterranea 4(2): 235.
17. Ying, Y., H. Zhou, et al. (1996). "The relationships between the infection of
Hirschmanniella oryzae, rice growth and yield loss." Journal of South China
Agricultural University 17(4): 14-17.
18. Youssef, M. M. A. and M. H. El-Hamawi (1996). "Yield of rice as influenced by
Hirschmanniella oryzae population densities and nematode control." Afro-Asian
Journal of Nematology 6(2): 114-116.
95
Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc &
Goodey, 1962
Synonyms
Tylenchorhynchus spinicaudatus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944
Hirschmannia spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven) Luc & Goodey, 1962
Radopholus lavabri Luc, 1957
Hirschmanniella lavabri (Luc) Sher, 1968
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.31529
0.313
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.25965
SOM top 50 in TAS
8.66E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.28744
Biogeography
0.2 0.31529
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to rice - causing chlorosis and
yield loss.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Rice is the main host. Other weeds can
act as alternative hosts (Babatola, 1990).
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
The nematode is an ectoparasite hence
feeding on the roots can increase the
susceptibility to attack of roots by other
soil pathogens. However direct evidence
and interactions with other soil
microorganisms are poorly known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
formation of complexes, molecular
characteristics and ecological preferences
of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include rice seedlings,
propagative materials and as soil
contaminant. Local dispersal with
irrigation water is possible.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Likely to persist when in direct
96
association with its hosts. Survive in soil
for short periods in absence of host
(Reversat, 1981).
Overall risk index
0.428058
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Babatola, J. O. (1980). "Studies on the weed hosts of the rice root nematode,
Hirschmanniella spinicaudata Sch Stek 1944." Weed Research 20(1): 59-61.
2. Babatola, J. O. (1984). "Rice nematode problems in Nigeria - their occurrence,
distribution and pathogenesis." Tropical Pest Management 30(3): 256-265.
3. Cadet, P. and P. Queneherve (1982). "Action of nematicides against Hirschmanniella
spinicaudata in flooded rice fields." Revue de Nematologie 5(1): 93-102
4. Merny, G. (1970). "Growth law on rice plants of an endophytic population of
Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (Nematoda Tylenchoidea) as function of a variable
inoculum." Nematologica 16(2): 227-&.
5. Merny, G. (1972). "The phytoparasitic nematodes of the flooded rice paddies of the
Ivory Coast. III. Studies on the population dynamics of two endoparasites:
Hirschmanniella spinicaudata and Heterodera oryzae." Cahiers de l'Office de la
Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Serie Biologie(16): 31-87.
6. Mounport, D., P. Baujard, et al. (1997). "Studies on the body wall ultrastructure of
Hirschmanniella oryzae and H-spinicaudata (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)."
Fundamental and Applied Nematology 20(6): 587-591.
7. Reversat, G. (1981). "Effects of ageing and starvation on respiration and food reserve
content in adult Hirschmanniella spinicaudata." Revue de Nematologie 4(1): 125-130.
8. Rinaudo, G. and G. Germani (1981). "Effect of the nematodes Hirschmanniella
oryzae and H. spinicaudata on the N2 fixation in the rice rhizosphere." Revue de
Nematologie 4(1): 171-172.
9. Van den Berg, E., S. A. Subbotin, et al. (2009). "Hirschmanniella kwazuna sp n. from
South Africa with notes on a new record of H. spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven,
1944) Luc & Goodey, 1964 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) and on the molecular
phylogeny of Hirschmanniella Luc & Goodey, 1964." Nematology 11: 523-540.
97
Hoplolaimus (B.) columbus Sher, 1963
Synonyms
Hoplolaimus columbus Sher, 1963
Basiriolaimus columbus (Sher) Shamsi, 1979
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.19519
0.2613
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.12667
SOM top 50 in TAS
4.48E-05
SOM top 50 in NT
0.054239
Biogeography
0.2 0.2613
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic and causes economic yield
losses to cotton, soybean cotton. Impacts on
other crops are poorly known.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Main hosts are cotton and soybean. Also
parasitises other crops (including
sugarcane, maize) and weeds.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can form disease complex with fungal
pathogens (Fortnum, 1979) as well as
interact with other PPN species such as
RKN (Appel and Lewis, 1984; Guy and
Lewis, 1987).
Pathotypes
0.05 0.3
Although intraspecific variation is known
(Bae et al 2009), races or pathotypes are not
known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present. The removal of effective
nematicides from the market has made it
difficult to control this nematode.
Species identification
0.1 0.5
Molecular methods are available for
identification. Taxonomic expertise is
required for confirmation of identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 73.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the impacts on other
crops, molecular characteristics, survival
adaptations and ecological preferences of
the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The survival adaptations are not well
98
known. It is likely the species will persist in
presence of hosts and survive in soil
contaminant for relatively short periods.
Overall risk index
0.50726
Literature cited
1. Appel, J. A. and S. A. Lewis (1984). "Pathogenicity and reproduction of Hoplolaimus
columbus and Meloidogyne incognita on Davis soybean." Journal of Nematology
16(4): 349-355.
2. Astudillo, G. E. and W. Birchfield (1980). "PATHOLOGY OF HOPLOLAIMUS
COLUMBUS ON SUGARCANE." Phytopathology 70(6): 565-565.
3. Bae, C. H., A. L. Szalanski, et al. (2009). "Genetic variation of Hoplolaimus
columbus populations in the United States using PCR-RFLP analysis of nuclear
rDNA ITS regions." Journal of Nematology 41(3): 187-193.
4. Bond, C. R. and J. D. Mueller (2007). "Delayed maturity and associated yield loss in
cotton infected by the Columbia lance ( Hoplolaimus columbus Sher) nematode."
Journal of Cotton Science 11(4): 275-287.
5. Bowman, D. T. and D. P. Schmitt (1994). "SCREENING COTTON FOR
TOLERANCE TO HOPLOLAIMUS-COLUMBUS." Plant Disease 78(7): 695-697.
6. Fassulio.G (1974). "HOST RANGE OF COLUMBIA LANCE NEMATODE,
HOPLOLAIMUS-COLUMBUS." Plant Disease Reporter 58(11): 1000-1002.
7. Fassuliotis, G., G. J. Rau, et al. (1968). "Hoplolaimus columbus, a nematode parasite
associated with cotton and soybeans in South Carolina." Plant Disease Reporter 52(7):
571-572.
8. Fortnum, B. A. (1979). "Nematode-fungus interactions: factors affecting nematode
reproduction and soybean preconditioning to Cylindrocladium crotalariae."
Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 39(11): 5167-5167.
9. Guy, D. W., Jr. and S. A. Lewis (1987). "Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita
and Hoplolaimus columbus on Davis soybean." Journal of Nematology 19(3): 346351.
10. Koenning, S. R. (2002). "Tolerance to Hoplolaimus columbus in glyphosate-resistant,
transgenic soybean cultivars." Journal of Nematology 34(4): 370-373.
11. Koenning, S. R. and D. T. Bowman (2005). "Cotton tolerance to Hoplolaimus
columbus and impact on population densities." Plant Disease 89(6): 649-653.
12. Koenning, S. R., K. L. Edmisten, et al. (2003). "Impact of cotton production systems
on management of Hoplolaimus columbus." Journal of Nematology 35(1): 73-77.
13. Koenning, S. R., T. L. Kirkpatrick, et al. (2004). "Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking
cotton in the United States - Old and emerging production challenges." Plant Disease
88(2): 100-113.
14. Lewis, S. A., F. H. Smith, et al. (1974). "Host range, distribution and control of
Hoplolaimus columbus." Journal of Nematology 6(4): 145-145.
15. Mueller, J. D. and O. L. May (1995). "Yield losses associated with Columbia lance
and root-knot nematodes." 1995 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San
Antonio, TX, USA, January 4-7, 1995: Volume 1.: 212-212.
99
Hoplolaimus (B.) indicus Sher, 1963
Synonums
Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963
Basirolaimus indicus (Sher) Shamsi, 1979
Hoplolaimus arachidis Maharaju & Das, 1982
Basiriolaimus arachidis (Maharaju & Das) Siddiqi, 1986
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.20242
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.42628
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.1368
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025843
SOM top 50 in NT
0.05784
Biogeography
0.2 0.42628
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to rice, maize, mango.
Impacts on other crops are poorly
known.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Has a wide host range including
common crops and weeds.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Can form disease complex with fungal
pathogens (Hamiduzzaman et al 1997;
Mehta et al., 1994). Predisposes the
roots of host plant to attack by other
soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Continues to cause damage in areas
where it is present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the molecular
characteristics, interactions with other
soil pathogens, impacts on vegetable
crops other than the main hosts and
ecological preferences of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways for the species
include nursery stock e.g. Mango
trees, propagative materials and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The nematode is likely to persist in
100
direct association with host plants and
survive for short periods in soil.
Overall risk index
0.550256
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Anderson, R. V. (1983). "Morphological-characteristics of Hoplolaimus indicus Sher,
1963 in Canada, a parasite of wild rice." Journal of Nematology 15(3): 366-369.
2. Anwar, S. A., M. V. McKenry, et al. (2012). "Nematode and Fungal Communities
Associated With Mango Decline of Southern Punjab." Pakistan Journal of Zoology
44(4): 915-922.
3. Azmi, M. I. and M. S. Jairajpuri (1976). "Mechanism of locomotion in Hoplolaimus
indicus and Helicotylenchus indicus." Nematologica 22(3): 277-283.
4. Dasgupta, D. R., S. Nand, et al. (1970). "Culturing, embryology and life history
studies on lance nematode, Hoplolaimus indicus." Nematologica 16(2): 235-248.
5. Gupta, J. C. and A. S. Atwal (1971). "Biology and ecology of Hoplolaimus indicus
(Hoplolaiminae Nematoda) .1. Life stages and feeding behaviour." Nematologica
17(1): 69-74.
6. Gupta, J. C. and A. S. Atwal (1971). "Biology and ecology of Hoplolaimus indicus
(Hoplolaiminae Nematoda) .2 influence of various environmental factors and host
plants on reproductive potential." Nematologica 17(2): 277-284.
7. Hamiduzzaman, M. M., M. B. Meah, et al. (1997). "Effect of Fusarium oxysporum
and nematode interaction on guava wilt." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology
13(1/2): 9-11.
8. Haque, S. and M. C. Mukhopadhyaya (1979). "Pathogenicity of Macrophomina
phaseoli on jute in the presence of Meloidogyne incognita and Hoplolaimus indicus."
Journal of Nematology 11(4): 318-321.
9. Jairajpuri, M. S., M. I. Azmi, et al. (1974). "Studies on nematode behaviour. I. Effect
of pH and salt concentrations on the survival of Hoplolaimus indicus, Helicotylenchus
indicus, Xiphinema basiri, and Mylonchulus minor." Indian Journal of Nematology
4(2): 171-181.
10. Khan, T. M. A., A. Khan, et al. (1992). "Effect of single and simultaneous
inoculations of Hoplolaimus indicus and Pratylenchus zeae on maize seedlings under
laboratory conditions." Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 8(4): 473-475.
11. Mehta, U. K., D. M. Raj, et al. (1994). "Interaction among Pratylenchus zeae Graham,
1951 and Hoplolaimus indicus Sher, 1963 and wilt fungi on sugarcane." Annals of
Plant Protection Sciences 2(2): 33-36.
12. Nandkumar, C. and S. Khera (1973). "In vitro studies on the feeding habits of
Pratylenchus mulchandi and Hoplolaimus indicus on pearl millet roots." Indian
Journal of Nematology 3(2): 138-142.
13. Ray, H. N., N. K. Saha, et al. (1994). "Dynamics of concomitant populations of
Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi and Hoplolaimus indicus in sugarcane fields under
crop sequences and pesticide application." Indian Journal of Nematology 24(1): 9399.
14. Singh, K. and S. R. Misra (1976). "Pathogenicity and histopathology of Hoplolaimus
indicus on sugarcane." Nematologica 22(4): 433-436.
15. Siyanand, A. R. Seshadri, et al. (1982). "Investigation on the life-cycles of
Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris, Pratylenchus thornei and Hoplolaimus indicus
101
individually and in combined infestations in maize." Indian Journal of Nematology
12(2): 272-276.
102
Ibipora lineatus (Román, 1964) Monteiro & Lordello, 1977
Synonyms
Belonolaimus lineatus Román, 1964
Species
Criteria
weights
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.000118
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.00099
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
6.28E-06
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.48E-08
SOM top 50 in NT
0.032029
Notes
Biogeography
0.2 0.032029
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
Little information is available on the
pathogenicity. Parasitises sugarcane and
cucurbits.
Host range
0.1 0.2
Known hosts include sugarcane and
Cucurbits. There is little information of the
host range.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Only morphological information is
available and taxonomic expertise is
required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much is known about the biology,
ecology and distribution of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Not much information is available. The
species is likely to persist in direct
association with its host and survive in soil
for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.3164058
Literature cited
1. Monteiro, A. R. and L. G. E. Lordello (1977). "Two new nematodes found in
association with sugarcane." Revista de Agricultura, Piracicaba, Brazil. 52(1): 5-11.
2. Naveda, I., R. Crozzoli, et al. (1999). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated with
cucurbits in Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon state, Venezuela." Fitopatologia Venezolana
12(1): 14-17.
103
3. Roman, J. (1964). "Belonolaimus lineatus n.sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae)." Journal of
Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 48(2): 131-134
4. Roman, J. (1968). Nematode problems of sugarcane in Puerto Rico. Tropical
nematology. J. G. C. P. Smart, V. G., Gainesville: University of Florida Press: 61-67.
104
Longidorus attenuatus Hooper, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.048501
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.10133
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.020228
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.063549
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000142
Biogeography
0.2 0.10133
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Direct damage caused by feeding action on
roots - docking disorder of sugarbeet.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Omniphagous- direct feeding and act as
vector for viruses.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can act as vector of tomato black ring virus
and Artichoke Italian latent virus (Harrison,
1964; Taylor et al., 1976).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.4
Molecular methods for rapid diagnosis are
available. Some taxonomic expertise is
required for confirmation of identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 2.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
Uncertainty on virus vector disease complex,
host range, molecular characteristics,
ecological preferences and biology of the
species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as infected root stock, nursery
stock and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Likely to persist in direct association with its
host and for shorter periods in soil.
Overall risk index
0.360266
Literature cited
1. Brown, D. J. F., A. F. Murant, et al. (1989). "Differences between isolates of the
English serotype of tomato black ring virus in their transmissibility by an English
population of Longidorus attenuatus (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea)." Revue de
Nématologie 12(1): 51-56.
105
2. Gangl, H., G. Leitner, et al. (2006). "Grapevine damaging viruses, bacteria and
soilborne vectors in Austrian wine areas along the Danube between Krems and
Vienna." Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, Rebe und Wein, Obstbau und
Früchteverwertung 56(3/4): 116-123.
3. Harrison, B. D. (1964). "Infection of gymnosperms with nematode-transmitted viruses
of flowering plants." Virology 24(2): 228-229.
4. Hübschen, J., L. Kling, et al. (2004). "Development and validation of species-specific
primers that provide a molecular diagnostic for virus-vector longidorid nematodes and
related species in German viticulture." European Journal of Plant Pathology 110(9):
883-891.
5. Lišková, M. (1995). "Nematode - virus vectors in the rhizosphere of fruit trees and
soft fruits in Slovakia." Helminthologia 32(1/2): 43-48.
6. Migliori, A., H. Marzin, et al. (1984). "Detection of tomato black ring virus on
artichoke in France." Agronomie 4(7): 683-686.
7. Regner, F., R. Hack, et al. (2004). "Genetic variability and incidence of systemic
diseases in wild vines (Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris) along the Danube." Vitis 43(3):
123-130.
8. Roca, F., G. P. Martelli, et al. (1975). "Distribution of Longidorus attenuatus Hooper
in Apulian artichoke fields and its relationship with artichoke Italian latent virus."
Nematologia Mediterranea 3(1): 91-101.
9. Tacconi, R. and M. Talamè (1995). "Parasitic nematodes of stone and pome fruits and
vegetable crops." Rivista di Frutticoltura e di Ortofloricoltura 57(3): 63-71.
10. Taylor, C. E., W. M. Robertson, et al. (1976). "Specific association of artichoke
Italian latent virus with the odontostyle of its vector, Longidorus attenuatus."
Nematologia Mediterranea 4(1): 23-30.
11. Tiefenbrunner, A. and W. Tiefenbrunner (2004). "Longidoridae (Nematoda:
Dorylaimida) from the rhizosphere of the wild growing grape (Vitis vinifera ssp.
silvestris) in the riparian woods of the rivers Danube and March in Austria."
Helminthologia 41(1): 45-53.
12. Tiefenbrunner, W., F. Regner, et al. (2005). "The wild vine (Vitis vinifera ssp.
silvestris) in the riparian forests of Donau and March (Austria): evaluation of genetic
divergence, presence of grape viruses, bacterials and soil-borne vectors." Plant
Genetic Resources Newsletter(141): 26-32.
13. Vovlas, C. (1974). "Leaf malformation, a new virus disease of Pelargonium."
Phytopathologia Mediterranea 13(3): 139-142.
14. Whitehead, A. G. and D. J. Hooper (1970). "Needle nematodes (Longidorus spp.) and
stubby-root nematodes (Trichodorus spp.) harmful to sugar beet and other field crops
in England." Annals of Applied Biology 65(3): 339-350.
106
Longidorus leptocephalus Hooper, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.047506
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.01208
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.088145
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.072367
SOM top 50 in NT
4.18E-08
Biogeography
0.2 0.088145
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Associated with yield losses in barely,
wheat and potatoes (Sykes, 1979). However
further evidence of yield losses is lacking.
Ectoparasite on roots Lolium perenne and
can act as vector of cherry leaf roll virus.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Associated with wide range of crops
including barley, wheat, hops. Potatoes,
Lolium perenne, pine.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Vector of cherry leaf roll virus. There is not
much information on the virus nematode
disease complex.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are recent reports however reports of
economic impacts and spread are lacking.
Species identification
0.1 0.4
Molecular diagnostic methods are available
however confirmation of identification
requires taxonomic expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 3.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
Not much is know about the impacts of this
nematode on crops and the impacts caused
by its association with viruses. Information
on the ecological preferences is also
lacking.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
materials with root stock, nursery stock,
and as soil contaminants.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The nematode is likely to survive in direct
association with its host plants and in soil
for sort periods. Information on specialised
survival adaptations are lacking.
107
Overall risk index
0.357629
Literature cited
1. Boag, B. and D. J. F. Brown (1976). "Longidorus leptocephalus." C.I.H. Descriptions
of Plant-parasitic Nematodes(Set 6, 88): 2 pp.
2. Evans, K. (1979). "Nematode problems in the Woburn ley-arable experiment, and
changes in Longidorus leptocephalus population density associated with time, depth,
cropping and soil type." Report, Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1978, Part 2.:
27-65.
3. Kumari, S. (2004). "The occurrence of Xiphinema vuittenezi, X. pachtaicum and
Longidorus leptocephalus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in the Central Czech Republic."
Helminthologia 41(2): 103-108.
4. Lišková, M., D. J. F. Brown, et al. (1995). "The occurrence and distribution of
Longidoridae and Trichodoridae in the Slovak Republic." Russian Journal of
Nematology 3(1): 49-60.
5. Lišková, M. (1996). "The males of Longidorus leptocephalus and Xiphinema italiae
(Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Slovakia." Helminthologia 33(2): 87-92.
6. Pelsmaeker, M. d. and A. Coomans (1987). "Nematodes in potato fields and the
relation to some biotic and abiotic factors." Mededelingen van de Faculteit
Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent 52(2b): 561-569.
7. Peneva, V. and B. Choleva (1994). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with pine
trees in Bulgaria." Bulletin OEPP 24(2): 459-466.
8. Robertson, W. M., D. L. Trudgill, et al. (1984). "Feeding of Longidorus elongatus and
Longidorus leptocephalus on root-tip galls of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)."
Nematologica 30(2): 222-229.
9. Robertson, W. M. (1975). "A possible gustatory organ associated with the
odontophore in Longidorus leptocephalus and Xiphinema diversicaudatum."
Nematologica. 21(4): 443-448.
10. Robertson, W. M. (1979). "Observations on the oesophageal nerve system of
Longidorus leptocephalus." Nematologica 25(2): 245-254.
11. Sirca, S. and G. Urek (2009). "Morphological and molecular characterization of six
Longidorus species (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Slovenia." Russian Journal of
Nematology 17(2): 95-105.
12. Sykes, G. B. (1979). "Yield losses in barley, wheat and potatoes associated with field
populations of 'large form' Longidorus leptocephalus." Annals of Applied Biology
91(2): 237-241.
13. Valdez, R. B. (1975). "Ecology of Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Longidorus
caespiticola and Longidorus leptocephalus in soil planted to hops." Philippine
Agriculturalist 59(7/8): 216-236.
108
Longidorus macrosoma Hooper, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.000176
SOM top 50 in QLD
2.19E-06
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.006381
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.04846
SOM top 50 in NT
5.55E-13
Biogeography
0.2 0.04846
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Main impact is due to its ability to vector
and introduce viruses into host plants. Also
causes some damage by its direct feeding
action to rose (Winfield, 1974).
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main hosts include fruit trees. Can
parasitise rose.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Acts as vector of raspberry ringspot virus
(Bercks 1968; Buser, 1999; Trudgill and
Brown, 1978), carnation ringspot virus
(Fritzsche and Schmelzer 1967) and cherry
leaf roll virus (Jones et al., 1981).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known
Species identification
0.1 0.4
Molecular methods are available for
diagnosis. Some nematological expertise is
required.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 13
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the disease
complex, molecular characteristics, host
range and ecological preferences for this
species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as nursery stock, fruit trees,
and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The nematode is likely to persist when in
direct association with its hosts. In soil it is
likely to survive for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.349692
Literature cited
109
1. Abouleid, H. Z. (1969). "Electron microscope studies on the body wall and feeding
apparatus of Longidorus macrosoma." Nematologica 15(4): 451-463.
2. Abouleid, H. Z. (1969). "Histological anatomy of the excretory and reproductive
systems of Longidorus macrosoma." Nematologica 15(4): 437-450.
3. Aboul-Eid, H. Z. and A. Coomans (1966). "Intersexuality in Longidorus macrosoma."
Nematologica 12(2): 344.
4. Bercks, R. (1968). "The detection of raspberry ringspot virus in vines."
Phytopathology 62: 169-173.
5. Brown, D. J. F. and B. Boag (1975). "Longidorus macrosoma." C.I.H. Descriptions of
Plant-parasitic Nematodes Set 5(67): 4 pp.
6. Brown, E. B. (1965). "Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Longidorus macrosoma in
rose glasshouses." Plant Pathology 14(1): 45-46.
7. Buser, A. (1999). "Pfeffinger disease of cherry trees and its vector nematode
Longidorus macrosoma." Obst- und Weinbau 135(2): 42-45.
8. Cotten, J. (1976). "Observations of life-cycle, population development and vertical
distribution of Longidorus macrosoma on raspberry and other crops." Annals of
Applied Biology 83(3): 407-412.
9. Fritzsche, R. and K. Schmelzer (1967). "Nematode-transmissibility of carnation ring
spot virus." Naturwissenschaften 54(18): 498-499.
10. Hübschen, J., L. Kling, et al. (2004). "Development and validation of species-specific
primers that provide a molecular diagnostic for virus-vector longidorid nematodes and
related species in German viticulture." European Journal of Plant Pathology 110(9):
883-891.
11. Jones, A. T., F. D. McElroy, et al. (1981). "Tests for transmission of cherry leaf roll
virus using Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema nematodes." Annals of
Applied Biology 99(2): 143-150.
12. Klinger, J., P. Kunz, et al. (1985). "The distribution of the vector of the Pfeffingen
disease, Longidorus macrosoma, in the cherry growing area of northwestern
Switzerland." Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Obst- und Weinbau 121(94): 782-789.
13. Winfield, A. L. (1974). "Damage to roses by Longidorus macrosoma." Plant Disease
Reporter 58(10): 913-914.
110
Longidorus martini Merny, 1966
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.067179
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.0672
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.032576
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025443
SOM top 50 in NT
0.030786
Biogeography
0.2 0.067201
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Acts as vector of Mulberry ringspot virus.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Main host is Mulberry. Other hosts include
tobacco and vines.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Vector of Mulberry ringspot virus.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not available.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on disease complex, host
range, molecular characteristics, ecological
preferences and biological characteristics of
the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
material such as nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Likely to persist in direct association with its
host. Survive in soil for short periods in
absence of a host.
Overall risk index
0.3584402
Literature cited
1. Bellizzi, N. C. (2004). "Nematodes in mulberry (Morus sp.)." Scientia Agraria
Paranaensis 3(2): 7-23.
2. Kankina, V. K. (1978). "Parasitic nematodes from the genus Longidorus Micoletzky,
1922 on grapevine in Tadzhikistan." Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR
(Ahboroti Akademijai Fanhoi RSS Tocikiston), Biologicheskie Nauki(3 (72)): 102105.
3. Merny, G. (1966). "Nematodes dafrique tropicale - un nouveau Paratylenchus
(Criconematidae) deux nouveaux Longidorus et observations sur Longidorus
laevicapitatus Williams 1959 (Dorylaimidae)." Nematologica 12(3): 385-395.
111
4. Toida, Y., Y. Ohshima, et al. (1978). "The nematode species associated with mulberry
trees and their morpho- and ecological characteristics." Bulletin of Sericultural
Experiment Station 27(3): 395-396.
5. Yagita, H. (1977). "The life history and biology of the needle nematode, Longidorus
martini Merny. III. The host range of mulberry ring spot virus and mode of
transmission by L. martini." Japanese Journal of Nematology 7(12): 15-20.
6. Yagita, H. (1976). "The life history and biology of the needle nematode, Longidorus
martini Merny. II. Observations on the embryonic development of eggs and life-cycle
of the nematode in a mulberry field." Japanese Journal of Nematology 6: 89-95.
7. Yagita, H. (1975). "The life history and biology of the needle nematode, Longidorus
martini Merny. I. Morphological measurements and development stages." Japanese
Journal of Nematology. 5: 10-15.
8. Yagita, H. (1973). Time of oviposition and seasonal changes in the composition of
developmental stages of Longidorus martini in a mulberry plantation. 17th Annual
Meeting of the Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Nagano,
Japan, 3-5 April 1973. : 143.
9. Yagita, H. and Y. Komuro (1972). "Transmission of mulberry ringspot virus by
Longidorus martini Merny." Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 38(4):
275-283.
112
Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964
Synonyms
Brevinema pisi (Edward, Misra and Singh, 1964) Stegarescu, 1980
Longidorus siddiqii Aboul-Eid, 1970
Xiphinema brevicaudatum of Siddiqi, 1959 nec Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1951
Longidorus latocephalus Lamberti, Choleva and Agostinelli, 1983
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.22592
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.26902
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.17718
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.006232
SOM top 50 in NT
0.099565
Biogeography
0.2 0.26902
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Damage potential of this nematode is not
well known. Direct feeding has been
reported on tobacco. Has been associated
with peas, fruit trees, sugarcane and other
crops.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Omniphagous; true host range has not been
evaluated.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic methods are not available.
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts, host
range, disease complex, molecular
characteristics and ecological preferences
on this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The nematodes are likely to persist when in
direct association with their host plants and
for short periods when in soil without host.
Overall risk index
0.373804
Literature cited
113
1. Berry, S., M. Fargette, et al. (2007). "Reliability of PCR-based techniques for
detection and discrimination of plant-parasitic nematodes of sugarcane."
Nematology 9: 499-514.
2. Edward, J. C., S. L. Misra, et al. (1964). "Longidorus pisi n. sp. (Nematoda,
Dorylaimoidea) associated with the rhizosphere of Pisum sativum, from Uttar
Pradesh, India." Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 8: 310-312.
3. Faye, M. and D. Mounport (2010). "One new and one known longidorid nematodes
from Senegal (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)." Journal of Nematode Morphology and
Systematics 13(2): 157-164.
4. Fourie, H., A. H. McDonald, et al. (2001). "Plant-parasitic nematodes in field crops
in South Africa. 6. Soybean." Nematology 3(5): 447-454.
5. Jacobs, P. J. F. and J. Heyns (1987). "Eight new and two known species of
Longidorus from South Africa (Nematoda: Longidoridae)." Phytophylactica 19(1):
15-33.
6. Melillo, M. T., F. Lamberti, et al. (1997). "Cytological changes induced by the
ectoparasitic nematode Longidorus latocephalus in tobacco roots." Nematologia
Mediterranea 25(1): 83-91.
7. Oever, H. A. M. v. d. and S. E. Mangane (1992). "A survey of nematodes on various
crops in Mozambique." Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 2(1-2): 74-79.
8. Salem, A. A., M. M. F. Elmorshedy, et al. (1994). "Nematodes associated with
soybean (Glycine max) in upper Egypt." Fundamental and Applied Nematology
17(5): 401-404.
9. Van den Berg, E. and D. de Waele (1989). "Further observations on nematodes
associated with rice in South Africa." Phytophylactica 21(2): 125-130.
10. Venter, C., D. d. Waele, et al. (1992). "Plant-parasitic nematodes on field crops in
South Africa. 4. Groundnut." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15(1): 7-14.
11. Waele, D. d. and E. M. Jordaan (1988). "Plant-parasitic nematodes on field crops in
South Africa. 1. Maize." Revue de Nématologie 11(1): 65-74.
114
Meloidogyne acronea Coetzee, 1956
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
2.91E-07
SOM top 50 in QLD
2.46E-06
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
1.55E-08
SOM top 50 in TAS
2.08E-11
SOM top 50 in NT
0.03051
Biogeography
0.2 0.03051
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to cotton and sorghum. Causes
economic yield losses.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous; main host: cotton.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Parasitism of roots is likely to increase the
susceptibility to attack by other soil
pathogens similar to that caused by other
RKN. However direct evidence is lacking.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not
available. There are many species (more
than 90) in the genus and taxonomic
expertise is required for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Likely to persist in direct association with
host plants. The egg masses can survive in
the soil in absence of host for medium
periods. The juvenile stage in soil can
survive for short periods (few months) in
the absence of a host.
Overall risk index
0.436102
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
115
1. Bridge, J. and S. L. J. Page (1977). "An assessment of the importance and control of
plant-parasitic nematodes in Malawi. (ODM report on the visit to Malawi, 21 January
to 21 April, 1977.)." [iv] + 8 pp.
2. Page, S. L. J. and J. Bridge (1994). "The African cotton-root nematode, Meloidogyne
acronea; its pathogenicity and intra-genic infectivity within Gossypium."
Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17(1): 67-73.
116
Meloidogyne africana Whitehead, 1959
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.047389
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.0893
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.011334
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.88E-10
SOM top 50 in NT
0.10062
Biogeography
0.2 0.10062
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to coffee. Not much information
is available on pathogenicity on other crops.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main host is coffee. Not much information
is available on other hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Not known, but based on general
characteristics, root parasitism is likely to
increase susceptibility to attack by other soil
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not available.
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification of species.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as coffee seedlings nursery
stock, and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
The nematodes are likely to persist in direct
association with host plants. In absence of
the host, in soil the egg mass is likely to
survive for medium periods and the
juveniles for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.420124
Literature cited
117
1. Waikwa, J. W., W. W. Waihenya, et al. (1978). "Control of root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne africana, in a coffee nursery using systemic nematicides." Kenya Coffee
43(509): 233-237.
2. Whitehead, A. G. (1959). "The root-knot nematodes of East Africa. I. Meloidogyne
africana n.sp., a parasite of Arabica coffee Caffea arabica L." Nematologica 4(4):
272-278.
3. Yassin, A. M. and A. B. Zeidan (1983). Root-knot nematodes in the Sudan, 1982
round-off report. Proceedings of the 3rd Research and Planning Conference on rootknot nematodes Meloidogyne spp., 13-17 September 1982, Coimbra, Portugal.
Region VII. (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234.).
Raleigh, North Carolina, North Carolina State University.: 131-135.
118
Meloidogyne arabicida Lopez & Salazar, 1989
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
Criteria
weights
Notes
2.15E-06
2.99E-05
6.96E-08
SOM top 50 in TAS
9.58E-13
SOM top 50 in NT
0.050303
Biogeography
0.2 0.050303
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to coffee.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Main host: coffee. Not much information is
available on other hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Forms disease complex with Fusarium sp.
to cause wilt disease (Bertrand et al 2000).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas where it
is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
identification. However species
identification often requires taxonomic
expertise using a combination of
morphological and molecular methods.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 2.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on alternative hosts,
molecular characteristics, and ecological
preferences of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
material such as coffee seedlings, nursery
stock and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Although direct information on the species
is not available, the egg mass can survive in
soil for medium periods and the juveniles in
soil for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.4350606
Literature cited
1. Anthony, F., P. Topart, et al. (2003). "Genetic resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in
Coffea spp.: identification and utilization for Latin-American coffee cultivation."
Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecologia(67): 5-12.
119
2. Bertrand, B., C. Nunez, et al. (2000). "Disease complex in coffee involving
Meloidogyne arabicida and Fusarium oxysporum." Plant Pathology 49(3): 383-388.
3. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. S. Tigano, et al. (2004). "Identification and genetic
diversity of Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) on coffee from Brazil,
Central America and Hawaii." Nematology 6(2): 287-298.
4. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., L. F. G. d. Mesquita, et al. (2008). "Pathogenicity of
Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) from Brazil and Central America on
two genotypes of Coffea arabica." Tropical Plant Pathology 33(4): 309-312.
5. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., E. V. S. A. Barros, et al. (2007). Reaction of Coffea arabica
genotypes to Meloidogyne spp. 21st International Conference on Coffee Science,
Montpellier, France, 11-15 September, 2006, Association Scientifique Internationale
du Cafe (ASIC): 1354-1357.
6. Hernandez, A., M. Fargette, et al. (2004). "Characterisation of Meloidogyne spp.
(Tylenchida : Meloidogynidae) from coffee plantations in Central America and
Brazil." Nematology 6: 193-204.
7. Lopez, R. and L. Salazar (1989). "Meloidogyne arabicida sp. n (Nemata,
Heteroderidae) found in Costa Rica - new and harmful organism of the coffee plant."
Turrialba 39(3): 313-323.
8. Randig, O., R. M. D. G. Carneiro, et al. (2004). "Identification of Brazilian coffeedamaging species of Meloidogyne using SCAR-coffee markers in multiplex-PCR."
Nematologia Brasileira 28(1): 1-10.
9. Villain, L., J. L. Sarah, et al. (2007). Biodiversity of root knot nematodes,
Meloidogyne spp., on coffee in Central America. Paris, Association Scientifique
Internationale du Café (ASIC): 1321-1324.
120
Meloidogyne artiellia Franklin, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.015544
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.00136
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.085649
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.10975
SOM top 50 in NT
2.41E-07
Biogeography
0.2 0.10975
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Causes economic damage on cereals
including wheat, chickpeas and rapeseed.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous; hosts from the plant families
Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Can form disease complex with fungal wilt
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.6
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present (Buisson et al 2011).
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not readily
available. Taxonomic expertise is required
for identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 28.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
ecological preferences and survival
adaptations of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seedlings, nursery stock,
and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Direct information on survival adaptations
of this species is not available however the
eggmass can survive in soil for medium
periods and juveniles for short periods in
soil.
Overall risk index
0.50695
Literature cited
1. Buisson, A., A. Chabert, et al. (2011). Meloidogyne artiellia, a phytoparasitic
nematode associated with damages on oilseed rape in France: new data on its biology
and geographical distribution. Les Cochenilles: ravageur principal ou secondaire.
121
9eme Conference Internationale sur les Ravageurs en Agriculture, SupAgro,
Montpellier, France, 25-27 octobre 2011: 631-640.
2. Castillo, P., J. A. Navas-Cortes, et al. (2003). "Interactions between Meloidogyne
artiellia, the cereal and legume root-knot nematode, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp
ciceris race 5 in chickpea." Phytopathology 93(12): 1513-1523.
3. De Luca, F., M. Di Vito, et al. (2009). "Characterization of the heat shock protein 90
gene in the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne artiellia and its expression as
related to different developmental stages and temperature." Gene 440(1-2): 16-22.
4. di Vito, M., N. Greco, et al. (1985). "On the host range of Meloidogyne artiellia."
Nematologia Mediterranea 13(2): 207-212.
5. di Vito, M. and N. Greco (1988). "Investigation on the biology of Meloidogyne
artiellia." Revue de Nematologie 11(2): 223-227.
6. Fanelli, E., C. Dileo, et al. (2008). "Inducible antibacterial defence in the plant
parasitic nematode Meloidogyne artiellia." International Journal for Parasitology
38(5): 609-615.
7. Greco, N. and M. Di Vito (1994). "Nematodes of food legumes in the Mediterranean
Basin." Bulletin OEPP 24(2): 393-398.
8. Greco, N., M. Di Vito, et al. (1992). "Plant parasitic nematodes of cool season food
legumes in Syria." Nematologia Mediterranea 20(1): 37-46.
9. Lombardo, S., A. Colombo, et al. (2011). "Severe damages caused by Meloidogyne
artiellia to cereals and leguminous in Sicily." Redia-Giornale Di Zoologia 94: 149151.
10. Navas-Cortes, J. A., B. B. Landa, et al. (2008). "Infection by Meloidogyne artiellia
does not break down resistance to races 0, 1A, and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp
ciceris in chickpea genotypes." Phytopathology 98(6): 709-718.
11. Palomares-Rius, J. E., P. Castillo, et al. (2011). "A proteomic study of in-root
interactions between chickpea pathogens: The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne
artiellia and the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp ciceris race 5." Journal
of Proteomics 74(10): 2034-2051.
12. Vito, M. d. and N. Greco (1988). "Effect of population densities of Meloidogyne
artiellia on yield of wheat." Nematologia Mediterranea 16(2): 167-169.
13. Vito, M. d., N. Greco, et al. (1994). "Plant parasitic nematodes of legumes in Turkey."
Nematologia Mediterranea 22(2): 245-251.
14. Vito, M. d., V. Alba, et al. (2008). "Effect of leaf and root extracts of Phytolacca
americana L. on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne artiellia."
Nematologia Mediterranea 36(2): 137-140.
122
Meloidogyne brevicauda Loos, 1953
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.049123
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.11343
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.011396
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025377
SOM top 50 in NT
0.05057
Biogeography
0.2 0.11343
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic and causes economic damage to
tea.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Main host is tea. Other known hosts include
Morinda officinalis, and saffron. Little
information is available on other hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Can form disease complex with fungal wilt
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Recent reports for this species is not
available.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Diagnostic protocols are not available and
taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known about this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as tea seedlings, nursery
stock and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Direct information on survival adaptations
is not available. However egg mass is likely
to survive in soil for medium periods and
juveniles are likely to survive for short
periods.
Overall risk index
0.437686
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
123
1. Changshang, P. (1984). "Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes on economically
important crops in Fujian. 1. Species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species)
and their host-plants." Acta Zoologica Sinica 30(2): 159-166.
2. Eisenback, J. D. and N. Gnanapragrasam (1992). "Additional notes on the
morphology of Meloidogyne brevicauda." Fundamental and Applied Nematology
15(4): 347-353.
3. Gnanapragasam, N. C. and M. E. K. Manuelpillai (1981). "Relative rates of egg hatch
of the root-knot nematode of mature tea, Meloidogyne brevicauda, in relation to other
species of this nematode." Tea Quarterly 50(4): 170-171.
4. Hutchinson, M. T. and M. K. Vythilingam (1963). "Distribution of plant parasitic
nematodes in the soils of tea estates of Ceylon." Tea Quarterly 34: 119-126.
5. Kasimova, G. A. and Y. U. Atakishieva Ya (1980). "Nematodes in the saffron Crocus
sativus in the Apsheron Peninsula Azerbaijan-SSR USSR." Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk(1): 94-98
6. Loos, C. A. (1953). "Meloidogyne brevicauda n. sp. a cause of root-knot of mature tea
in Ceylon." Procceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 20((2)): 8391.
7. Mehta, U. K. and N. Somasekhar (1998). "Occurrence of root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne brevicauda Loos, 1953 in tea plantations of Coonoor, Tamil Nadu,
India." Indian Journal of Nematology 28(1): 90-91.
124
Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley, 1980
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.20493
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.08492
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.3096
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.10377
SOM top 50 in NT
0.006834
Biogeography
0.2 0.3096
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to potato, wheat, carrots and
reduces the marketability of potato and
carrots.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous. Main hosts from Solanaceae
and poaceae.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Although interaction with other soil
pathogens has not been proven, it is likely
that infected roots are likely pre-disposed
to attack by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0.7
Four pathotypes are known (van der Beek
et al 2008).
Emerging pest
0.1 0.8
The species has spread into new areas and
continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid identification methods are available.
However species can exist in mixtures and
can be confused with closely related RKN
species such as M. fallax.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 130.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on characteristics
specific to pathotypes, the molecular
characteristics, ecological preferences and
host range of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seed potatoes, as well as
ware potatoes as nematodes are
endoparasitic in potato tubers. Other
potential pathways include nursery stock
and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
125
Overall risk index
0.61692
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Adam, M. A. M., M. S. Phillips, et al. (2007). "Molecular diagnostic key for
identification of single juveniles of seven common and economically important
species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)." Plant Pathology 56(1): 190-197.
2. Al-Rehiayani, S. and S. Hafez (1998). "Host status and green manure effect of
selected crops on Meloidogyne chitwoodi race 2 and Pratylenchus neglectus."
Nematropica 28(2): 213-230.
3. Charchar, J. M. and G. S. Santo (2001). "Effect of temperature on the embryogenic
development and hatching of Meloidogyne chitwoodi races 1 and 2 and M. hapla."
Nematologia Brasileira 25(1): 71-77.
4. Charchar, J. M. and G. S. Santo (2001). "Effect of temperature on the embryogenic
development and hatching of Meloidogyne chitwoodi races 1 and 2 and M. hapla."
Nematologia Brasileira 25(1): 71-77.
5. Charchar, J. M. and G. S. Santo (2008). "Generation time and tuber infection by
Meloidogyne chitwoodi race 1 and M. hapla on 'Russet Burbank' potato in field
microplots." Nematologia Brasileira 32(4): 333-337.
6. Charchar, J. M. and G. S. Santo (2008). "Minimum and optimum temperatures for
penetration of Meloidogyne chitwoodi races 1 and 2 and M. hapla on 'Russet
Burbank' potato roots." Nematologia Brasileira 32(4): 322-326.
7. Devran, Z., N. Mutlu, et al. (2009). "Identification and genetic diversity of
Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato production areas of Turkey." Nematropica 39(1):
75-83.
8. Estanol Botello, E., R. Ferrera Cerrato, et al. (1999). "Interaction of the nematode
Meloidogyne chitwoodi with three strains of the fungus Glomus sp. and the
distribution of dry matter of young maize plants." Terra 17(1): 17-25.
9. Ferris, H., H. L. Carlson, et al. (1994). "Host status of selected crops to Meloidogyne
chitwoodi." Journal of Nematology 25(4 Supp): 849-857.
10. Fourie, H., C. Zijlstra, et al. (1998). "ITS-PCR sequence-based identification of
Meloidogyne chitwoodi from Mooi River, South Africa, and screening of crops for
host suitability." African Plant Protection 4(2): 107-111.
11. Gamon, A. and N. Lenne (2012). "Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Meloidogyne fallax in
France: initial management experiences." EPPO Bulletin 42(1): 122-126.
12. Golden, A. M., J. H. O'Bannon, et al. (1980). "Description and SEM observations of
Meloidogyne chitwoodi n.sp. (Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode on potato in
the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Nematology 12(4): 319-327.
13. Griffin, G. D. (1985). "Host-parasite relationship of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on
potato." Journal of Nematology 17(4): 395-399.
14. Griffin, G. D. (1993). "Influence of temperature on the virulence of two races of
Meloidogyne chitwoodi on wheat and barley." Journal of Nematology 25(3): 454-460.
15. Griffin, G. D. and K. H. Asay (1989). "Pathological reaction of crested wheatgrass
cultivars to four Meloidogyne chitwoodi populations." Journal of Nematology 21(4):
446-452.
16. Griffin, G. D., R. N. Inserra, et al. (1982). "Comparative Relationship between
Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. hapla population Densities and Growth of Sugarbeet
Seedlings." Journal of Nematology 14(3): 409-411.
17. Griffin, G. D., R. N. Inserra, et al. (1984). "Rangeland grasses as hosts of
Meloidogyne chitwoodi." Journal of Nematology 16(4): 399-402.
126
18. Griffin, G. D. (1982). "The biology and control of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on potato."
Nematologica 28(2): 148-148.
19. Hafez, S. L. and P. Sundararaj (2002). "Efficacy of chemical nematicides for the
management of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on potato." International Journal of
Nematology 12(1): 76-78.
20. Orlowsky, J. I., M. L. Powelson, et al. (1988). "Relationship of Verticillium dahliae,
Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and irrigation level to potato early dying." American Potato
Journal 65(8): 494-494. -found no interaction between M chitwoodi and V dahliae
21. Pinkerton, J. N., H. Mojtahedi, et al. (1987). "Reproductive efficiency of Pacific
Northwest populations of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on alfalfa." Plant Disease 71(4):
345-348.
22. Santo, G. S., H. Mojtahedi, et al. (1988). "Host parasite relationship of carrot cultivars
and Meloidogyne chitwoodi races and M. hapla." Journal of Nematology 20(4): 555564.
23. Santo, G. S. and J. H. O'Bannon (1981). "Pathogenicity of the Columbia root-knot
nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) on wheat, corn, oat and barley." Journal of
Nematology 13(4): 548-550.
24. van der Beek, J. G., L. M. Poleij, et al. (1998). "Variation in virulence within
Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M-fallax, and M-hapla on Solanum spp." Phytopathology
88(7): 658-665.
25. van der Beek, J. G. and L. M. Poleij (2008). "Evidence for pathotype mixtures on
Solanum bulbocastanum in Meloidogyne chitwoodi but not in M-fallax." Nematology
10: 575-584.
26. Viaene, N., T. Mahieu, et al. (2007). "Distribution of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in
potato tubers and comparison of extraction methods." Nematology 9: 143-150.
27. Wesemael, W. M. L. and M. Moens (2008). "Quality damage on carrots (Daucus
carota L.) caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi." Nematology
10(2): 261-270.
28. Wesemael, W. M. L. and M. Moens (2008). "Vertical distribution of the plantparasitic nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, under field crops." European Journal of
Plant Pathology 120(3): 249-257.
29. Wesemael, W. M. L., N. Viaene, et al. (2011). "Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne
spp.) in Europe." Nematology 13: 3-16.
30. Zijlstra, C. (2000). "Reliable identification of the quarantine root-knot nematodes
Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax by PCR-based techniques." 30(3/4): 575-579.
31. Zijlstra, C. (2000). "Identification of Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax and M. hapla
based on SCAR-PCR: A powerful way of enabling reliable identification of
populations or individuals that share common traits." European Journal of Plant
Pathology 106(3): 283-290.
127
Meloidogyne coffeicola Lordello & Zamith, 1960
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.05796
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.07405
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.021215
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.23E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.012944
Biogeography
0.2
0.07405
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to coffee.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Main host: Coffee, few other hosts are
reported.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Direct evidence is lacking, However root
parasitism is likely to increase susceptibility
to attack by other root pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cuase damage in areas where it
is present (Castro et al., 2004)
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic protocols are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required for
species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known about the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as coffee seedlings and
nursery stock and also as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Although direct evidence is lacking, egg
mass is likely to survive in soil for medium
term and juveniles for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.4448098
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Castro, J. M. C., V. P. Campos, et al. (2004). "Occurrence of Meloidogyne coffeicola
in coffee plantations from Coromandel County in the region of Alto Paranaiba, Minas
Gerais, Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 29(2): 227.
2. Gotoh, A. (1985). "Nematodes noxious to coffee cultivation in the state of Parana
128
3. Nematoides nocivos a cafeicultura no estado do Parana." Informe da Pesquisa Instituto Agronomico do Parana IX(58): 10 pp.
4. Jaehn, A., E. K. Rebel, et al. (1980). "The origin of Meloidogyne coffeicola."
Trabalhos apresentados a IV Reuniao Brasileira de Nematologia, 16-20 de julho de
1979, Sao Paulo. Publicacao No. 4.: 159-161.
5. Lordello, L. G. E., F. Carneiro Filho, et al. (1974). "Nematodes of coffee in Parana."
Trabalhos apresentados a reuniao de nematologia, Piracicaba, Brasil, 6-7 February,
1974. Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia, publicacao No. 1.: 16-24.
6. Lordello, L. G. E. and R. R. A. Lordello (1972). "Two new host plants for the
nematode Meloidogyne coffeicola." Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de
Queiroz" 29: 61-62.
7. Lordello, L. G. E. and A. P. L. Zamith (1960). "Meloidogyne coffeicola sp. n., a pest
of coffee trees in the state of Parana, Brazil (Nematoda, Heteroderidae)." Revista
Brasileira de Biologia 20: 375-379.
8. Schmidt, C. T. (1969). "Meloidogyne coffeicola, a serious root nematode problem in
Brazilian coffee." FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 17(3): 56-57.
129
Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983
Synonyms
Meloidogyne mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, 1988
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.18629
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.22486
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.085347
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.001372
SOM top 50 in NT
0.25884
Biogeography
0.2 0.25884
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Pathogenic to wide range of crops. Causes
major damage to vegetable crops such as
tomato and to guava.
Host range
0.1 0.8
Polyphagous - wide host range.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Forms disease complex with fungal and root
rot pathogens - decline of guava.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known - however is closely related to M
incognita.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.9
Is able to overcome Mi resistance commonly
used against RKN and there are reports of
spread in glasshouses in Europe.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Molecular methods are available for species
identification. However the species is closely
related to M. incognita and synonymous to
M. mayaguensis. Taxonomic expertise is
required for verification of species id.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 77.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the molecular
characteristics, ecological preferences, host
range and impacts on other crops. There is
also some uncertainty on the actual
distribution of the species because of
possibility of pervious misidentifications
with the widely occurring Meloidogyne
incognita.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as guava seedlings or other
crops propagated vegetatively, nursery stock
and as soil contaminants
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Although specific details on survival
130
adaptations for this species is not available,
the egg mass is likely to persist in soil for
medium periods while the juveniles can
survive for short periods in the soil without a
host.
Overall risk index
0.636768
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile for M. mayaguensis
1. Almeida, E. J., G. C. S. Alves, et al. (2011). "Records of Meloidogyne enterolobii on
guava orchards and weeds in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil." Nematologia Brasileira
35(1-2): 50-52.
2. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., D. Hidalgo, et al. (2011). "Effect of nematophagous fungi on
reproduction of Meloidogyne enterolobii on guava (Psidium guajava) plants."
Nematology 13(6): 721-728.
3. Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2012). "Meloidogyne enterolobii (= M. mayaguensis): profile
of an emerging, highly pathogenic, root-knot nematode species." Nematology 14:
133-138.
4. Dias, W. P., V. M. Freitas, et al. (2010). "Reaction of soybean genotypes to
Meloidogyne enterolobii and M. ethiopica." Nematologia Brasileira 34(4): 220-225.
5. Han, H., J. A. Brito, et al. (2012). "First Report of Meloidogyne enterolobii Infecting
Euphorbia punicea in Florida." Plant Disease 96(11): 1706-1706.
6. Hu, M. X., K. Zhuo, et al. (2011). "Multiplex PCR for the Simultaneous Identification
and Detection of Meloidogyne incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica Using DNA
Extracted Directly from Individual Galls." Phytopathology 101(11): 1270-1277.
7. Humphreys, D. A., V. M. Williamson, et al. (2012). "Presence of Meloidogyne
enterolobii Yang & Eisenback (= M. mayaguensis) in guava and acerola from Costa
Rica." Nematology 14: 199-207.
8. Gomes, V. M., R. M. Souza, et al. (2012). "Guava decline: evidence of nationwide
incidence in Brazil." Nematropica 42(1): 153-162.
9. Gomes, V. M., R. M. Souza, et al. (2011). "Guava Decline: A Complex Disease
Involving Meloidogyne mayaguensis and Fusarium solani." Journal of
Phytopathology 159(1): 45-50.
10. Kiewnick, S., M. Dessimoz, et al. (2009). "Effects of the Mi-1 and the N root-knot
nematode-resistance gene on infection and reproduction of Meloidogyne enterolobii
on tomato and pepper cultivars." Journal of Nematology 41(2): 134-139.
11. Kiewnick, S., G. Karssen, et al. (2008). "First Report of Root-Knot Nematode
Meloidogyne enterolobii on Tomato and Cucumber in Switzerland." Plant Disease
92(9): 1370-1370.
12. Tigano, M., K. d. Siqueira, et al. (2010). "Genetic diversity of the root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne enterolobii and development of a SCAR marker for this guavadamaging species." Plant Pathology 59(6): 1054-1061.
13. Westerich, J. N., J. M. O. Rosa, et al. (2011). "Comparative study of biology of
Meloidogyne enterolobii (= M. mayaguensis) and Meloidogyne javanica in tomatoes
with Mi gene." Summa Phytopathologica 37(1): 35-41.
14. Yang, B. and J. D. Eisenback (1983). "Meloidogyne enterolobii n.sp
(Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing pacara earpod tree in China."
Journal of Nematology 15(3): 381-391.
131
Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.12638
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.1084
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.072014
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.026643
SOM top 50 in NT
0.072327
Biogeography
0.2 0.12638
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to grapevine, kiwifruit, tomato
and other crops.
Host range
0.1 0.8
Polyphagous: some hosts include tomato,
cowpea, bean, cabbage, pepper, pumpkin,
tobacco, lettuce, and soybean.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Although direct evidence of disease
complex is lacking, it is likely that attack
by M. ethiopica is likely to increase the
severity of attack by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.7
Recently detected in Europe (Greece,
Slovenia) and Brazil. Can occur in
glasshouses and on farms.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
species identification. Confirmation of
species identification requires taxonomic
expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 9.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seedlings, nursery stock
and with soil as contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Direct evidence of survival adaptations is
not available however the egg mass is
likely to survive in soil for medium periods
and juveniles for short periods in absence
of host
Overall risk index
0.525276
132
Literature cited
Carneiro, R. M. D. G. and M. R. A. Almeida (2005). "Record of Meloidogyne ethiopica
Whitehead on yacon and tomato plants in Brasília, DF, Brazil." Nematologia Brasileira 29(2):
285-287.
Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. R. A. Almeida, et al. (2007). "Meloidogyne ethiopica, a major
root-knot nematode parasitizing Vitis vinifera and other crops in Chile." Nematology 9(5):
635-641.
Carneiro, R. M. D. G., C. B. Gomes, et al. (2003). "First record of Meloidogyne ethiopica
Whitehead, 1968 on kiwi in Brazil and reaction of different plant species." Nematologia
Brasileira 27(2): 151-158.
Carneiro, R. M. D. G., O. Randig, et al. (2004). "Additional information on Meloidogyne
ethiopica Whitehead, 1968 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising
kiwi fruit and grape-vine from Brazil and Chile." Nematology 6: 109-123.
Conceição, I., E. Tzortzakakis, et al. (2012). "Detection of the root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne ethiopica in Greece." European Journal of Plant Pathology 134(3): 451-457.
Golden, A. M. (1992). "Large phasmids in the female of Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead."
Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15(2): 189-191.
Lima, E. A., J. K. Mattos, et al. (2009). "Host status of different crops for Meloidogyne
ethiopica control." Tropical Plant Pathology 34(3): 152-157.
Sirca, S., G. Urek, et al. (2004). "First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne
ethiopica on Tomato in Slovenia." Plant Disease 88(6): 680-680.
Somavilla, L., C. B. Gomes, et al. (2006). "Resistance of strawberry cultivars to the root-knot
nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968." Nematologia Brasileira 30(3): 299-301.
Strajnar, P., S. Širca, et al. (2011). "Effect of Slovenian climatic conditions on the
development and survival of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica." European
Journal of Plant Pathology 129(1): 81-88.
Strajnar, P., S. Širca, et al. (2009). "Characterization of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne
ethiopica Whitehead, 1968, from Slovenia." Russian Journal of Nematology 17(2): 135-142.
Strajnar, P., S. Sirca, et al. (2012). "Effect of Meloidogyne ethiopica parasitism on water
management and physiological stress in tomato." European Journal of Plant Pathology
132(1): 49-57.
Vito, M. d., J. C. Magunacelaya, et al. (2009). "Relationships between initial population
densities of Meloidogyne ethiopica and growth of vinifera grape in pots." Nematologia
Mediterranea 37(1): 105-108.
133
Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Birchfield, 1965
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.28732
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.40971
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.17972
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.66E-05
SOM top 50 in NT
0.15901
Biogeography
0.2 0.40971
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.9
Pathogenic to rice and causes economic
losses.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous. Main host is rice.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Direct evidence of interaction acting
synergistically to increase disease severity is
lacking. However negative interaction
between M. graminicola and fungi
Sclerotium rolfsii is reported (Hazarika et al
2001).
Pathotypes
0.05 0.6
Two pathotypes are recognised (Phokarel et
al 2010). There is evidence of pathotype
variability (Nanda et al 2011).
Emerging pest
0.1 0.8
There are recent reports of outbreaks, and
increasing damage in areas where it is
present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Molecular methods for identification are
available. Can exist as mixed species and
confirmation of species identification
requires taxonomic expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 55.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There are uncertainty on pathotypes,
ecological preferences, survival adaptations,
host range and impacts on other crops.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include rice seedlings,
nursery stock, propagative materials and as
contaminant with soil. Local dispersal can
also occur with irrigation water.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
The species is well adapted for survival in
water logged conditions. And is likely to
persist when in direct association with its
134
host. The survival of race attacking
vegetables and other crops not grown in
water logged conditions is poorly known.
Overall risk index
0.641942
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Hazarika, B. P. (2001). "Meloidogyne graminicola and Sclerotium rolfsii interaction
in rice." International Rice Research Notes 26(1): 22.
2. Kuntal, D., D. Zhao, et al. (2011). "Reactions of traditional upland and aerobic rice
genotypes to rice root knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola)." Journal of Plant
Breeding and Crop Science 3(7): 131-137.
3. Mishra, R. K., S. Singh, et al. (2010). "First report of root knot nematode
Meloidogyne graminicola on onion in India." International Journal of Nematology
20(2): 236-237.
4. Padgham, J. L., G. S. Abawi, et al. (2003). "Survival and infectivity of Meloidogyne
graminicola in flooded and non-flooded soils." Nematologia Mediterranea 31(2): 225230.
5. Padgham, J. L., G. S. Abawi, et al. (2004). "Impact of wheat on Meloidogyne
graminicola populations in the rice-wheat system of Bangladesh." Nematropica 34(2):
183-190.
6. Padgham, J. L., J. M. Duxbury, et al. (2004). "Yield loss caused by Meloidogyne
graminicola on lowland rainfed rice in Bangladesh." Journal of Nematology 36(1):
42-48.
7. Pokharel, R. R., G. S. Abawi, et al. (2007). "Characterization of isolates of
Meloidogyne from rice-wheat production fields in Nepal." Journal of Nematology
39(3): 221-230.
8. Pokharel, R. R., G. S. Abawi, et al. (2010). "Variability and the recognition of two
races in Meloidogyne graminicola." Australasian Plant Pathology 39(4): 326-333.
9. Sahu, S. C. and M. L. Chawla (1986). "A new virulent strain of rice rootknot
nematode from Agartala, India." International Rice Research Newsletter 11(4): 40.
10. Soriano, I. R. and G. Reversat (2003). "Management of Meloidogyne graminicola and
yield of upland rice in South-Luzon, Philippines." Nematology 5: 879-884.
11. Soriano, I. R. S., J. C. Prot, et al. (2000). "Expression of tolerance for Meloidogyne
graminicola in rice cultivars as affected by soil type and flooding." Journal of
Nematology 32(3): 309-317.
12. Swain, B. N. and J. S. Prasad (1988). "On the biotypes of root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne graminicola in rice." Current Science 57(15): 848-849.
13. Triantaphyllou, A. C. (1969). "Gametogenesis and the chromosomes of two root-knot
nematodes, Meloidogyne graminicola and M. naasi." Journal of Nematology 1(1): 6271.
14. Yik, C.-P. and W. Birchfield (1979). "Host studies and reactions of rice cultivars to
Meloidogyne graminicola." Phytopathology 69: 497-499.
135
Meloidogyne indica Whitehead, 1968
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.09477
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.17849
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.022667
SOM top 50 in TAS
7.73E-10
SOM top 50 in NT
3.38E-05
Biogeography
0.2 0.17849
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to citrus.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Polyphagous: Main host include Citrus.
Other known hosts include amaranthus,
watermelon, cowpeas, beetroot, medicinal
plants.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence is not available. Parasitism
by RKN generally increases the severity of
attack by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Very few studies have been carried out on
this species and not much is known about the
biology and ecology.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as citrus seedlings, nursery
stock and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Direct evidence is lacking but the egg mass
is likely to survive in soil for medium
periods and juveniles for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.470698
Literature cited
1. Changshang, P. (1984). "Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes on economically
important crops in Fujian. 1. Species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species)
and their host-plants." Acta Zoologica Sinica 30(2): 159-166.
136
2. Hinge, V. R., B. A. Patel, et al. (2010). "Differentiation among four Meloidogyne
species from Gujarat by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR)." Indian
Journal of Nematology 40(2): 167-170.
3. Lin, L., Y. Deng, et al. (2004). "Distribution and damage level of root-knot on
medicinal plant in China." Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University 19(6): 666-669.
4. Patel, H. R., R. G. Patel, et al. (2003). "Biodiversity of Meloidogyne indica - a key
pest of kagzi lime makes castor (Ricinus communis L.) vulnerable." Indian Journal of
Nematology 33(2): 174-176.
137
Meloidogyne minor Karssen, Bolk, van Aelst, van den Beld, Kox,
Korthals, Molendijk, Zijlstra, van Hoof & Cook, 2004
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
5.47E-05
SOM top 50 in
QLD
6.83E-07
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.001993
SOM top 50 in
TAS
0.026847
SOM top 50 in NT
2.79E-14
Biogeography
0.2 1
0.026847
Pathogenicity
0.1 4
0.7
Pathogenic to turfgrass on golf
courses and playing fields.
Host range
0.1 3
0.6
Polyphagous: main host include
grasses. Other good hosts include
potato.
Disease complex
0.05 2
0.3
Direct evidence of interaction in
disease complexes is not available.
Based on general features of RKN,
parasitism increases severity of
attack by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 2
0.5
Recently described species and has
subsequently been detected in new
areas in Europe.
Species
identification
0.1 1
0.6
Molecular methods for
identification are available.
Confirmation requires taxonomic
expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank:
49.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 3
0.8
There is uncertainty on the impacts
of the species on hosts such as
potato and other crops, the
ecological preferences, survival
adaptations and interaction with
other pathogens.
Pathways
0.1
0.7
Potential pathways include
138
propagative materials such as turf,
seed potatoes, nursery stock, and as
soil contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1
0.6
The egg mass is likely to survive in
soil for medium periods and
juveniles for short periods.
0.4703694
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. De Weerdt, M., L. Kox, et al. (2011). "A Real-time PCR Assay to Identify
Meloidogyne minor." Journal of Phytopathology 159(2): 80-84.
2. Karssen, G., R. J. Bolk, et al. (2004). "Description of Meloidogyne minor n. sp.
(Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode associated with yellow patch
disease in golf courses." Nematology 6(1): 59-72.
3. Morris, K. S., F. G. Horgan, et al. (2011). "The effect of temperature on hatch and
activity of second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor, an
emerging pest in north-west Europe." Nematology 13: 985-993.
4. Thoden, T. C., G. W. Korthals, et al. (2012). "A field study on the host status of
different crops for Meloidogyne minor and its damage potential on potatoes."
Nematology 14: 277-284.
5. Turner, S. J. and C. C. Fleming (2005). "Meloidogyne minor: a threat to temperate
crops?" Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 70(4): 885887.
6. Vandenbossche, B., N. Viaene, et al. (2011). "Diversity and incidence of plantparasitic nematodes in Belgian turf grass." Nematology 13: 245-256.
7. Viaene, N., D. B. Wiseborn, et al. (2007). "First report of the root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne minor on turfgrass in Belgium." Plant Disease 91(7): 908-908.
139
Meloidogyne oryzae Maas, Sanders & Dede, 1978
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.000117
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.00099
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
6.27E-06
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.92E-11
SOM top 50 in NT
0.030514
Biogeography
0.2 0.030514
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to rice causes economic yield
losses.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Omnipahgous, rice main host, Other hosts
include Fimbristylis miliacea and
Echinochloa cruspavonis. E. colonum,
Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Eleocharis sp.,
tomato, plantain and sorghum.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence of disease complex is
lacking. However based on general
characteristics of RKN, it is likely to interact
with other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known on the biology and
ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as rice seedlings, banana
suckers, and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Specific information on survival adaptations
not available however egg mass is likely to
survive in soil for medium periods and
juveniles for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.4211028
Literature cited
140
1. Maas, P. W. T., H. Sanders, et al. (1978). "Meloidogyne oryzae n. sp. (Nematoda,
Meloidogynidae) infesting irrigated rice in Surinam (South America)." Nematologica
24: 305-311.
2. Segeren, H. A. and M. L. Sanchit (1984). "Observations on Meloidogyne oryzae
Maas, Sanders and Dede 1978 in irrigated rice in Suriname." Surinaamse Landbouw
32(2): 51-59.
141
Meloidogyne paranaensis Carneiro, Carneiro, Abrantes, Santos &
Almeida, 1996
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.10535
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.08613
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.10496
SOM top 50 in TAS
7.52E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.021395
Biogeography
0.2 0.10535
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to coffee and causes economic
yield losses.
Host range
0.1 0.8
Polyphagous including both crops and
weeds.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence of disease complex is not
available. RKN parasitism generally
increases susceptibility to attack by other soil
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.7
Has spread to new areas and continues to
cause damage.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
identification. Confirmation of species
identification requires taxonomic expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 76.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the molecular
characteristics, ecological preferences,
impacts on hosts, interactions with other soil
organisms.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as coffee seedlings, nursery
stock, and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Specific information is not available. Based
on general characteristics, the egg mass is
likely to survive for medium periods and
juveniles for short periods in soil.
Overall risk index
0.52607
142
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Baida, F. C., D. C. Santiago, et al. (2011). "Reaction of snap bean to Meloidogyne
javanica and M. paranaensis in greenhouse." Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy 33(2): 237241.
2. Barros, A. F., R. D. L. Oliveira, et al. (2011). "Meloidogyne paranaensis attacking
coffee trees in Espirito Santo State, Brazil." Australasian Plant Disease Notes 6(1):
43-45.
3. Carneiro, R., R. G. Carneiro, et al. (1996). "Meloidogyne paranaensis n sp (Nemata:
Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing coffee in Brazil." Journal of
Nematology 28(2): 177-189.
4. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., L. F. G. d. Mesquita, et al. (2008). "Pathogenicity of
Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) from Brazil and Central America on
two genotypes of Coffea arabica." Tropical Plant Pathology 33(4): 309-312.
5. Castro, J. M. C., V. P. Campos, et al. (2003). "Occurrence of Meloidogyne
paranaensis in coffee plantations in the Alto Paranaiba region of Minas Gerais,
Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 28(5): 565.
6. Gardiano, C. G., A. A. Krzyzanowski, et al. (2012). "Evaluation of genotypes of oat
to parasitism of Meloidogyne paranaensis and M. incognita race 3." Nematropica
42(1): 80-83.
7. Monaco, A. P. d. A., R. G. Carneiro, et al. (2008). "Host reaction of weed species to
Meloidogyne paranaensis." Nematologia Brasileira 32(4): 279-284.
8. Monarco, A. P. d. A., R. G. Carneiro, et al. (2011). "Host suitability of medicinal
plants to Meloidogyne paranaensis." Nematologia Brasileira 35(1-2): 46-49.
9. Randig, O., M. Bongiovanni, et al. (2002). "Genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes
from Brazil and development of SCAR markers specific for the coffee-damaging
species." Genome 45(5): 862-870.
10. Roese, A. D., R. D. L. Oliveira, et al. (2007). "Physiological variability of two
populations of Meloidogyne paranaensis." Fitopatologia Brasileira 32(1): 40-43.
11. Roese, A. D. and R. D. d. L. Oliveira (2004). "Reaction of weeds to Meloidogyne
paranaensis." Nematologia Brasileira 28(2): 137-141.
12. Roese, A. D., R. D. d. L. Oliveira, et al. (2004). "Reaction of soyabean (Glycine max
L. Merril) cultivars to Meloidogyne paranaensis." Nematologia Brasileira 28(2): 131135.
13. Silva, R. V., R. D. L. Oliveira, et al. (2009). "First record of Meloidogyne paranaensis
on coffee plants in Goias State, Brazil." Nematologia Brasileira 33(2): 187-190.
143
Meloidogyne partityla Kleynhans, 1986
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.17537
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.12325
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.15418
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000481
SOM top 50 in NT
0.008404
Biogeography
0.2 0.17537
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to pecan.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Main host is pecan. Other hosts include
walnut and hickory.
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Increases the severity of mouse ear of pecan
caused by nickel deficiency.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.4
There are reports of damage recently.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
identification. Confirmation of species
identification required taxonomic expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 6.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty on the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as pecan seedlings, Walnut
seedlings, nursery stock, and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
The egg mass is likely to survive in soil for
medium periods while the juveniles are
likely to survive for short periods.
Overall risk index
0.470074
Literature cited
1. Crow, W. T., R. Levin, et al. (2005). "First Report of Meloidogyne partityla on Pecan
in Florida." Plant Disease 89(10): 1128-1128.
2. Kleynhans, K. P. N. (1986). "Meloidogyne partityla sp.nov. from pecan nut [Carya
illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] in the Transvaal lowveld (Nematoda:
Meloidogynidae)." Phytophylactica 18(3): 103-106.
144
3. Nyczepir, A. P., C. C. Reilly, et al. (2002). "First record of Meloidogyne partityla on
pecan in Georgia." Plant Disease 86(4): 441-441.
4. Nyczepir, A. P., B. W. Wood, et al. (2006). "Association of Meloidogyne partityla
with nickel deficiency and mouse-ear of pecan." Hortscience 41(2): 402-404.
5. Starr, J. L., E. K. Tomaszewski, et al. (1996). "Meloidogyne partityla on pecan:
Isozyme phenotypes and other hosts." Journal of Nematology 28(4): 565-568.
6. Thomas, S. H., J. M. Fuchs, et al. (2001). "First Report of Meloidogyne partityla on
Pecan in New Mexico." Plant Disease 85(9): 1030-1030.
7. Willers, P. and M. Daneel (1993). "Pecan root knot nematode, a banned pest."
Inligtingsbulletin - Instituut vir Tropiese en Subtropiese Gewasse(245): 10.
145
Meloidogyne salasi Lopez-Chaves, 1985
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.00012
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.00102
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
6.34E-06
SOM top 50 in TAS
2.02E-11
SOM top 50 in NT
0.080938
Biogeography
0.2 0.080938
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to rice. Yield loss estimates not
available
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main host Rice. Other known host include
jungle rice (Echinocloa colonum) and
Homolepis aturensis. Poor hosts include:
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon, C.
plectostachyus), Chinese sweet cane
(Saccharum sinense), gama grasses
(Tripsacum laxum), Guinea grass (Panicum
maximum), millet (Echinocloa
polystachya), pangola grass (Digitaria
decumbens), signal grasses (Brachiaria
rugolosa, B. ruziziensis and B.
zuazilandensis), and other grasses such as
Kazungula sp., Leucaena leucocephala,
and Saccharum sinensis.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Specific information not available. Based
on general features of RKN, parasitism
increases susceptibility to attack by other
soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known about the biology and
ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways includes rice seedlings
and with propagative materials and with
146
soil as contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1 0.6
Specific information on survival
adaptations not available. Based on general
characteristics, egg mass is likely to
survive for medium periods and juveniles
for short periods.
0.4211876
Literature cited
1. Lopez, R. (1984). "Meloidogyne salasi sp.n. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a new
parasite of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Costa Rica and Panama." Turrialba 34(3): 275286.
2. López, R. (1985). "Fluctuation of second-stage juvenile population densities of
Meloidogyne salasi and M. incognita in southeastern Costa Rica." Agronomia
Costarricense 9(2): 115-119.
3. López, R. and L. Salazar (1989). "Preliminary evaluation of nematicides for the
control of Meloidogyne salasi on rice." Agronomía Costarricense 13(1): 105-109.
4. López, R. (1991). "First report of Meloidogyne salasi in rice in the province of
Guanacaste." Agronomía Costarricense 15(1/2): 189-191.
5. Lopez, J. A. A., N. M. Mendoza, et al. (1994). "Evaluation of nematicides, organic
amendments and varietal resistance to the root knot nematode (Meloidogyne salasi
López) on a cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Panama." Manejo Integrado de Plagas
(31): 1-11.
6. Medina, A., R. Crozzoli, et al. (2009). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with rice
fields in Venezuela." Nematologia Mediterranea 37(1): 59-66.
7. Salazar, L. and M. Quesada (1999). "New reports relating to the geographical
distribution of Meloidogyne salasi on rice and new host records." Agronomía
Mesoamericana 10(2): 103-105.
8. Sancho, C. L., L. Salazar, et al. (1987). "Effect of the initial population density on the
pathogenicity of Meloidogyne salasi on three rice cultivars." Agronomía
Costarricense 11(2): 233-238.
147
Merlinius microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970
Synonyms
Tylenchorhynchus microdorus Geraert, 1966
Geocenamus microdorus (Geraert) Brzeski, 1991
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in
QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.10871
0.10258
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.17207
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.012861
SOM top 50 in NT
1.83E-05
Biogeography
0.2 0.17207
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Parasitise a wide range of crops
including cereals and vegetables
however data on yield losses is not
available.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Associated with cereals, vegetables, and
grasses.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent reports of damage
and or new records.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much is known about the biology
and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials and as soil contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Likely to persist in direct association
with host plants and survive in soil for
short periods in absence of a host.
Overall risk index
0.404414
Literature cited
1. D'Errico, F. P. (1970). "Some plant parasitic nematodes found in Italy." Bollettino del
Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri' Portici 28: 183-189.
2. Guntzel, O., J. Klingler, et al. (1987). "Tylenchids (Nematoda) extracted from soil of
Swiss vineyards north of the Alps." Revue de Nematologie 10(3): 361-368.
148
3. Hooper, D. J., R. M. Webb, et al. (1990). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated with
the roots of wind toppled trees at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." Annals of
Applied Biology 117(2): 407-414.
4. Kornobis, S. (1987). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated with poor growth of red
clover in the region Wielkopolska." Prace Naukowe Instytutu Ochrony Roslin 29(1):
109-117.
5. Szczygiel, A. (1981). "The ectoparasitic nematode, Merlinius microdorus, harmful to
lettuce and strawberry." Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych 249: 87-91.
149
Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944
Synonyms
Anguillulina aberrans Thorne, 1935
Pratylenchus aberrans (Thorne) Filipjev, 1936
Nacobbus batatiformis Thorne & Schuster, 1956
Nacobbus serendipiticus Franklin, 1959
Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus Lordello, Zamith & Boock, 1961
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.087699
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.02981
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.13751
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.029592
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000214
Biogeography
0.2 0.13751
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to tomato, potato, sugarbeet,
beans and other vegetables.
Host range
0.1 0.8
Has wide host range which differs based on
the pathotype
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Can form disease complexes with fungal
pathogens
Pathotypes
0.05 0.7
There are several pathotypes which differ in
their host reactions
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
The pathotypes are difficult to identify.
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
and pathotype identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 207.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the characteristics
of pathotypes. In addition information on
ecological preferences, interactions with
other species and other soil pathogens, and
molecular characteristics.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seed potatoes, as well
directly with produce such as potatoes,
sugarbeet. In addition they can be spread in
soil as contaminant on machinery footwear
etc.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.7
Likely to survive in direct association with
150
its host and in soil for medium periods.
Juveniles (3rd and 4th stages) are able to
undergo dormancy and to
survive adverse environmental conditions
inside dry roots or tubers (Inserra et al
2004).
Overall risk index
0.587502
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Anthoine, G., A. Buisson, et al. (2006). "Aspects of the biology of Nacobbus aberrans
(Thorn, 1935) Thorne and Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): 2 - Capacities of
development on hosts under in vivo and in vitro conditions." Bulletin OEPP/EPPO
Bulletin 36(2): 365-372.
2. Anthoine, G. and D. Mugniery (2005). "Obligatory amphimixis and variation in
chromosome number within and among South American populations of Nacobbus
aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda : Pratylenchidae)."
Nematology 7: 783-787.
3. Anthoine, G. and D. Mugniéry (2006). "Crossing experiments with South American
populations of Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne and Allen, 1944
(Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)." Nematropica 36(1): 67-77.
4. Cristobal-Alejo, J., G. Mora-Aguilera, et al. (2006). "Epidemiology and integrated
control of Nacobbus aberrans on tomato in Mexico." Nematology 8: 727-737.
5. Doucet, M. E., E. E. Montamat, et al. (2002). "Variability of enzyme phenotypes in a
population of Nacobbus aberrans (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Cordoba, Argentina."
Nematologia Mediterranea 30(1): 27-30.
6. Inserra, R. N., J. J. Chitambar, et al. (2004). "The potato pathotype of the false-root
knot nematode, Nacobbus aberrans :Working group of the Society of Nematologists
exotic nematode plant pest list." Available at
http://nematode.unl.edu/naberrans_ppathotype.pdf (Accessed 20 May 2012).
7. Lax, P., J. C. R. Duenas, et al. (2011). "Host range study of Argentine Nacobbus
aberrans sensu Sher populations and comments on the differential host test." Crop
Protection 30(11): 1414-1420.
8. Manzanilla-Lopez, R. H. (2010). "Speciation within Nacobbus: consilience or
controversy?" Nematology 12: 321-334.
9. Manzanilla-Lopez, R. H., M. A. Costilla, et al. (2002). "The genus Nacobbus Thorne
& Allen, 1944 (Nematoda : Pratylenchidae): Systematics, distribution, biology and
management." Nematropica 32(2): 149-227.
10. Manzanilla-Lopez, R. H., S. Harding, et al. (1999). "Morphometric study on twelve
populations of Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne Allen, 1944 (Nematoda:
Pratylenchidae) from Mexico and South America." Nematology 1: 477-498.
11. Reid, A., R. H. Manzanilla-López, et al. (2003). "Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935)
Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae); a nascent species complex
revealed by RFLP analysis and sequencing of the ITS-rDNA region." Nematology 5:
441-451.
12. Veremis, J. C., G. B. Cap, et al. (1997). "A Search for Resistance in Lycopersicon
spp. to Nacobbus aberrans." Plant Disease 81(2): 217-221.
151
Paratrichodorus allius (Jensen, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974
Synonyms
Trichodorus allius Jensen, 1963
Paratrichodorus (Paratrichodorus) allius (Jensen, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974
Paratrichodorus tansaniensis Siddiqi, 1974
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.052403
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.01253
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.12213
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.078991
SOM top 50 in NT
0.080815
Biogeography
0.2 0.12213
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Main impacts are from the association with
tobacco rattle virus. The nematodes
introduce viruses into their plant hosts which
subsequently cause economic losses.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous. Main hosts include fruit trees
such as apple, avocado, lemon and
grapevine. Other host associations include
onion, sugarbeet, potato and wheat.
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Acts as vector of tobacco rattle virus which
causes corky ringspot disease in potatoes.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
There are new reports of corky ringspot
disease caused by the virus nematode
association with potato (Charlton et al
2010).
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
identification (Riga et al 2007). Taxonomic
expertise is required for confirmation of id.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 4.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on impacts, ecological
preferences, host range, and survival
adaptations of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock (especially with
fruit trees), and materials such as onion
bulbs (which are hosts), and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific information is lacking. Based on
152
general characteristics the species is likely to
persist in direct association with its host.
Overall risk index
0.514426
Literature cited
1. Boydston, R. A., H. Mojtahedi, et al. (2004). "Evidence for the influence of weeds on
corky ringspot persistence in alfalfa and Scotch spearmint rotations." American
Journal of Potato Research 81(3): 215-225.
2. Charlton, B. A., R. E. Ingham, et al. (2010). "Effects of in-furrow and water-run
oxamyl on Paratrichodorus allius and corky ringspot disease of potato in the Klamath
basin." Journal of Nematology 42(1): 1-7.
3. Crosslin, J. M., P. E. Thomas, et al. (1999). "Distribution of tobacco rattle virus in
tubers of resistant and susceptible potatoes and systemic movement of virus into
daughter plants." American Journal of Potato Research 76(4): 191-197.
4. Gieck, S. L., N. L. David, et al. (2007). "Delayed emergence, stem distortion,
stunting, and foliar symptoms associated with Tobacco rattle virus and
Paratrichodorus allius in potatoes grown in the Pacific Northwest." Plant Health
Progress(September): doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0917-1001-BR.
5. Ingham, R. E., P. B. Hamm, et al. (1999). "Management of Paratrichodorus allius
damage to onion in the Columbia Basin of Oregon." Journal of Nematology 31(4):
678-683.
6. Ingham, R. E., P. B. Hamm, et al. (2007). "Control of Paratrichodorus allius and
corky ringspot disease in potato with shank-injected metam sodium." Journal of
Nematology 39(3): 258-262.
7. Jensen, H. J., J. N. Pinkerton, et al. (1983). "Control of stubby-root nematodes in
onions with oxamyl." Plant Disease 67(1): 43-44.
8. Mojtahedi, H. and G. S. Santo (1999). "Ecology of Paratrichodorus allius and its
relationship to the corky ring-spot disease of potato in the Pacific Northwest."
American Journal of Potato Research 76(5): 273-280.
9. Mojtahedi, H., J. M. Crosslin, et al. (2002). "Impact of wheat and corn as rotational
crops on corky ringspot disease of Russet Norkotah potato." American Journal of
Potato Research 79(5): 339-344.
10. Mojtahedi, H., R. A. Boydston, et al. (2003). "Weed hosts of Paratrichodorus allius
and tobacco rattle virus in the pacific northwest." American Journal of Potato
Research 80(6): 379-385.
11. Riga, E., E. Karanastasi, et al. (2007). "Molecular identification of two stubby root
nematode species." American Journal of Potato Research 84(2): 161-167.
12. Riga, E., R. Larsen, et al. (2009). "Rapid detection of tobacco rattle tobravirus in
viruliferous Paratrichodorus allius from greenhouse and field specimens." Journal of
Nematology 41(1): 60-63.
13. Sturhan, D. (1989). "On the species status of Paratrichodorus allius (Jensen, 1963)
and P. tansaniensis Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda, Trichodoridae)." Nematologica 35(1):
62-68.
153
Paratrichodorus nanus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974
Synonyms
Trichodorus nanus Allen, 1957
Paratrichodorus (Nanidorus) nanus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974
Nanidorus nanus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.14316
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.15548
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.1299
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.027223
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000651
Biogeography
0.2 0.15548
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Parasitises sorghum and millet. Also acts as
vector for tobacco rattle virus. However
information on impacts is lacking.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Associated with roots of rye, strawberry,
vine, peanut, soja and Rumorha
adiantiformis.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Vector of tobacco rattle virus (Cooper and
Thomas 1970). However there are few
published literature on the incidence and
frequency of the virus vector associations.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much information is available on the
biology and ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
material, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific information is lacking. Based on
general characteristics the species is likely to
persist in direct association with its host.
Overall risk index
0.451096
Literature cited
154
1. Baujard, P. and B. Mariny (1995). "Ecology and pathogenicity of four Trichodorid
species from the semi-arid region of West Africa." Nematologica 41(1): 98-105.
2. Cooper, J. I. and P. R. Thomas (1970). "Trichodorus nanus, a vector of Tobacco rattle
virus in Scotland." Plant Pathology 19(4): 197-197.
155
Paratrichodorus teres (Hooper 1962) Siddiqi, 1974
Synonyms
Trichodorus teres Hooper, 1962
Paratrichodorus (Paratrichodorus) teres (Hooper, 1962) Siddiqi, 1974
Trichodorus flevensis Kuiper & Loof, 1962
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.17633
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.12061
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.18188
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.027936
SOM top 50 in NT
7.84E-05
Biogeography
0.2 0.18188
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Can cause direct damage as well as acts as
vector for viruses.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous. Known hosts include
sugarbeet, potato and onion.
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Confirmed as vector of tobacco rattle virus
which causes damage to wide range of
vegetable crops.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
There are recent reports of this species from
new areas and continues to cause damage.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
identification. Taxonomic expertise is
required to confirm species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 4.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the ecological
preferences, molecular characteristics, virus
vector associations, disease complex and
impacts.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seed potatoes, sugarbeet,
onions, nursery stock, and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific information is lacking. Based on
general characteristics the species is likely to
persist in direct association with its host.
Overall risk index
0.526376
Literature cited
156
1. Bos, A. and A. T. Krikke (1991). "Economic perspectives of arable farms in regions
with Paratrichodorus teres." Verslag - Proefstation voor de Akkerbouw en de
Groenteteelt in de Vollegrona(135).
2. Hartsema, O. (1999). "Sampling of Paratrichodorus teres: a jump into the unknown?"
PAV-Bulletin Akkerbouw(October): 12-15.
3. Hartsema, O. (2001). "Paratrichodorus teres: additional measures for control." PPOBulletin Akkerbouw(1): 34-36.
4. Karanastasi, E., W. Decraemer, et al. (2005). "First report of the stubby-root
nematode Paratrichodorus teres associated with artichoke (Cynara scolymus) in
Greece." Plant Disease 89(6): 685-685.
5. Kozyreva, N. I. and N. D. Romanenko (2008). "Distribution of the nematodes from
family Trichodoridae, vectors of the tobacco rattle virus, in the Moscow Oblast."
Parazitologiya 42(5): 428-434.
6. Molendijk, L. P. G. and A. Mulder (1996). "The Netherlands, nematodes and
potatoes; old problems are here again." Potato Research 39(4): 471-477.
7. Ploeg, A. T., F. C. Zoon, et al. (1996). "Transmission efficiency of five tobravirus
strains by Paratrichodorus teres." European Journal of Plant Pathology 102(2): 123126.
8. Riga, E. and R. Neilson (2005). "First report of the stubby-root nematode,
Paratrichodorus teres, from potato in the Columbia Basin of Washington State." Plant
Disease 89(12): 1361-1361.
9. Romanenko, N. D., S. Nasrollanejad, et al. (2004). The revealing of complex virus
and nematode infections and estimation of their harmful on potato in conditions of
Moscow and Moscow-region. Parasitic nematodes of plants and insects. On the
occasion of the 50-th anniversary of phytoparasitologic researches in the Institute of
Parasitology of the RAS. M. D. Sonin, Nauka: 171-182, 313-314.
10. Zoon, F. C., A. S. van Bruggen, et al. (2002). Effect of green manure crops and
organic amendments on incidence of nematode-borne tobacco rattle virus.
Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Flowerbulbs. G. Littlejohn, R.
Venter and C. Lombard. Leuven 1, International Society Horticultural Science: 287292.
157
Paratrichodorus tunisiensis (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974
Synonyms
Trichodorus tunisiensis Siddiqi, 1963
Paratrichodorus (Paratrichodorus) tunisiensis (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.047416
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.01208
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.084731
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.050858
SOM top 50 in NT
4.34E-08
Biogeography
0.2 0.084731
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Has been found associated with fruit trees.
Also acts as vector of tobacco rattle virus
(Roca and Rana 1981).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Polyphagous (Olive, grapevine, hazelnut,
poplar apple, peach walnut) and other
crops.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Acts as vector of tobacco rattle virus.
However there are few published literature
on the incidence and frequency of the virus
vector associations.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no new reports of damage or
impacts from this species.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for
species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much is known about the impacts,
biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include seedlings of
fruit trees, nursery stock and as soil
contaminants.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species is likely to persist in direct
association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.4469462
Literature cited
158
1. Maafi, Z. T. and W. Decraemer (2002). "Description of Trichodorus gilanensis n. sp.
from a forest park in Iran and observations on Paratrichodorus tunisiensis (Siddiqi,
1963) Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Diphtherophorina)." Nematology 4(1): 43-54.
2. Roca, F. and G. L. Rana (1981). "Paratrichodorus tunisiensis (Nematoda,
Trichodoridae) a new vector of tobacco rattle virus in Italy." Nematologia
Mediterranea 9(2): 217-219.
3. Siddiqui, Z. A., A. Rashid, et al. (1987). "A survey of plant parasitic nematodes
associated with citrus in Libya and trials on chemical control." Indian Journal of
Nematology 17(1): 76-80.
159
Paratylenchus (Paratylenchus) minutus Linford, in Linford, Oliveira &
Ishii, 1949
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.26821
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.30375
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.17594
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.40E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.13779
Biogeography
0.2 0.30375
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Information on the impacts from this species
is not available.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Reported as parasitising pineapple,
anthuriums and other ornamental plants.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Recent report from new area.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available. Taxonomic
expertise is required for confirmation of
species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
There is uncertainty on the biology, ecology,
impacts and associations in disease
complexes.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as ornamental plants,
seedlings, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.7
Tolerant of slow desiccation and likely to
survive in soil for medium periods and for
longer periods when in association with its
host.
Overall risk index
0.48075
Literature cited
1. Bala, G. and F. Hosein (1996). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with anthuriums
and other tropical ornamentals." Nematropica 26(1): 9-14.
160
2. Chen, D. Y., H. F. Ni, et al. (2009). "Identification of a new recorded pin nematode
Paratylenchus minutus (Nematoda: Criconematoidea, Tylenchulidae) in Taiwan."
Plant Pathology Bulletin 18(3): 167-174.
3. Geraert, E. (1965). "The genus Paratylenchus." Nematologica 11(3): 301-334.
4. Linford, M. B., J. M. Oliveira, et al. (1949). "Paratylenchus minutus, n.sp., a
nematode parasitic on roots." Pacific Science 3: 111-119.
161
Pratylenchus convallariae Seinhorst, 1959
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.065842
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.10135
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.039589
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.026128
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000142
Biogeography
0.2 0.10135
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to convallariae (lily of the
valley). Parasitises sweet potato, peach and
corn however economic impacts are not
known.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main host Convallariae. Other known hosts
include, corn, sweet potato and peach.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence is not available. Parasitism
by this nematode produces lesions which can
provide entry for other soil pathogens thus
increasing vulnerability to attack.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There no recent reports of spread.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Rapid diagnostic protocol not available.
Taxonomic expertise required. Nucleotide
sequences on GenBank: 10.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much information is available on the
impacts, biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
material for Convallariae and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species can be both ecto and
endoparasite hence is likely to persist when
in direct association with its host and survive
for short periods in the soil without a host.
Overall risk index
0.41527
Literature cited
162
1. Baicheva, O., L. Budurova, et al. (1995). "Pratylenchus delatrei Luk (1958) and
Pratylenchus convallariae Seinhorst (1959): new species for the Bulgarian fauna."
Dokladi na B"lgarskata Akademiya na Naukite 47(9): 93-95.
2. Banck, A. (1974). "Root nematodes, especially Pratylenchus convallariae, the cause
of heavy losses to lily-of-the-valley." Vaxtskyddsnotiser 38(4): 67-72.
3. Bogs, D. and H. Braasch (1974). "Studies on the control of nematodes in lily-of-thevalley crowns with hydrogen phosphide." Nachrichtenblatt fur den Pflanzenschutz
in der DDR 28(11): 222-226.
4. Carta, L. K., A. M. Skantar, et al. (2001). "Molecular, morphological and thermal
characters of 19 Pratylenchus spp. and relatives using the D3 segment of the nuclear
LSU rRNA gene." Nematropica 31(2): 193-207.
5. Cayrol, J. C. and M. Ritter (1962). "Research on vermicular disease of lily-of-thevalley caused by Pratylenchus convallariae (Seinhorst 1959)." Ann Epiphyt 13(4):
301-328.
6. Handoo, Z. A., L. K. Carta, et al. (2001). "Morphological and molecular
characterisation of Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp., P convallariae and P-fallax
(Nematoda : Pratylenchidae)." Nematology 3: 607-618.
7. Huan, J. and M. Q. Xu (1985). "A report on the identification of plant parasitic
nematodes of staple crops in Zhejiang Province. II. The five species of parasitic
nematodes on sweet potatoes." Acta Agriculture Universitatis Zhejiangensis 11(2):
231-235.
8. Kuhne, H. and R. Leopold (1970). "Results with nematicides for the control of
Pratylenchus spp. during vegetative growth of lily-of-the-valley." Ann. Schadlingsk.
43: 138-141.
9. Saigusa, T. and Y. Ando (1973). "Notes on the bionomics and control of
Pratylenchus convallariae on German lily-of-the-valley." 17th Annual Meeting of
the Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Nagano, Japan, 3-5
April 1973.: 145-145.
10. Saigusa, T., Y. Ando, et al. (1973). "The ecology of the lily-of-the-valley root lesion
nematode, and its treatment with hot water." Research Bulletin of the Plant
Protection Service, Japan(11): 36-47.
11. Seinhorst, J. W. (1959). "Two new species of Pratylenchus." Nematologica 4: 8386.
163
Pratylenchus delattrei (Luc, 1958) Handoo & Golden, 1989
Synonyms
Pratylenchus singhi Das & Sultana, 1979
Pratylenchus portulacus Zarina & Maqbool, 1998
Pratylenchus graminis Subramaniyan & Sivakumar, 1991
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.14322
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.21317
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.073495
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.13E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.033959
Biogeography
0.2 0.21317
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to Cossandra (Flowering plant).
The impacts on other hosts are not available.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Can form disease complex with fungal
pathogens causing root rot and wilt diseases.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas where it
is present.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification. Nucleotide sequences on
GenBank: 0
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts from this
species, molecular characteristics, ecological
and biological preferences.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species can be both ecto and
endoparasite hence is likely to persist when
in direct association with its host and survive
for short periods in the soil without a host.
Overall risk index
0.512634
Literature cited
1. Baicheva, O., L. Budurova, et al. (1995). "Pratylenchus delatrei Luk (1958) and
Pratylenchus convallariae Seinhorst (1959): new species for the Bulgarian fauna."
Dokladi na B"lgarskata Akademiya na Naukite 47(9): 93-95.
164
2. Kim, J.-I. and N. Minagawa (1996). "Classification of root-lesion nematodes
occurring in vinyl-houses planted horticultural crops." RDA Journal of Agricultural
Science, Crop Protection 38(1): 530-538.
3. Mehta, U. K. and P. Sundararaj (1994). "Observations on the morphometric
variability of Pratylenchus brachyurus and Pratylenchus delattrei from sugarcane
fields of South India." 71-74.
4. Naganathan, T. G. (1978). "Host parasite relationships and control of the lesion
nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei L. on maize." Thesis Abstracts Haryana
Agricultural University 4(2): 106-106.
5. Naganathan, T. G. and C. V. Sivakumar (1977). "Host-parasite relationships and
influeuce of soil types on the lesion nematode Pratylenchus delattrei Luc, 1958 on
maize." Indian J Nematol 5(2): 162-169; illust.
6. Naganathan, T. G. and C. V. Sivakumar (1977). "Host-parasite relationships and
influence of soil types on the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei Luc, 1958, on
maize." Indian Journal of Nematology 5(2): 162-169.
7. Naganathan, T. G. and C. V. Sivakumar (1978). "Control of the lesion nematode
Pratylenchus delattrei Luc, 1958 on maize." Indian Journal of Nematology 6(1): 3238.
8. Srinivasan, A. (1978). "Studies on the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus delattrei
Luc. 1958 on crossandra." Thesis Abstracts Haryana Agricultural University 4(2):
104-105.
9. Srinivasan, A. and T. S. Muthukrishnan (1977). "Pathogenicity of the lesion
nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei Luc, 1958 on Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb."
Indian Journal of Nematology 5(2): 222-225.
10. Subramanian, S. and C. V. Sivakumar (1988). "Morphometric and allometric
variations in Pratylenchus delattrei, Luc, 1958 from Tamil Nadu, India." Indian
Journal of Nematology 18(2): 392-394.
11. Sundarababu, R. and S. Vadivelu (1990). "Pathogenic effects of Pratylenchus,
Helicotylenchus and Hoplolaimus on Jasminum sambac." International Nematology
Network Newsletter 7(4): 19-20.
12. Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., M. Mazzola, et al. (2011). "A multi-phasic approach reveals
that apple replant disease is caused by multiple biological agents, with some agents
acting synergistically." Soil Biology & Biochemistry 43(9): 1917-1927.
13. Vadivelu, S. (1978). "Interaction effect of Meloidogyne incognita (Kojoid and
White, 1919) Chitwood 1949 and Pratylenchus delattrei Lue, 1958 on tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum Linn.) with reference to soil type." Thesis Abstracts
Haryana Agricultural University 4(1): 29-30.
14. Vadivelu, S. and T. S. Muthukrishnan (1989). "Biology and influence of host
species and geographical location on morphometrics of Pratylenchus delattrei."
Journal of Soil Biology & Ecology 9(1): 25-35.
165
Pratylenchus fallax Seinhorst, 1968
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.20354
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.16869
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.23274
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.065452
SOM top 50 in NT
0.00016
Biogeography
0.2 0.23274
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Parasitises a wide range of crops. In
addition it is associated with fungal
pathogens and increases the severity of
wilt disease thus damage results from the
nematode fungi disease complex.
Information on direct impacts by this
species alone is lacking.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous. Hosts include fruit trees,
cereals, grasses and other crops (Castillo
and Vovlas 2007).
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Can form disease complex with fungal
pathogens causing wilt and root rot
diseases (Goud et al 2011).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Has been recorded from new areas and
there are reports of damage resulting
from disease complex.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods for identification are
available. Taxonomic expertise is
required for confirmation of species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 6.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
interactions, ecological and biological
preferences of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock such as fruit
trees and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species can be both ecto and
endoparasite hence is likely to persist
166
when in direct association with its host
and survive for short periods in the soil
without a host.
Overall risk index
0.521548
Literature cited
1. Carta, L. K., A. M. Skantar, et al. (2001). "Molecular, morphological and thermal
characters of 19 Pratylenchus spp. and relatives using the D3 segment of the nuclear
LSU rRNA gene." Nematropica 31(2): 193-207.
2. Castillo, P. and N. Vovlas (2007). Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae):
diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management.
3. Corbett, D. C. M. (1972). "Effect of Pratylenchus fallax on wheat, barley and sugarbeet roots." Nematologica 18(3): 303-308.
4. Goud, J. K. C., A. J. Termorshuizen, et al. (2011). "Verticillium wilt in nursery trees:
damage thresholds, spatial and temporal aspects." European Journal of Plant
Pathology 131(3): 451-465.
5. Goud, J. K. C., A. J. Termorshuizen, et al. (2004). "Long-term effect of biological soil
disinfestation on Verticillium wilt." Plant Disease 88(7): 688-694.
6. Handoo, Z. A., L. K. Carta, et al. (2001). "Morphological and molecular
characterisation of Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp., P convallariae and P-fallax
(Nematoda : Pratylenchidae)." Nematology 3: 607-618.
7. Kobayashi, Y. (1974). "The effect of planting Tagetes spp. on population densities of
two nematode species, Pratylenchus fallax and Meloidogyne sp." Proceedings of the
Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society (Japan)(21): 147-148.
8. Kobayashi, Y., M. Sato, et al. (1974). "Studies on the root-lesion nematodes
associated with successive growing failure of chrysanthemum. II. The effect of
Pratylenchus fallax on growth and excess-moisture tolerance of chrysanthemum."
Japanese Journal of Nematology 4: 13-19.
9. Perry, R. N., R. A. Plowright, et al. (1980). "Mating between Pratylenchus penetrans
and Pratylenchus fallax in sterile culture." Nematologica 26(1): 125-129.
10. Seinhorst, J. W. (1968). "Three new Pratylenchus species with a discussion of
structure of cephalic framework and of spermatheca in this genus." Nematologica
14(4): 497-510.
11. Yu, Q., J. W. Potter, et al. (1997). "First Report of Pratylenchus fallax on Turfgrass in
Ontario." Plant Disease 81(11): 1331-1331.
12. van den Berg, E. and L. R. Tiedt (2007). "Plant nematodes in South Africa. 9. Checklist of plant nematodes from the Goegap and Wits and Nature Reserves, northern
Cape Province, with a description of a new Rotylenchus species (Hoplolaimidae:
Nematoda)." African Plant Protection 13: 28-35.
13. Webb, R. M. (1990). "Effects of the nematode Pratylenchus fallax on roots of oilseed
rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera)." Revue de Nematologie 13(1): 115-117.
167
Pratylenchus mediterraneus Corbett, 1983
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.062679
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.02126
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.13163
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.027122
SOM top 50 in NT
3.81E-06
Biogeography
0.2 0.13163
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Host range
0.1 0.7
Parasitises wide range of crops chickpea,
lentils, potatoes, carrots, wheat, and
chrysanthemum.
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Caused cracking of carrots (Orion et al
1988). Although direct evidence of
complexes is lacking, the lesions caused by
feeding is likely to increase the
susceptibility of roots to attack by soil
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
There are records from new areas.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for
species identification. Morphologically the
species is very similar to P. thornei.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 20.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seed potatoes and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species can be both ecto and
endoparasite hence is likely to persist when
in direct association with its host and
survive for short periods in the soil without
a host.
Overall risk index
0.486326
Literature cited
168
1. Choi, D., J. Lee, et al. (2006). "A new and one unrecorded species of Pratylenchus
from Korea (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 9(1):
5-9.
2. Corbett, D. C. M. (1983). "Three new species of Pratylenchus with a redescription of
P. andinus Lordello, Zamith & Boock, 1961 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)."
Nematologica 29(4): 390-403.
3. Greco, N. and M. Di Vito (1994). "Nematodes of food legumes in the Mediterranean
Basin." Bulletin OEPP 24(2): 393-398.
4. Oka, Y., B. H. Ben-Daniel, et al. (2001). "Nematicidal activity of powder and extracts
of Inula viscosa." Nematology 3(8): 735-742.
5. Orion, D. and I. Glazer (1987). "Nematicide seed dressing for Pratylenchus
mediterraneus control in wheat." Phytoparasitica 15(3): 225-228.
6. Orion, D. and D. Lapid (1993). "Scanning electron microscope study on the
interactions of Pratylenchus mediterraneus and Vicia sativa roots." Nematologica
39(3): 322-327.
7. Orion, D., A. Nachmias, et al. (1995). "Observations on the parasitic behavior of
Pratylenchus mediterraneus on excised potato roots." Nematropica 25(1): 71-74.
8. Orion, D. and E. Shlevin (1989). "Nematicide seed dressing for cyst and lesion
nematode control in wheat." Journal of Nematology 21(4 (supplement)): 629-631.
9. Orion, D., E. Shlevin, et al. (1988). "Controlling the migratory nematode Pratylenchus
mediterraneus improves carrot yield quality." Hassadeh 69(1): 72-74.
169
Pratylenchus sudanensis Loof & Yassin, 1971
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.047609
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.092
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.01227
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000104
SOM top 50 in NT
0.12307
Biogeography
0.2 0.12307
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to yam and cotton.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous; including cotton, yam,
sugarcane, potato, Pterocarpus indicus,
Artabotrys hexapetalus and Tamarix.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Forms disease complex with fungal
pathogens increasing the severity of wilt
disease in cotton (Saadabi and Yassin
2007). Causes cracking of yam tubers.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.6
Has been recorded from new areas and
continues to cause damage.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for
species identification. Nucleotide
sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known about the biology
and ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include produce such
as infected yam tubers, propagative
material such as seed yam, and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species can be both ecto and
endoparasite hence is likely to persist
when in direct association with its host
and survive for short periods in the soil
without a host.
Overall risk index
0.554614
Literature cited
170
1. Loof, P. A. A. and A. M. Yassin (1971). "Three new plant-parasitic nematodes from
the Sudan, with notes on Xiphinema basiri Siddiqi, 1959." Nematologica 16(4): 537546.
2. Mudiope, J., D. L. Coyne, et al. (2004). "Monoxenic culture of Pratylenchus
sudanensis on carrot disks, with evidence of differences in reproductive rates between
geographical isolates." Nematology 6: 617-619.
3. Mudiope, J., P. R. Speijer, et al. (2007). "Nematode distribution and damage to yam
in Central and Eastern Uganda." African Crop Science Journal 15(2): 93-99.
4. Saadabi, A. M., A. M. Yassin, et al. (1987). "Comparative morphology of
Pratylenchus sudanensis, P. zeae and P. neglectus with emphasis on variation within
the P. sudanensis population." International Nematology Network Newsletter 4(3):
39-50.
5. Saadabi, A. M. (1986). "Distribution of Pratylenchus sudanensis in relation to soil
depth in cotton ( Gossypium barbadense L.) and guava ( Psidium guajava L.)."
International Nematology Network Newsletter 3(1): 26-27.
6. Saadabi, A. M., A. M. Yassin, et al. (1986). "Interaction between Pratylenchus
sudanensis and the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum
(ATK.) Synder & Hansen in cotton ( Gossypium spp.)." International Nematology
Network Newsletter 3(1): 28-29.
7. Saadabi, A. M. (1985). "Studies on the biology and control of some root-lesion
nematodes with emphasis on Pratylenchus sudanensis, n.sp. Loof and Yassin, 1970 on
cotton in the Gezira area." International Nematology Network Newsletter 2(2): 11-13.
8. Saadabi, A. M. A. and A. M. Yassin (2007). "Role of Pratylenchus sudanensis, a rootlesion nematode in the syndrome of cotton wilt in Gezira area of Sudan." Agricultural
Journal 2(3): 415-418.
9. Yassin, A. M. (1973). "ROOT LESION NEMATODE PARASITIC ON COTTON IN
GEZIRA." Nematologica 19(1): 122-123.
10. Yassin, A. M. (1974). "Role of Pratylenchus sudanensis in the syndrome of cotton
wilt with reference to its vertical distribution." Sudan Agricultural Journal 9: 48-52.
11. Yassin, A. M. and Z. E. Mohamed (1980). "Studies on the biology and chemical
control of root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus sudanensis Loof and Yassin 1970, from
the Gezira." Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Zoologie 67(2): 225-231.
12. Zarina, B. and M. A. Maqbool (1998). "Descriptions and observations on two new
and two known species of the genus Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda:
Pratylenchidae) from Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 16(1): 13-24.
171
Punctodera matadoresnsis Mulvey & Stone, 1976
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.060317
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.01491
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.12112
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025953
SOM top 50 in NT
3.81E-06
Biogeography
0.2 0.12112
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
The pathogenicity has not been evaluated.
Host range
0.1 0.3
Mainly grasses. Has been recorded recently
from potato fields in North Dakota, USA.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Has been recorded from new areas.
Species identification
0.1 0.9
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification. Cysts can be confused with
other cyst forming nematodes.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much is known about the impacts,
biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include seed potatoes or
other propagative material likely to contain
soil. Even non host plant can act as means
of dispersal if they are transported with soil.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Cysts are likely to survive in soil for long
periods in absence of host and when
conditions are unfavourable.
Overall risk index
0.434224
Literature cited
1. Ferguson L (2010). Punctodera matadorensis New Pest Advisory Group Report.
USDA
2. Handoo, Z. A., A. M. Skantar, et al. (2010). "First report of the cyst nematode
Punctodera matadorensis in the United States." Journal of Nematology 42(3): 246247.
172
3. Hrzic, A. and G. Urek (1990). "Study of nematopopulations found in arable land in
Slovenia
4. Proucevanje nematopopulacij obdelovalne Zemlje." Zbornik Biotehniske Fakultete
Universze v Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo (55): 97-102.
5. Mulvey, R. H. and A. R. Stone (1976). "Description of Punctodera matadorensis n.
gen, n. sp (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Saskatchewan with lists of species and
generic diagnoses of Globodera (n rank), Heterodera, and Sarisodera." Canadian
Journal of Zoology 54(5): 772-785.
173
Punctodera punctata (Thorne 1928) Mulvey & Stone, 1976
Synonyms
Heterodera punctata Thorne, 1928
Globodera punctata (Thorne, 1928) Skarbilovich, 1959
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.095307
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.03046
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.20506
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.26723
SOM top 50 in NT
0.006959
Biogeography
0.2 0.26723
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Information on impacts and evidence of
damage is lacking.In Mexico, P. punctata
was reported on maize and caused
reduction in growth (Vazquez, 1976).
However this could be a misidentification
of P. chalcoensis with P. punctata as P.
punctata does not infect maize. Closely
related species Punctodera chalcoensis is
known to cause damage to maize.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Main hosts include grasses Agrostis
capillaris (brown bentgrass), Agrostis
stolonifera (creeping bentgrass), Agrostis
stolonifera var. palustris (bent grass),
Festuca rubra (red fescue), Lolium perenne
(perennial ryegrass), Poa annua (annual
meadowgrass), and Poa pratensis (smooth
stalked meadowgrass). Other hosts include
Avena sativa (oats), Hordeum vulgare
(barley), Triticum (wheat).
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent reports of spread or
damage caused by this species.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods for identification are
available. Confirmation requires taxonomic
expertise.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 4.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
There is uncertainty on the host range,
impacts, ecological preferences and
molecular characteristics of this species.
174
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials and as soil contaminant. Local
dispersal can be facilitated by floods, wind
and via birds ingesting cysts and releasing
cysts into new areas with their droppings
(Radice et al 1984).
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.8
The cysts are able to survive in soil for long
periods in absence of host and when
conditions are adverse.
Overall risk index
0.443446
Literature cited
1. Castillo, P., M. Dolores Romero, et al. (1989). "New record of Punctodera punctata
from Spain." Nematologia Mediterranea 17(2): 67-70.
2. Chizhov, V. N. and S. B. Indekh (1980). "The cyst-forming nematode, Punctodera
punctata, in the Moscow region." Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii
im. K.I. Skryabina (Fitogel'mintologiya)(26): 96-98.
3. Hrzic, A. and G. Urek (1988). "The extent of spreading of cyst forming nematodes of
the Heteroderidae family." Zbornik Biotechniske Fakultete Univerze Edvarda
Kardelja v Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo 43(51): 271-179.
4. Magnusson, C. and B. Hammeraas (1997). "Nematodes in sports fields."
Växtskyddsnotiser 61(4): 121-132.
5. Radice, A. D., P. M. Halisky, et al. (1984). "Distribution and dissemination of
Punctodera punctata on turfgrasses in New Jersey." Plant Disease 68(3): 256-257.
6. Radice, A. D., R. F. Myers, et al. (1985). "STUDIES ON THE HOST RANGE,
BIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENICITY OF PUNCTODERA-PUNCTATA
INFECTING TURFGRASSES." Journal of Nematology 17(2): 162-165.
7. Urek, G. and S. Lapajne (2001). "Detection of cyst-forming nematodes
(Heteroderidae) in arable soils in Slovenia in the period 1997-1999." Sodobno
Kmetijstvo 34(10): 435-440.
8. Vandenbossche, B., N. Viaene, et al. (2011). "Diversity and incidence of plantparasitic nematodes in Belgian turf grass." Nematology 13: 245-256.
9. Vazquez, J. T. (1976). "Infestations of parasitic nematodes as a factor limiting the
production of maize in the Mexican altiplano." Infestaciones de nematodes
fitoparasitos como factor limitante en la produccion de maiz en el altiplano
Mexicano.: 79 pp.-79 pp.
10. Wouts, W. M., B. Weischer, et al. (1986). "ON THE IDENTITY OF EUROPEAN
POPULATIONS OF PUNCTODERA-PUNCTATA (NEMATODA,
HETERODERIDAE)." Nematologica 32(1): 79-88.
175
Quinisulcius acutus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971
Synonyms
Tylenchorhynchus acutus Allen, 1955
Tetylenchus hanumanthi Edward, Uma & Sharma, 1983
Quinisulcius hanumanthi (Edward, Uma & Sharma, 1983) comb. n.
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.2683
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.27925
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.29014
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.031403
SOM top 50 in NT
0.1153
Biogeography
0.2 0.29014
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.4
Information on yield losses is lacking.
Pathogenic to squash and sorghum. Damage
results mainly from the interaction with
other soil pathogens.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous; associated with wide range of
crops.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Commonly associated with stunting of
plants caused in association with fungal
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Although the nematode has been recorded
lately, evidence of damage is lacking.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
Not much information is available on the
impacts, interactions with other soil
microorganisms, ecological preferences, and
biology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seedlings, nursery stock
and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.4
Likely to persist in direct association with
host plants and survive in soil for short
periods in absence of a host.
Overall risk index
0.438028
Literature cited
176
See CABI cpc profile for Tylenchorhynchus acutus
1. Cuarezma-Terán, J. A. and L. E. Trevathan (1985). "Effects of Pratylenchus zeae and
Quinisulcius acutus alone and in combination on sorghum." Journal of Nematology
17(2): 169-174.
2. Kepenekci̇ , I. (2003). "Preliminary list of Tylenchida (Nematoda) associated with
anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) in Turkey." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 21(1): 3740.
3. McSorley, R., J. L. Parrado, et al. (1981). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with
mango and relationship to tree condition." Nematropica 11(1): 1-9.
4. McSorley, R. and V. H. Waddill (1982). "Partitioning yield loss on yellow squash
into nematode and insect components." Journal of Nematology 14(1): 110-118.
5. McSorley, R., D. R. Seal, et al. (2009). "Non-target effects of sunn hemp and
marigold cover crops on the soil invertebrate community." Nematropica 39(2): 235245.
6. Robbins, R. T., R. D. Riggs, et al. (1987). "Results of annual phytoparasitic nematode
surveys of Arkansas soybean fields, 1978-1986." Annals of Applied Nematology 1:
50-55.
7. Robbins, R. T., R. D. Riggs, et al. (1989). "Phytoparasitic nematode surveys of
Arkansas cotton fields, 1986-88." Journal of Nematology 21(4 (supplement)): 619623.
8. Sharma, N. N. and J. C. Edward (1985). "Proposal of synonymy of Tetylenchus
hanumanthi with Quinisulcius acutus." Journal of Soil Biology and Ecology 5(2):
134.
9. Siddiqi, M. R. (1974). "Plant-parasitic nematodes of sugarcane in northwestern
Venezuela." Nematropica 4(1): 6.
10. Walters, S. A., J. P. Bond, et al. (2004). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with
horseradish in Illinois." Nematropica 34(2): 191-197.
177
Radopholus citri Machon & Bridge, 1996
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.000117
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.00099
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
6.27E-06
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.92E-11
SOM top 50 in NT
0.03051
Biogeography
0.2 0.03051
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Pathogenic to citrus (in pot experiments).
Host range
0.1 0.3
Main host is citrus. Information on other
hosts is not available.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence of disease complex is not
available but feeding action causes necrosis
of roots which can provide entry for other
soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Only recorded from the type locality.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much information is available on the
biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as citrus seedlings, banana
suckers and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species can be both ecto and
endoparasite hence is likely to persist when
in direct association with its host and survive
for short periods in the soil without a host.
Overall risk index
0.401102
Literature cited
178
1. Machon, J. E. and J. Bridge (1996). "Radopholus citri n. sp. (Tylenchida:
Pratylenchidae) and its pathogenicity on citrus." Fundamental and Applied
Nematology 19(2): 127-133.
179
Rotylenchulus macrodoratus Dasgupta, Raski & Sher, 1968
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.14086
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.14472
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.14483
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.027326
SOM top 50 in NT
1.83E-05
Biogeography
0.2 0.14483
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to olives, grapes, soybean.
However information on yield losses is
lacking.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Hosts include Olea europea, Phlomis
fruticosa, Ceratonia siliqua, Ficus carica,
Nerium oleander, Prunus domestica and P.
armeniaca (Vovlas and Lamberti, 1974).
Disease complex
0.05 0.4
Likely to increase the susceptibility of
infected roots to attack by other soil
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no new reports of damage and or
spread into new areas.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
ecological preferences and molecular
characteristics of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as seedlings, nursery stock
and as soil contaminant. The adult female is
semi-endoparasitic and stays attached to the
roots.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Eggs are laid in a gelatinous matrix and are
likely to survive in soil for medium periods.
Overall risk index
0.438966
Literature cited
180
1. Cohn, E. and M. Mordechai (1977). "UNINUCLEATE GIANT-CELL INDUCED IN
SOYBEAN BY NEMATODE ROTYLENCHULUS-MACRODORATUS."
Phytoparasitica 5(2): 85-93.
2. Inserra, R., N. Vovlas, et al. (1976). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated with
declining olive trees in southern Italy." Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra 39 (49):
419-424.
3. Inserra, R. N. and N. Vovlas (1980). "The biology of Rotylenchulus macrodoratus."
Journal of Nematology 12(2): 97-102.
4. Inserra, R. N. and N. Vovlas (1981). "The geographical distribution of parasitic
nematodes associated with olive trees in Italy." Informatore Fitopatologico 31(1/2):
117-119.
5. Robinson, A. F., R. N. Inserra, et al. (1998). "Rotylenchulus species: Identification,
distribution, host ranges, and crop plant resistance." Nematropica 27(2): 127-180.
6. Scotto La Massese, C. (1973). "New host and new location of Rotylenchulus
macrodoratus (Dasgupta, Raski et Sher, 1968)." Nematologia Mediterranea 1(1): 5556.
7. Scotto La Massèse, C., L. Deportes, et al. (1984). "The principal enemies of fig-trees:
nematodes and diseases." Phytoma - Défense des Cultures(354): 39-41.
8. Vovlas, N. and F. Lamberti (1974). "New natural hosts of Rotylenchulus
macrodoratus Dasgupta, Raski and Sher, 1968 in the Mediterranean Region. ."
Nematologia Mediterranea 2(2): 177-179.
9. Vovlas, N. (1983). "Gall formation on Pistacia vera by Rotylenchulus macrodoratus."
Journal of Nematology 15(1): 148-150.
10. Vovlas, N. and E. Vlachopoulos (1991). "Parasitism of the Mediterranean reniform
nematode Rotylenchulus macrodoratus on grape in Crete, Greece." Ciencia Biologica
Ecology and Systematics 11(1-2): 1-6.
181
Scutellonema bradys (Steiner, 1937) Andrássy, 1958
Synonyms
Hoplolaimus bradys Steiner & LeHew, 1933
Anguillulina bradys (Steiner & LeHew) Goodey, 1935
Rotylenchus bradys (Steiner & LeHew) Filipjev, 1936
Rotylenchus blaberus Steiner, 1937
Scutellonema blaberum (Steiner, 1937) Andrássy, 1958
Scutellonema dioscoreae Lordello, 1959
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.26517
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.33292
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.15766
SOM top 50 in TAS
4.52E-06
SOM top 50 in NT
0.30882
Biogeography
0.2 0.33292
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Pathogenic to yams and potatoes.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous. Main host is yam. Other hosts
include cassava, potato, cowpeas, tobacco
and selected weeds can act as alternative
hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.7
Causes dry rot disease in yam tubers.
Infection by S. bradys increases the severity
of rotting of tubers. Also causes cracking of
tubers which increases susceptibility to
attack by other pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.9
Continues to cause damage in areas where it
is present and has been spread into new
areas (Brazil). It has also been recently
reported to cause damage on potatoes.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic methods are not available.
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 11.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the impacts on crops
other than the main hosts. Little information
is available on disease complexes, the
ecological preferences and molecular
characteristics.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Directly associated with produce and
182
propagative materials increases the chances
of dissemination of the nematode via trade
and with propagative materials. It can also
be spread with soil as contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
Overall risk index
0.1 0.8
The species is an endoparasite and feeds in
the tubers and when in direct association
with its host it is likely to survive for storage
periods of up to 5-6 months. Survival
adaptations when in soil is poorly known
and is likely to survive for short to medium
term in soil without a host.
0.631584
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Acosta, N. and A. Ayala (1975). "Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus coffeae,
Scutellonema bradys, Meloidogyne incognita, and Rotylenchulus reniformis on
Dioscorea rotundata." Journal of Nematology 7(1): 1-6.
2. Adesiyan, S. O. (1976). "Host range studies of the yam nematode, Scutellonema
bradys." Nematropica 6(2): 60-63.
3. Adesiyan, S. O., R. A. Odihirin, et al. (1975). "Economic losses caused by yam
nematode, Scutellonema bradys, in Nigeria." Plant Disease Reporter 59(6): 477-480.
4. Baimey, H., D. Coyne, et al. (2005). "Assessment of inoculation methods in
evaluating response of yam cultivars to infection by Scutellonema bradys."
Nematology 7: 375-379.
5. Baimey, H., D. Coyne, et al. (2006). "Effect of fertiliser application on yam nematode
(Scutellonema bradys) multiplication and consequent damage to yam (Dioscorea spp.)
under field and storage conditions in Benin." International Journal of Pest
Management 52(1): 63-70.
6. Baimey, H., D. Coyne, et al. (2009). "Pathogenicity of Scutellonema bradys
populations from different geographical areas in Benin on yam (Dioscorea spp.)."
Crop Protection 28(9): 715-721.
7. Cadet, P. and P. Queneherve (1994). "NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS OF
SCUTELLONEMA-BRADYS (NEMATODA, HOPLOLAIMIDAE) DURING
GROWTH AND STORAGE OF THE YAM (DIOSCOREA-ALATA) IN
MARTINIQUE." Nematologica 40(4): 587-600.
8. Coyne, D. L., A. Tchabi, et al. (2006). "Distribution and prevalence of nematodes
(Scutellonema bradys and Meloidogyne spp.) on marketed yam (Dioscorea spp.) in
West Africa." Field Crops Research 96(1): 142-150.
9. Coyne, D. and A. Claudius-Cole (2009). "Scutellonema bradys, the yam nematode,
newly reported affecting Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Nigeria." Plant
Pathology 58(4): 805-805.
10. Coyne, D. L., L. I. Akpheokhai, et al. (2011). "The yam nematode (Scutellonema
bradys), a potential threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in West Africa."
Plant Pathology 60(5): 992-997.
11. Crozzoli P, R. and D. M. Parra M (1991). "Detection of the nematode Scutellonema
bradys causing dry rot of yam in Venezuela." Fitopatologia Venezolana 4(1): 26-26.
183
12. Garrido, M. d. S., J. L. Coimbra, et al. (2008). "Nematodes associated with
rhizosphere and roots of cassava planted in rotation with yam crops." Summa
Phytopathologica 34(2): 181-182.
13. Lal, A. and Rajan (2005). "Nematodes intercepted in introduced germplasm of
horticultural crops." Indian Journal of Plant Protection 33(2): 282-285.
14. Lordello, A. I. L., A. R. Monteiro, et al. (2005). "Occurrence of dry rot of yams at Sao
Paulo State, in Brazil." Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba) 80(3): 356-357.
15. Moura, R. M., I. S. Oliveira, et al. (2006). "First report on the occurrence of
Scutellonema bradys on Dioscorea alata in Brazil, established in the State of Sao
Paulo." Fitopatologia Brasileira 31(2): 211-211.
16. Moura, R. M. d., E. M. R. Pedrosa, et al. (2001). "New data on the etiology of dry rot
of yam in the northeast of Brazil." Nematologia Brasileira 25(2): 235-237.
17. Olabiyi, T. I., B. B. Ogunbowale, et al. (2009). "Pathogenicity study of Meloidogyne
incognita and Scutellonema bradys on white yam cultivars in south-west Nigeria."
Aspects of Applied Biology(96): 393-396.
18. Reni, V. and C. Mohandas (2002). "Depth of penetration of Scutellonema bradys
causing 'dry rot' on Dioscorea alata L." Indian Journal of Nematology 32(2): 186-186.
19. Saeed, M., H. A. Khan, et al. (1986). "A survey of the nematode problem of tobacco
in Pakistan: (A) Nurseries." Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
29(4): 279-283.
20. Sousa, C. d. S., A. C. Fermino Soares, et al. (2009). "Control of Scutellonema bradys
in yam tubers by Streptomyces spp." Revista Ciencia Agronomica 40(4): 486-491.
184
Scutellonema clathricaudatum Whitehead, 1959
Synonyms
Hoplolaimus aberrans Whitehead, 1960
Scutellonema aberrans (Whitehead) Sher, 1961
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.12571
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.14622
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.062133
SOM top 50 in TAS
3.52E-08
SOM top 50 in NT
0.35897
Biogeography
0.2 0.35897
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Pathogenic to groundnuts and Aloe
barbadensis. The impacts and yield loss
on other crops is not known.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Main host include groundnuts. Other
hosts include okra, onion cabbage, rice,
maize beans. Weeds can act as
alternative hosts.
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence of disease complex is
lacking, however the feeding activity is
likely to predispose infected roots to
attack by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Has been recorded from new areas
(Benin, Ethiopia).
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known about the biology,
ecology and impacts from this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include
dissemination with seedlings (potato
yam rice), nursery stock, and with soil as
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.8
Are well adapted for surviving tropical
conditions and can tolerate desiccation
to some extent (Baujard and Martiny,
185
1995).
Overall risk index
0.576794
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
1. Baimey, H., D. Coyne, et al. (2009). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with
vegetable crops in Benin: relationship with soil physico-chemical properties."
Nematologia Mediterranea 37(2): 227-236.
2. Baujard, P. and B. Martiny (1995). "Ecology and pathogenicity of the Hoplolaimidae
(Nemata) from the sahelian zone of West Africa. 3. Scutellonema clathricaudatum
Whitehead, 1959." Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18(4): 347-353.
3. Coyne, D., M. Smith, et al. (2001). "Plant parasitic nematode populations on upland
and hydromorphic rice in Cote d'Ivoire: relationship with moisture availability and
crop development on a valley slope." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 84(1):
31-43.
4. Elbadri, G. A., W. Bert, et al. (2001). "Tylenchida associated with different crops in
Sennar State (Sudan)." Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet
66(2b): 633-643.
5. Gandarilla, H., E. Fernandez, et al. (1992). "First report of Scutellonema
clathricaudatum Whitehead, 1959 in Cuba." Revista de Proteccion Vegetal 7(1): 8384.
6. Kindelan, A., H. Gandarilla, et al. (1991). "Phytonematodes associated with medicinal
plants in the Estacion experimental de plantas medicinales "Dr. Juan Tomas Roig" of
the Havana province." Proteccion de Plantas 1(2): 85-89.
7. Sharma, S. B., F. Waliyar, et al. (1992). "Role of Scutellonema clathricaudatum in
etiology of groundnut growth variability in Niger." Plant and Soil 143(1): 133-139.
8. Talwana, H. L., M. M. Butseya, et al. (2008). "Occurrence of plant parasitic
nematodes and factors that enhance population build-up in cereal-based cropping
systems in Uganda." African Crop Science Journal 16(2): 119-131.
9. van den Berg, E. and T. Mekete (2010). "Notes on and new records of some
Tylenchoidea (Nematoda) from Ethiopia." Nematologia Mediterranea 38(2): 211-214.
10. Vovlas, N., A. Troccoli, et al. (1991). "Morpho-anatomical observations on
Aphasmatylenchus nigeriensis and Scutellonema clathricaudatum from west-Africa."
Nematologia Mediterranea 19(2): 259-264.
186
Scutellonema unum Sher, 1964
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.12551
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.07408
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.10161
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025381
SOM top 50 in NT
0.092043
Biogeography
0.2 0.12551
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Yield losses have not been quantified.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Hosts include yam, sweetpotato, pigeonpea,
maize, pineapple, citrus (Van den Berg and
Heyns, 1973) and grape (Wang et al 1991).
Associated with Prunus amygdalus (Khan and
Khan 1985) and Ficus sp. (Melillo and
Troccoli, 1993).
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Direct evidence of association with disease
complex is lacking. Based on general
characteristics, parasitism by this nematode is
likely to increase the susceptibility to attack
by other soil pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent reports of damage.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much is known about the biology,
ecology and impacts from this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include propagative
materials such as yam and potato seeds,
nursery stock and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
Specific information is not available. Likely
to survive when in direct association with its
host. Likely to survive in soil for short to
medium periods without host.
Overall risk index
0.460102
Literature cited
187
1. Choi, Y. E. (1975). "A taxonomical and morphological study of plant parasitic
nematodes (Tylenchida) in Korea." Korean Journal of Plant Protection 14(4. Suppl.):
1-19.
2. Khan, M. L. and S. H. Khan (1985). "Three new species of Hoplolaiminae
(Hoplolaimidae: Nematoda) with new report of Scutellonema unum Sher, 1963 from
Tunisia." Indian Journal of Nematology 14(2): 115-120.
3. Kornobis, S. and R. Dobosz (1997). "Some species of Tylenchida (Nemata) from
North Korea." Journal of Plant Protection Research 37(1/2): 113-116.
4. Melillo, V. A. and A. Troccoli (1993). "Morphological observations on two
Scutellonema species (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae) from Tanzania." Nematologia
Mediterranea 21(1): 13-16.
5. Njuguna, L. K. and J. Bridge (1998). "Plant parasitic nematodes of Irish potatoes
(Solanum tuberosum) in Central Province and sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) in
central, Nyanza and coast provinces of Kenya." International Journal of Nematology
8(1): 21-26.
6. Park, S. and Z. Khan (2007). "Occurrence of Scutellonema unum (Nematoda:
Hoplolaimidae) on yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) in Korea." International Journal of
Nematology 17(1): 91-93.
7. Sharma, S. B., M. R. Siddiqi, et al. (1993). "Distribution and potential importance of
plant-parasitic nematodes associated with pigeonpea in Kenya." Afro-Asian Journal
of Nematology 3(2): 182-187.
8. Van den Berg, E. and J. Heyns (1973). "South African Hoplolaiminae. 2. The genus
Scutellonema Andrassy, 1958." Phytophylactica 5(1): 23-39.
9. Wang, S. H., X. Y. Wu, et al. (1991). "The identification of 6 species belonging to
Hoplolaimidae in grape rhizosphere." Deciduous Fruit Tree 2: 5-8.
188
Subanguina hyparrheniae (Corbett, 1966) Fortuner & Maggenti, 1987
Synonyms
Anguina hyparrheniae Corbett, 1966
Afrina hyparrheniae (Corbett) Brzeski, 1981
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
2.92E-07
SOM top 50 in QLD
2.47E-06
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
1.56E-08
SOM top 50 in TAS
1.95E-11
SOM top 50 in NT
0.041735
Biogeography
0.2 0.041735
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
Not known.
Host range
0.1 0.2
Only known hosts include Hyparrheniae sp.
H. collina, H. ruffa, H. nyassae, H. newtonii,
H. variabilis (Corbett 1966).
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much information is available on the
biology, ecology and impacts of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.5
Potential pathways include grass seeds.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.7
Information on survival adpatations for this
species is not available. Based on general
features the aboveground lifecycle adaptations
are likely to enable the nematode to survive
inside inflorescence for medium to long
periods - similar to the adaptations of
members from closely related genus Anguina.
Overall risk index
0.348347
Literature cited
1. Corbett, D. C. M. (1966). "Central African nematodes. III. Anguina hyparrheniae
n.sp. associated with 'witches' broom of Hyparrhenia spp." Nematologica 12(2): 280286.
189
Trichodorus cedarus Yokoo, 1964
Synonyms
Trichodorus longistylus Yokoo, 1964
Trichodorus kurumeensis Yokoo, 1966
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.207
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.18744
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.17682
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.009617
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000229
Biogeography
0.2
0.207
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.4
Information on impacts is not available.
Causes stubby root symptoms of black pine
and cedar (Yokoo 1964)
Host range
0.1 0.5
Hosts include: bonsai trees (Hirata and
Yuhara, 1986), coniferous trees (Kiyohara,
1970), pear (Zhao et al 2005), Chinafir,
peach, apricot, persimmon, and apples (Xu
and Decaremer 1995).
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent reports from new areas
and of damage.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Rapid diagnostic methods are not available
and taxonomic expertise is required for
species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 8.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much is know about the biology and
ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.8
Potential pathways include tree seedlings,
nursery stock and as soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species is likely to persist when in
direct association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.4214
Literature cited
1. Hirata, K. and I. Yuhara (1986). "Plant parasitic nematodes detected from Bonsai
trees and Bonsai nurseries." Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan
22: 111-117.
190
2. Kiyohara, T. (1970). "Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with
coniferous seedlings in Kyushu, Japan." Bulletin of Forest Experimental Station,
Meguro, Tokyo(232): 1-12.
3. Peña Santiago, R., F. Jiménez Millan, et al. (1988). Presence of longidorid and
trichodorid nematodes in the mountains of south-west Jaén province. Comunicaciones
del III Congreso Nacional de Fitopatologia. Puerto de la Cruz (Tenerife-Islas
Canarias) 29 Oct-2 Nov, 1984. . La Laguna, Tenerife, Centro de Investigación y
Technologiá Agrarias: 244-248.
4. Shishida, Y. (1979). "Studies on nematodes parasitic on woody plants 1. Family
Trichodoridae (Thorne, 1935) Clark, 1961." Japanese Journal of Nematology 9: 2844.
5. Xu, J. H. and W. Decraemer (1995). "Trichodorus species from china, with a
description of T. paracedarus n. sp. (Nemata, Trichodoridae)." Fundamental and
Applied Nematology 18(5): 455-464.
6. Zhao, L., H. Xie, et al. (2005). "Description of Trichodoridae nematodes from
rhizosphere of pear trees in Kunming region." Journal of South China Agricultural
University 26(4): 59-61.
191
Trichodorus primitivus (De Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1922
Synonyms
Dorylaimus primitivus de Man, 1880
Trichodorus castellanensis Arias Delgado, Jimenez Millan & Lopez Pedregal, 1965
Trichodorus mirabilis Ivanova, 1977
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.21284
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.10297
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.33853
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.14281
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000794
Biogeography
0.2 0.33853
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Causes direct damage through its feeding
action and also acts as vector for viruses.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous including crops such as potato,
pea, lucerne, cucumber, tobacco, and
sugarbeet.
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Vector for pea early browning virus
(Harrison 1966), spinach yellow mottle virus
(Kurppa et al 1981) and tobacco rattle virus
which causes sparing disease of potatoes
(Alphey et al 1975; Brown and Sykes, 1973;
Ploeg et al 1992).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
There reports of presence from new areas
and continues to cuase damage in areas
where it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for species
identification. Taxonomic expertise is
required for confirmation.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 13.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the ecological
preferences, disease complexes and impacts
from the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species is likely to persist when in direct
association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.547706
192
Literature cited
1. Aballay, E. and B. Eriksson (2006). "Trichodorid nematodes in the central area of
Chile." Nematologia Mediterranea 34(1): 43-48.
2. Almeida, M. T. M., D. d. Waele, et al. (1989). "Species of Trichodorus (Nematoda:
Trichodoridae) from Portugal." Revue de Nématologie 12(3): 219-233.
3. Alphey, T. J. W., J. I. Cooper, et al. (1975). "Systemic nematicides for the control of
trichodorid nematodes and of potato spraing disease caused by tobacco rattle virus."
Plant Pathology 24(2): 117-121.
4. Alphey, T. J. W. (1985). "A study of spatial distribution and population dynamics of
two sympatric species of trichodorid nematodes." Annals of Applied Biology 107(3):
497-509.
5. Alphey, T. J. W. and B. Boag (1987). "Observations on the re-establishment of
nematodes in soil after fumigation." Crop Research 27(2): 131-138.
6. Andersen, H. J. (1972). "Migratory nematodes on leguminous plants in Denmark."
Tidsskrift for Planteavl 76: 559-569.
7. Boag, B. (1979). "Nematodes associated with carrots in Scotland." Annals of Applied
Biology 93(2): 199-204.
8. Boag, B. (1985). "The localized spread of virus-vector nematodes adhering to farm
machinery." Nematologica 31(2): 234-235.
9. Boutsika, K., D. J. F. Brown, et al. (2004). "Molecular characterisation of the
ribosomal DNA of Paratrichodorus macrostylus, P. pachydermus, Trichodorus
primitivus and T. similis (Nematoda: Trichodoridae)." Nematology 6(5): 641-654.
10. Boutsika, K., M. S. Phillips, et al. (2004). "Molecular diagnostics of some trichodorid
nematodes and associated Tobacco rattle virus." Plant Pathology 53(1): 110-116.
11. Brown, E. B. and G. B. Sykes (1973). "Control of tobacco rattle virus (sparing) in
potatoes." Annals of Applied Biology 75(3): 462-464.
12. Choleva-Abadzhieva, B. and L. B. Budurova (1983). "Parasitic nematodes of Ribes
nigrum var. europaeum in Bulgaria." Acta Zoologica Bulgarica(21): 67-77.
13. Coiro, M. I., T. J. W. Alphey, et al. (1989). "Distribution of trichodorids in the
vineyards of the Province of Trento (northeastern Italy)." Nematologia Mediterranea
17(1): 45-53.
14. Decraemer, W. and W. Robertson (1998). "On the ultrastructure of the cuticle of
Trichodoridae Thorne, 1935 (Nematoda: Enoplia)." Fundamental and Applied
Nematology 21(5): 501-510.
15. Harrison, B. D. (1966). "Further studies on a British form of pea early-browning
virus." Annals of Applied Biology 57: 121-129.
16. Hooper, D. J. and M. R. Siddiqi (1972). "Trichodorus primitivus." C.I.H. Descriptions
of Plant-parasitic Nematodes Set 1(15): 3 pp.
17. Kumari, S. and W. Decraemer (2011). "First report of Trichodorus primitivus, T.
sparsus and T. viruliferus (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) from the Czech Republic."
Helminthologia 48(3): 195-199.
18. Kurppa, A., A. T. Jones, et al. (1981). "Properties of spinach yellow mottle, a
distinctive strain of tobacco rattle virus." Annals of Applied Biology 98(2): 243-254.
19. Lišková, M., N. Sasanelli, et al. (2007). "Some notes on the occurrence of plant
parasitic nematodes on fruit trees in Slovakia." Plant Protection Science 43(1): 26-32.
20. MacFarlane, S. A., D. J. F. Brown, et al. (1995). "The transmission by nematodes of
tobraviruses is not determined exclusively by the virus coat protein." European
Journal of Plant Pathology 101(5): 535-539.
193
21. Otulak, K., M. Chouda, et al. (2012). "Ultrastructural effects of infection caused by
Tobacco rattle virus transmitted by Trichodorus primitivus in potato and tobacco
tissues." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie
34(1): 126-138.
22. Pedram, M., G. Niknam, et al. (2010). "First Record of Trichodorus primitivus and
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Longidorus elongatus from Canada."
Plant Disease 94(6): 782-782.
23. Pelsmaeker, M. d. (1987). "Effect of Vydate 10 G on trichodorids, on tobacco rattle
virus disease and on potato yields." Revue de l'Agriculture 40(2): 251-262.
24. Pelsmaeker, M. d., A. Coomans, et al. (1985). "Nematodes from the family
Trichodoridae in potato cultures in West Flanders and East Flanders (1978-1984)."
Revue de l'Agriculture 38(4): 633-638.
25. Ploeg, A. T., D. J. F. Brown, et al. (1992). "The association between species of
Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus vector nematodes and serotypes of tobacco rattle
tobravirus." Annals of Applied Biology 121(3): 619-630.
26. Sturhan, D., W. M. Wouts, et al. (1997). "Nematode vectors of plant viruses in New
Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 24(4): 309-322.
194
Trichodorus similis Seinhorst, 1963
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.14479
0.08626
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.18168
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.040009
SOM top 50 in NT
7.94E-05
Biogeography
0.2 0.18168
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.8
Causes direct damage through feeding and
also acts as a virus vector.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Hosts include tobacco (Wyss, 1973; Wyss,
1975), beans (Coosemans, 1993), potato, hops,
strawberry (Pelsmaeker and Coomans, 1985),
and gladiolus (Cremer and Kooistra, 1964).
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Acts as vector of tobacco rattle virus (Brown
et al., 1996; Van Hoof, 1967).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Has been detected from new areas (Czech
Republic- Kumari et al., 2007).
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods are available for species
identification. Taxonomic expertise is required
for confirmation of species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 13.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.6
There is uncertainty on the ecological
preferences, disease complex, molecular
characteristics and survival adaptations.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminants.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species is likely to persist when in direct
association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.486336
Literature cited
1. Brown, D. J. F., W. M. Robertson, et al. (1996). "Characterization and vector relation
of a serologically distinct isolate of tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV) transmitted by
Trichodorus similis in northern Greece." European Journal of Plant Pathology 102(1):
61-68.
195
2. Coosemans, J. (1993). "Transmission of tobra-viruses by nematodes: infection of
Phaseolus beans." Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste
Biologische Wetenschappen 58(2b): 705-711.
3. Cremer, M. C. and G. Kooistra (1964). "Investigations on notched leaf ('kartelblad')
of Gladiolus and its relation to rattle virus." Nematologica 10(1): 69-70.
4. Kozyreva, N. I. and N. D. Romanenko (2008). "Distribution of the nematodes from
family Trichodoridae, vectors of the tobacco rattle virus, in the Moscow Oblast."
Parazitologiya 42(5): 428-434.
5. Kumari, S., J. Vohanka, et al. (2007). "First Report of Trichodorus similis from the
Czech Republic (Nematoda: Trichodoridae)." Plant Disease 91(2): 228-228.
6. Pelsmaeker, M. d. and A. Coomans (1985). "Nematode vectors of plant viruses in
strawberry, potato and hop cultures." Biologisch Jaarboek Dodonaea 53: 16-30.
7. Van Hoof, H. A. (1967). "Nematodes as transmitters of plant viruses."
Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift 79(2): 38-43.
8. Wyss, U. (1973). "Reaction of the cytoplasm and nucleus within root hairs to the
feeding of Trichodorus similis. Host: Nicotiana tabacum." Mitteilungen aus der
Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem 151: 305306.
9. Wyss, U. (1973). "Embryology of Trichodorus similis and Longidorus elongatus."
Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft,
Berlin-Dahlem 151: 303-304.
10. Wyss, U. (1975). "Response of root cells to the feeding by the ectoparasitic rootinfesting nematode Trichodorus similis." Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und
Pflanzenschutz 82(11/12): 685-694.
196
Tylenchorhynchus agri Ferris, 1963
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.1449
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.15829
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.13498
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.007392
SOM top 50 in NT
0.011317
Biogeography
0.2 0.15829
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.4
Although it is known to reduce growth of
red clover and wheat (Coates-Beckford and
Malek, 1982), the economic impacts are not
known.
Host range
0.1 0.5
Hosts include rice (Xie et al., 2007), coffee
(Mekete et al., 2008), red clover (CoatesBeckford, 1982) and citrus (Esser et al.,
1993).
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent records of damage.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification. Nucleotide sequences on
GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
ecological preferences, molecular
characteristics and survival adaptations of
this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific information on survival adaptation
is not available. The species is likely to
persist when in direct association with its
hosts.
Overall risk index
0.381658
Literature cited
1. Coates-Beckford, P. L. and R. B. Malek (1978). "Host preferences of the stunt
nematode Tylenchorhynchus agri." Plant Disease Reporter 62(9): 793-796.
197
2. Coates-Beckford, P. L. and R. B. Malek (1982). "Influence of time on population
development and pathogenicity of Tylenchorhynchus agri on Trifolium pratense, Poa
pratensis and Triticum aestivum." Nematropica 12(1): 7-14.
3. Coates-Beckford, P. L. (1982). "Influence of temperature and initial population
density on population development and pathogenicity of Tylenchorhynchus agri on
Trifolium pratense and Poa pratensis." Nematropica 12(1): 15-20.
4. Coates-Beckford, P. L. (1982). "Developmental biology and feeding behaviour of
Tylenchorhynchus agri on two hosts, Trifolium pratense and Poa pratensis."
Nematropica 12(1): 1-5.
5. Coates-Beckford, P. L. (1984). "Influence of four soil types on population
development of Tylenchorhynchus agri on Trifolium pratense." Nematropica 14(1): 19.
6. Esser, R. P., G. T. Smith, et al. (1993). An eleven year phytoparasitic nematode
survey of Florida citrus grooves and their environs, Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry.
7. Ferris, V. R. (1963). "Tylenchorhynchus silvaticus n.sp. and Tylenchorhynchus agri
n.sp. (Nematoda : Tylenchida)." Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of
Washington 30(2): 165-168.
8. Mekete, T., R. A. Sikora, et al. (2008). "Description of plant parasitic nematodes
associated with coffee in Ethiopia." Nematologia Mediterranea 36(1): 69-77.
9. Sikora, R. A. (1971). "Interaction of Meloidogyne naasi, Pratylenchus penetrans,
Tylenchorhynchus agri and Trichodorus christiei on 'Toronto C-15' creeping
bentgrass." Dissertation Abstracts International 31B(12): 7036.
10. Sikora, R. A., R. B. Malek, et al. (1979). "Reduction of Meloidogyne naasi infection
of creeping bentgrass by Tylenchorhynchus agri and Paratrichodorus minor."
Nematologica 25(2): 179-183.
11. Xie, Z., LuWeiCheng, et al. (2007). "Eight species of nematodes parasitized at the
roots of rice." Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science
Edition) 36(1): 20-24.
198
Tylenchorhynchus brassicae Siddiqi, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
SOM top 50 in
QLD
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.25352
0.39801
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.18755
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.000185
SOM top 50 in NT
0.018665
Biogeography
0.2 0.39801
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
The economic impacts from this species are
not known. Reduced growth of rice (Khan et al
1990).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Hosts include rice (Khan et al 1990), tomato
(Ahmad and Khan 1988), cauliflower (Khan et
al., 1994), chickpeas (Tiyagi and Alam, 1989)
and pigeonpeas (Tiyagi and Praveen 1990).
Disease complex
0.05 0.5
Forms disease complex with fungi increasing
the severity of cauliflower seedlings pre
emergence damping-off disease (Khan et al
1971).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no reports of recent spread into new
areas or damage.
Species
identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 0
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts, ecological
preferences, disease complexes, molecular
characteristics and survival adaptations of this
species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Specific information on survival adaptation is
not available. The species is likely to persist
when in direct association with its hosts.
Overall risk index
0.474602
199
Literature cited
1. Ahmad, S. and M. I. Khan (1988). "Pathogenicity of stunt nematode,
Tylenchorhynchus brassicae on tomato plant." Indian Journal of Applied and Pure
Biology 3(2): 129-131.
2. Aly, K. and S. S. Shaukat (2005). "A survey of nematodes of pomegranate in lower
Sindh, Pakistan." Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 21(4): 699-702.
3. Khan, A. M., S. K. Saxena, et al. (1971). "Interaction of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and
Tylenchorhynchus brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 in pre-emergence damping-off of
cauliflower seedlings." Indian Journal of Nematology 1(1): 85-86.
4. Khan, A., A. H. Jaffry, et al. (1990). "Pathogenicity of Tylenchorhynchus brassicae to
three cultivars of rice." International Nematology Network Newsletter 7(2): 42-43.
5. Khan, A. A., M. W. Khan, et al. (1994). Performance of cauliflower varieties to
Tylenchorhynchus brassicae. Proceedings of the Second Afro-Asian Nematology
Symposium held at Menoufiya, Egypt, 18-22 December, 1994., Shebin El-Kom,
Menoufiya University.
6. Khan, A., S. S. Shaukat, et al. (2006). "Nematodes associated with date-palm in
Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 24(2): 191197.
7. Li, S. M. (1986). "Description of the nematodes of crops in Henan Province." Acta
Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis 20(3): 349-357.
8. Shukla, P. K. and A. Haseeb (2002). "Survey of farmer's fields for the association of
plant parasitic nematodes and wilt fungi with pigeon pea and quantification of losses."
Indian Journal of Nematology 32(2): 162-164.
9. Tiyagi, S. A. and M. M. Alam (1989). "Effect of different inoculum densities of stunt
nematode, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae on the growth of chickpea." International
Chickpea Newsletter(20): 14.
10. Tiyagi, S. A. and M. Parveen (1990). "Pathological effect of stunt nematode,
Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, on pollen fertility, water absorption capability and plant
growth of pigeonpea." International Pigeonpea Newsletter 12: 19-21.
11. Xu, J. H., D. W. Wei, et al. (1994). "Species and occurrence of nematode parasites of
vegetables growing in plastic houses in Jiangsu province." Journal of Nanjing
Agricultural University 17(1): 47-51.
200
Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb, 1913
Synonyms
Tylenchus (Tylenchorhynchus) cylindricus (Cobb) Filipjev, 1934
Anguillulina cylindrica (Cobb) Thorne, 1935
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.15817
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.12962
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.24837
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.016693
SOM top 50 in NT
0.024857
Biogeography
0.2 0.24837
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.3
The economic impacts from this nematode
are not known.
Host range
0.1 0.6
Parasitises guava (Abivardi, 1973),
strawberry (Nesterov and Koev, 1972),
maize (Nesterov and Lizogubova, 1972),
coconut (Valdez, 1980) and cotton (Tu et al.,
1972).
Disease complex
0.05 0.3
Information specific to the species is not
available. However parasitism is likely to
increase the susceptibility to attack by soil
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.8
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification. Nucleotide sequences on
GenBank: 0.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.9
Not much information is available on the
impacts, biology and ecology of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Likely to persist when in direct association
with its host plants.
Overall risk index
0.419674
Literature cited
201
1. Abivardi, C. (1973). "A stylet nematode, Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb 1913,
infesting the common guava, Psidium guajava L., in Iran." Nematologica
Mediterranea 1(2): 139-140.
2. Lewis, S. A. and A. M. Golden (1981). "Redescription and lectotype designation of
Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus Cobb, 1913." Journal of Nematology 13(4): 521-528.
3. Lišková, M., N. Sasanelli, et al. (2007). "Some notes on the occurrence of plant
parasitic nematodes on fruit trees in Slovakia." Plant Protection Science 43(1): 26-32.
4. Nesterov, P. I. and G. V. Koev (1972). "Study of the nematode fauna of strawberries
in Moldavia." Kul'tura zemlyaniki v SSSR. Doklady simpoziuma, (28 iyunya - 1
iyulya 1971): 434-436.
5. Nesterov, P. I. and L. P. Lizogubova (1972). "Nematode fauna of the biocoenosis of
maize in the Moldavian SSR." Parazity Zhivotnykh i Rastenii 8: 122-132.
6. Riffle, J. W. (1972). "Effect of certain nematodes on the growth of Pinus edulis and
Juniperus monosperma seedlings." Journal of Nematology 4(2): 91-94.
7. Tu, C. C., Y. S. Cheng, et al. (1972). "An investigation on cotton nematodes of
Taiwan and a preliminary study on the effects of reniform nematode, root-knot
nematode and stubby-root nematode on cotton." Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan 14:
95-109.
8. Valdez, R. B. (1980). "Survey, pathogenicity and host range of plant-parasitic
nematodes in soil grown to coconuts in the Philippines." Philippine Agriculturist
63(2): 89-102.
202
Tylenchorhynchus nudus Allen, 1955
Synonyms
Macrorhynchus nudus (Allen) Sultan, Singh & Sakhuja, 1991
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.31155
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.42881
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.26481
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.00254
SOM top 50 in NT
0.031952
Biogeography
0.2 0.42881
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Under experimental conditions reduced the
growth of Kentucky bluegrass (Smolik and
Malek, 1973), and reduced growth of rice
(Haidar et al., 1996).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Parasitises wheat (Smolik, 1972), sorghum
(Smolik, 1977), rice (Haidar et al., 1996),
sugarcane (Haidar et al 1987; Hu and Chu,
1964), bluegrass, bentgrass (Davis et al., 1994;
Smolik and Malek, 1973), chillies (Prasad et
al., 1991) and banana (Maafi and Kheiri, 1993;
Choudhury and Phukan, 1992).
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Forms disease complex with fungal pathogen
on creeping bent grass (Davis et al 1994).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no records of damage from this
nematode recently.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts, ecological
preferences and biology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock, and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The nematode is likely to persist when in
direct association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.495762
203
Literature cited
1. Baqri, Q. H. and N. Ahmad (1979). "Nematodes from West Bengal (India) VII.
Morphometric and allometric variations in Tylenchorhynchus nudus Allen, 1955
(Tylenchorhynchidae: Tylenchida)." Indian Journal of Nematology 9(1): 72.
2. Choudhury, B. N. and P. N. Phukan (1992). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated
with banana in Assam." Current Nematology 3(1): 83-88.
3. Davis, R. F., R. T. Kane, et al. (1995). "Population fluctuations of three nematode
genera in putting greens in northern Illinois." Journal of Nematology 26(4): 522-530.
4. Davis, R. F., G. R. Noel, et al. (1994). "Pathogenicity of Tylenchorhynchus nudus to
creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass." Plant Disease 78(2): 169-173.
5. Davis, R. F., H. T. Wilkinson, et al. (1994). "Root growth of bentgrass and annual
bluegrass as influenced by coinfection with Tylenchorhynchus nudus and
Magnaporthe poae." Journal of Nematology 26(1): 86-90.
6. Haidar, M. G., R. P. Nath, et al. (1996). "Growth response of rice plant to stunt
nematode, Tylenchorhynchus nudus." Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural
University 8(2): 163-164.
7. Haider, M. G., R. P. Nath, et al. (1987). "Effect of stunt nematode, Tylenchorhynchus
nudus on the growth of sugarcane and micronutrient content in leaves." Indian Journal
of Nematology 17(1): 17-18.
8. Hu, C. H. and H. T. Chu (1964). "Nematode investigations in sugarcane fields of
Taiwan." Report of the Taiwan Sugar Experiment Station 33: 63-82 pp.
9. Khan, M. R. and M. Abu Hasan (2010). "Nematode diversity in banana rhizosphere
from West Bengal, India." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50(3): 263-268.
10. Maafi, Z. T. and A. Kheiri (1993). "Plant parasitic nematodes on banana from
Hormozgan Province." Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 29(1/2): 21-23.
11. Pavan, K., R. S. Kamalwanshi, et al. (2010). "Faunistic survey of plant parasitic
nematode and wilt disease infecting pea." Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 18(1):
280-282.
12. Prasad, P. K., H. N. Das, et al. (1991). "Pathogenic effects of stunt nematode,
Tylenchorhynchus nudus on chilli." Indian Journal of Nematology 21(2): 164-165.
13. Smolik, J. D. (1972). "Reproduction of Tylenchorhynchus nudus and Helicotylenchus
leiocephalus on spring wheat and effect of T. nudus on growth of spring wheat."
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 51: 153-159.
14. Smolik, J. D. (1977). "Effects of Trichodorus allius and Tylenchorhynchus nudus on
growth of sorghum." Plant Disease Reporter 61(10): 855-858.
15. Smolik, J. D. and R. B. Malek (1972). "Temperature and host suitability studies on
Tylenchorhynchus nudus." Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 51:
142-145.
16. Smolik, J. D. and R. B. Malek (1972). "Tylenchorhynchus nudus and other nematodes
associated with Kentucky bluegrass turf in South Dakota." Plant Disease Reporter
56(10): 898-900.
17. Smolik, J. D. and R. B. Malek (1973). "Effect of Tylenchorhynchus nudus on growth
of Kentucky bluegrass." Journal of Nematology 5(4): 272-274.
204
Tylenchulus palustris Inserra, Vovlas, O’Bannon & Esser, 1988
Synonyms
None
Species
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
Criteria
weights
Notes
0.11487
SOM top 50 in
QLD
0.08114
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.11503
SOM top 50 in
TAS
0.000484
SOM top 50 in NT
0.002295
Biogeography
0.2 0.11503
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Parasitises peach. Economic impacts not
known.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Hosts include Peach (Prunus persica),
Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.)
saltbush (Baccharis halimifolia L.), seaside
oxeye (Borrichia arborescens), Aster elliottii,
and Liquidambar styraciflua.
Disease complex
0.05 0
Not known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Has been recorded from new areas within USA
and on new hosts.
Species
identification
0.1 0.6
Molecular methods for identification are
available. Taxonomic expertise is required for
confirmation of species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 8.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much information is available on the
biology and ecology of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock (e.g. peach seedlings,
tree seedlings) and as soil contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The nematode is likely to persist in direct
association with its host plants.
Overall risk index
0.403006
Literature cited
205
1. Dow, R. L., R. N. Inserra, et al. (1990). "Distribution, hosts, and morphologicalcharacteristics of Tylenchulus palustris in Florida and Bermuda." Journal of
Nematology 22(4): 724-728.
2. Eisenback, J. D., D. Reaver, et al. (2007). "First report of the nematode,
Tylenchulus palustris, parasitizing peach in Virginia." Plant Disease 91(12): 1683.
3. Inserra, R. N., N. Vovlas, et al. (1988). "Tylenchulus graminis n.sp. and T. palustris
n.sp. (Tylenchulidae), from native flora of Florida, with notes on T. semipenetrans
and T. furcus." Journal of Nematology 20(2): 266-287.
4. Inserra, R. N., N. Vovlas, et al. (1989). "Morphological and biological characters of
diagnostic signficance in Tylenchulus and Trophotylenchulus species."
Nematologica 34(4): 412-421.
5. Inserra, R. N., N. Vovlas, et al. (1990). "Tylenchulus palustris parasitizing peach
trees in the United States." Journal of Nematology 22(1): 45-55.
206
Xiphinema bricolensis Ebsary, Vrain & Graham, 1989
Synonyms
none
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.097129
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.02429
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.18617
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.025844
SOM top 50 in NT
8.41E-08
Biogeography
0.2 0.18617
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.5
Belongs to the Xiphinema americanum
group known to act as virus vector. Damage
is mainly from the nematode-virus disease
complex.
Host range
0.1 0.4
Parasitises grape (Graham et al., 1988) and
apple (Ebsary et al., 1989).
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Acts as vector of tomato ringspot virus
(Brown et al., 1994; Jones et al 1995).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
Not known.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 2
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.8
Not much is known about the disease
complex, impacts, biology and ecology of
the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
material with rootstock, nursery stock and as
soil contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Species is likely to persist when in direct
association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.427234
Literature cited
1. Brown, D. J. F., J. M. Halbrendt, et al. (1993). "Transmission of nepoviruses by
Xiphinema americanum-group nematodes." Journal of Nematology 25(3): 349-354.
2. Ebsary, B. A., T. C. Vrain, et al. (1989). "Two new species of Xiphinema (Nematoda:
Longidoridae) from British Columbia vineyards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(4):
801-804.
207
3. Graham, M. B., B. A. Ebsary, et al. (1988). "Distribution of Xiphinema bricolensis
and Xiphinema pacificum in vineyards of the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys,
British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 10(3): 259-262.
4. Jones, A. T., D. J. F. Brown, et al. (1995). "The transmission of three nepoviruses by
populations of four Xiphinema americanum-group species." Acta Horticulturae 385:
105-109.
5. Vrain, T. C., D. A. Wakarchuk, et al. (1992). "Intraspecific rDNA restriction fragment
length polymorphism in the Xiphinema americanum group." Fundamental and
Applied Nematology 15(6): 563-573.
208
Xiphinema californicum Lamberti and Bleve-Zacheo, 1979
Synonyms
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.21242
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.19041
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.22378
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.062725
SOM top 50 in NT
0.003262
Biogeography
0.2 0.22378
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Damaging to stone and pome fruits (Tacconi
and Talame 1995).
Host range
0.1 0.6
Parasitises forest trees (Lownsbery and
Lownsbery, 1985) and associated with
wheat (Erum and Shahina, 2010).
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Act as vector of tomato ringspot, tobacco
ringspot and cherry leaf rasp viruses (Brown
et al., 1993; Hoy et al., 1984).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are recent records of the species
(Erum and Shahina, 2010) however recent
damage reports are lacking.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Molecular methods are available for
identification. Identification based on
morphology alone is difficult and a
combination of methods is required.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 2.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts, disease
complex, ecological preferences and
molecular characteristics of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock (e.g fruit trees) and
as soil contaminants.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species is likely to persist in soil when
in direct association with its host.
Overall risk index
0.464756
Literature cited
1. Brown, D. J. F., J. M. Halbrendt, et al. (1993). "Transmission of nepoviruses by
Xiphinema americanum-group nematodes." Journal of Nematology 25(3): 349-354.
209
2. Erum, Y. I. and F. Shahina (2010). "Taxonomic studies on parasitic and soil
nematodes found associated with wheat in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Nematology
28(1): 1-58.
3. Hoy, J. W., S. M. Mircetich, et al. (1984). "Differential transmission of Prunus
tomato ringspot virus strains by Xiphinema californicum." Phytopathology 74(3):
332-335.
4. Jones, A. T., D. J. F. Brown, et al. (1995). "The transmission of three nepoviruses by
populations of four Xiphinema americanum-group species." Acta Horticulturae 385:
105-109.
5. Lamberti, F. and T. Bleve-Zacheo (1979). "Studies on Xiphinema americanum sensu
lato with descriptions of fifteen new species (Nematoda, Longidoridae)."
Nematologia Mediterranea 7(1): 51-106.
6. Lamberti, F., F. Roca, et al. (1987). "On the occurrence of species of Xiphinema in
Brazil." Nematologia Brasileira 11: 286-291.
7. Lownsbery, J. W. and B. F. Lownsbery (1985). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated
with forest trees in California." Hilgardia 53(5): 1-16.
8. Tacconi, R. and M. Talamè (1995). "Parasitic nematodes of stone and pome fruits
and vegetable crops." Rivista di Frutticoltura e di Ortofloricoltura 57(3): 63-71.
210
Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Mikoletzky 1927) Thorne, 1939
Synonyms
Dorylaimus (Longidorus) diversicaudatum Micoletzky, 1927
Longidorus diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne and Swanger, 1936
Xiphinema paraelongatum Altherr, 1958
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.17678
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.10251
SOM top 50 in SA
& VIC
0.25271
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.22969
SOM top 50 in NT
0.000251
Biogeography
0.2 0.25271
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Host range
0.1 0.6
Parasitises strawberry, raspberry, ryegrass,
hops, barley and wheat (Cotton, 1975; Flegg et
al., 1970; Griffiths et al 1982).
Disease complex
0.05 0.8
Acts as vector of arabis mosaic virus (Harrison
and Winslow, 1961), raspberry ringspot virus
(Fritzsche and Kegler, 1968) and strawberry
latent ringspot virus (Trudgill et al., 1981).
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.5
Recent records of damage and reports from
new areas.
Species
identification
0.1 0.7
Molecular methods are available for species
identification. A combination of methods is
required for species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 9.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the disease complex,
impacts, ecological preferences and moelcular
characteristics of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival
Adaptations
0.1 0.5
The species is likely to persist when in direct
association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.520542
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
211
1. Arias, M., A. Navas, et al. (1986). "Analysis of the geographical distribution of
Xiphinema diversicaudatum and X. pachtaicum in relation to the environmental
factors in Spain." Nematologia Mediterranea 14(1): 7-13.
2. Brown, E. B. (1965). "Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Longidorus macrosoma in
rose glasshouses." Plant Pathology 14(1): 45-46.
3. Coiro, M. I., F. Lamberti, et al. (1999). "The life cycle of a population of Xiphinema
diversicaudatum from Slovakia (Nematoda)." Nematologia Mediterranea 27(2): 277280.
4. Cotten, J. (1975). Virus vector species of Xiphinema and Longidorus in relation to
certification schemes for fruit and hops in England. Nematode vectors of plant
viruses. F. Lamberti, C. E. Taylor and J. W. Seinhorst. London & New York, USA,
Plenum Press. 2: 283-285.
5. D'Errico, F. P. and A. Ragozzino (1980). The presence of Xiphinema diversicaudatum
and Longidorus macrosoma within the rhizosphere of vines affected by "stem pitting".
Atti Giornate Nematologiche 1980, Ascoli Piceno, Italy, 23-24 Ottobre 1980., Societa'
Italiana di Nematologia.: 61-63.
6. Flegg, J. J. M., Baxendal.M, et al. (1970). "Reproductive potential of Xiphinema
diversicaudatum on strawberry." Nematologica 16(3): 398-402.
7. Forer, L. B., D. L. Trudgill, et al. (1975). "Some effects of oxamyl on the virus-vector
nematodes Longidorus elongatus and Xiphinema diversicaudatum." Annals of
Applied Biology 81(2): 207-214.
8. Fritzsche, R. and H. Kegler (1968). "Nematodes as vectors of virus diseases in fruit
crops." Tagungsberichte, Deutsche Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften zu
Berlin 97: 289-295.
9. Griffiths, B. S., W. M. Robertson, et al. (1982). "Nuclear changes induced by the
nematodes Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Longidorus elongatus in root-tips of
perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne." Histochemical Journal 14(5): 719-730.
10. Griffiths, B. S. and D. L. Trudgill (1983). "A comparison of the generation times of
and gall formation by Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Longidorus elongatus on a
good and a poor host." Nematologica 29(1): 78-87.
11. Harrison, B. D. and R. D. Winslow (1961). "Laboratory and field studies on relation
of arabis mosaic virus to its nematode vector Xiphinema diversicaudatum
(Micoletzky)." Annals of Applied Biology 49(4): 621-&.
12. Hübschen, J., L. Kling, et al. (2004). "Validation of the specificity and sensitivity of
species-specific primers that provide a reliable molecular diagnostic for Xiphinema
diversicaudatum, X. index and X. vuittenezi." European Journal of Plant Pathology
110(8): 779-788.
13. Kumari, S., W. Decraemer, et al. (2010). "Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 analysis of
Xiphinema diversicaudatum, X. pachtaicum, X. simile and X. vuittenezi (Nematoda,
Dorylaimida)." European Journal of Plant Pathology 127(4): 493-499.
14. Navas̊, A., A. Bello, et al. (1988). "Ecology and potential distribution of Xiphinema
diversicaudatum and X. pachtaicum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in continental Spain."
Nematologica 34(3): 314-330.
15. Roberts, H. and J. Cotton (1979). "Effect of Xiphinema diversicaudatum on the
growth of four seedling grasses." Plant Pathology 28(2): 61-67.
16. Taylor, C. E. and P. R. Thomas (1968). "Association of Xiphinema diversicaudatum
(Micoletsky) with strawberry latent ringspot and arabis mosaic viruses in a raspberry
plantation." Annals of Applied Biology 62(1): 147-157.
212
17. Thomas, P. R. (1969). "Population development of Longidorus elongatus on
strawberry in Scotland with observations on Xiphinema diversicaudatum on
raspberry." Nematologica 15: 582-590.
18. Thomas, P. R. (1981). "Migration of Longidorus elongatus, Xiphinema
diversicaudatum and Ditylenchus dipsaci in soil." Nematologia Mediterranea 9(1):
75-81.
19. Valdez, R. B. (1972). "Transmission of raspberry ringspot virus by Longidorus
caespiticola, L. leptocephalus and Xiphinema diversicaudatum and of arabis mosaic
virus by L. caespiticola and X. diversicaudatum." Annals of Applied Biology 71(3):
229-234.
20. Valdez, R. B. (1975). "Ecology of Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Longidorus
caespiticola and Longidorus leptocephalus in soil planted to hops." Philippine
Agriculturalist 59(7/8): 216-236.
213
Xiphinema ifacolum Luc, 1961
Synonyms
None
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.04739
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.05419
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.018686
SOM top 50 in TAS
5.78E-08
SOM top 50 in NT
0.13121
Biogeography
0.2 0.13121
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.6
Is known to parasitise and reduce growth of
rice. The economic impacts are not known.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Parasitises tomato (Bleve-Zacheo et al.,
1987), rice (Lamberti et al., 1987; Lamberti
et al 1991), soybean (Lamberti et al., 1993),
cocoa, lime, citrus (Lamberti et al 1992a),
cowpea, eggplant, tomato, okra (Lamberti et
al., 1992b), black pepper (Lamberti et al.,
1983) and banana (Adiko, 1988).
Disease complex
0.05 0
The association in disease complex is not
known.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0
There are no recent reports of recent damage
or reports from new areas.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Molecular methods are available for species
identification. A combination of methods is
required for species identification.
Nucleotide sequences on GenBank: 1.
Uncertainty or
lack of Knowledge of
pest
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the ecological
preferences, impact and molecular
characteristics of the species.
Pathways
0.1 0.6
Potential pathways include propagative
materials, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.5
Survives for 34 wks on tomato (Coiro et al
1995). Likely to persist when in direct
association with its host plant.
Overall risk index
0.406242
Literature cited
214
See CABI cpc profile
1. Adiko, A. (1988). "Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with plantain, Musa
paradisiaca (AAB), in the Ivory Coast." Revue de Nematologie 11(1): 109-113.
2. Bleve-Zacheo, T., G. Zacheo, et al. (1987). "A comparison of histological changes
induced by Xiphinema basiri and X. ifacolum in the roots of tomato." Nematologia
Mediterranea 15(2): 235-251.
3. Coiro, M. I., N. Sasanelli, et al. (1995). "Fecundity and longevity of individual
Xiphinema ifacolum (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae) on tomato." Nematologica 41(2):
191-196.
4. Lamberti, F., H. M. Rohini, et al. (1983). "Effect of some plant parasitic nematodes
on the growth of black pepper in Sri Lanka." Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations Plant Protection Bulletin 31(4): 163-166.
5. Lamberti, F., T. Bleve-Zacheo, et al. (1987). "Relationships between Xiphinema
ifacolum and rice in Liberia." Nematologia Mediterranea 15(2): 303-314.
6. Lamberti, F., A. Ciancio, et al. (1991). "Nematode threats to rice in Liberia."
Nematologia Mediterranea 19(2): 291-303.
7. Lamberti, F., J. B. Boiboi, et al. (1992a). "Plant parasitic nematodes associated with
tree crops in Liberia." Nematologia Mediterranea 20(1): 79-85.
8. Lamberti, F., A. Ciancio, et al. (1992). "Pathogenicity and reproduction of two species
of Xiphinema on selected vegetable crops in Liberia." Nematologia Mediterranea
20(1): 113-123.
9. Lamberti, F., H. M. R. K. Ekanayake, et al. (1993). "Effect of some plant parasitic
nematodes on the growth of selected crops in Sri Lanka." Nematologia Mediterranea
21(1): 27-43.
10. Oliveira, C. M. G., J. Hubschen, et al. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among
Xiphinema and Xiphidorus nematode species from Brazil inferred from 18S rDNA
sequences." Journal of Nematology 36(2): 153-159.
11. Oliveira, C. M. G., B. Fenton, et al. (2005). "Development of species-specific primers
for the ectoparasitic nematode species Xiphinema brevicolle, X diffusum, X
elongatum, X ifacolum and X longicaudatum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) based on
ribosomal DNA sequences." Annals of Applied Biology 146(3): 281-288.
215
Zygotylenchus guevarai (Tobar Jiménez, 1963) Braun & Loof, 1966
Synonyms
Pratylenchoides guevarai Tobar Jiménez, 1963
Zygotylenchus browni Siddiqi, 1963
Mesotylus gallicus de Guiran, 1964
Zygotylenchus gallicus (de Guiran) Braun & Loof, 1966
Species
Criteria
weights
Notes
SOM top 50 in Au,
NSW & WA
0.28661
SOM top 50 in QLD
0.18113
SOM top 50 in SA &
VIC
0.43453
SOM top 50 in TAS
0.19732
SOM top 50 in NT
1.88E-05
Biogeography
0.2 0.43453
Pathogenicity
0.1 0.7
Causes damage to grapevine, celery, carrot,
pea and beans.
Host range
0.1 0.7
Polyphagous.
Disease complex
0.05 0.6
Forms disease complex with fungal
pathogens.
Pathotypes
0.05 0
Not known.
Emerging pest
0.1 0.3
Continues to cause damage in areas where
it is present.
Species identification
0.1 0.7
Taxonomic expertise is required for species
identification. Nucleotide sequences on
GenBank: 3.
Uncertainty due to
knowledge base of
species
0.1 0.7
There is uncertainty on the impacts,
ecological preferences, and molecular
characteristics of this species.
Pathways
0.1 0.7
Potential pathways include propagative
material, nursery stock and as soil
contaminant.
Survival Adaptations
0.1 0.6
The species has both ecto and endoparasitic
lifecycle and is likely to survive in its host
for medium periods. Likely to persist when
in direct association with its host.
Overall risk index
0.556906
Literature cited
See CABI cpc profile
216
1. Ambrogioni, L. and S. Rapetti (1992). "Un grave caso di deperimento in colture di
Viola odorata L. associato con Zygotylenchus guevarai (Tobar Jimenez) Braun e
Loof." Redia 75(2): 415-427.
2. Deimi, A. M. and N. Mitkowski (2010). "Nematodes associated with vineyards
throughout Markazi Province (Arak), Iran." Australasian Plant Pathology 39(6):
571-577.
3. Ebrahimi, N., A. Kheiri, et al. (2004). "Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes
(Tylenchina) in sugar beet fields in Fars province, Iran." Commun Agric Appl Biol
Sci 69(3): 397-401.
4. Karakaş, M. (2007). "Life cycle and mating behavior of Zygotylenchus guevarai
(Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) on excised Petroselinum crispum roots." Pakistan
Journal of Biological Sciences 10(22): 4152-4155.
5. Katalan-Gateva, S. D. and L. B. Gudurova (1979). "The endoparasitic species
Zygotylenchus guevarai (Tobar Jimenez, 1963) Braun & Loof, 1966, (Nematoda,
Tylenchida) found in Bulgaria." Acta Zoologica Bulgarica(12): 44-49.
6. Lišková, M., N. Sasanelli, et al. (2007). "Some notes on the occurrence of plant
parasitic nematodes on fruit trees in Slovakia." Plant Protection Science 43(1): 2632.
7. Nico, A. I., R. M. Jimenez-Diaz, et al. (2003). "Plant-parasitic nematodes in olive
nurseries in Andalusia." Oliva(96): 25-32.
8. Troccoli, A. and M. d. Vito (2002). "Root lesion and stem nematodes associated
with faba bean in North Africa." Nematologia Mediterranea 30(1): 79-81.
9. Vito, M. d., N. Greco, et al. (1994). "Plant parasitic nematodes of legumes in
Turkey." Nematologia Mediterranea 22(2): 245-251.
10. Vovlas, N. and R. N. Inserra (1977). "Histological alterations induced by
Pratylenchus thornei and Zygotylenchus guevarai in the roots of bean." Italia
Agricola 9: 122-125.
11. Vovlas, N., R. N. Inserra, et al. (1976). "Observations on the epidemiology and
pathogenicity of Zygotylenchus guevarai." Nematologia Mediterranea 4(2): 183193.
217