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The Industrial Revolution
World Civilizations
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The Industrial Revolution
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What is the Industrial
Revolution?

Where and when did it first
occur?

A1: The use of machine labor,
instead of human/animal labor,
to create products
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A2: England (Great Britain)
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The Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain

Why England?

Technology

Economic Aspects

Access to Raw Materials

Political Aspects

Factors of Production

Land

Labor
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Agriculture in Great Britain at the Start
of the Industrial Revolution

Jethro Tull

Enclosure Movement

Experimentation with New
Crops
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Textile Production in England

First  Cottage Industry

After Industrialization:

Spinning Jenny (James
Hargreaves)

Spinning Frame (Richard
Arkwright)

Flying Shuttle

Use of Factories
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Textile Factory Workers in England
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How Did the Use of Steam Influence the
Industrial Revolution?

Steam Engine (James Watt)

Decrease Dependence on
Water Power

Move Mills/Factories away
from water

Railroads

Steamboats

Emphasis on Coal Production

Increased Urbanization
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Consequences of Using Steam for
Transportation
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Coal in the Industrial Revolution

Expansion of Coal Mines

Increased Urbanization

Problems in Mines?
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Why Did the West Industrialize First?

Focus on Individual Freedoms

Increased Competition

Rewards of Wealth and Fame
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The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

United States

France

Germany
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Comparisons to England

US, France, Japan, and
England have government
support of IR
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Germany does not receive
gov’t support

All focus on production of
textiles first
Japan
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Factories and Workers in
the Industrial Revolution
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Pre-Industrial Production

Cottage Industries

Several-Step Process to Create
and Sell Goods




Merchant delivers raw materials
Weavers create wool into
finished product by hand
Merchant picks up finished
good and sells it at market
Benefits of the Cottage
Industries



Workers create own schedule
Ability to own small businesses
and make money
Focus on family b/c workshop is
in the home
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Problems of Cottage Industries

Environmental Dangers
(fire/floods) could take out
entire business

Needed certain skills for
producing textiles, which
took time to learn

Children could not work in
cottage industries
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The Shift to Industrial Production

Cottage Industries are
eliminated in Industrial
Revolution

Factories move to separate
locations, away from the home

Working in a Factory:
 Easier to learn one task than
many
 Children able to learn tasks
and work in factories
 Ability for families to make
more money
 Dangers:
 Physical harm
 Long-work days (12+
hours for all workers)
 Poor sanitation and
ventilation
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Increasing Urbanization During
Industrial Revolution

As more factories are built,
cities in England begin to
grow
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Main cities: London,
Manchester, Liverpool
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Life in Factory Towns:

Cities grow around factories
or coal mines
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Some companies provide
housing and food
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Dangerous b/c of pollution
and poor sanitation
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Social Changes of the Early
Industrial Revolution

Three main types of workers:
 People to own the businesses
(owners)
 People to run the businesses
(managers)
 People to run the machines
(workers)

Women gain more opportunities
for jobs outside the home

Growth of the Middle Class –
those who did not own the
factories, but also did not do the
basic work in them
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Some people resist the
influence of the IR

Some still want to use
cottage industries
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Luddites: people who
opposed machines and new
technology
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Factories and Mass Production

Mass Production: the system of
manufacturing large numbers of
identical items
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Leads to the development of the
Assembly line in the United
states
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Advantages:
 Increase in production for less
cost
 Increases profits

Disadvantages:
 Less skilled jobs
 Workers are easily replaced
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Political Problems in the Early
Industrial Revolution
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British government tries to stay
out of problems in the factories
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Gov’t refused to pass laws
regulating labor, child labor, or
safe working conditions at first

Causes people to form labor
unions: organizations
representing workers interests
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Strike (stop work) to bring
about change

Forces British gov’t to make
changes eventually
New Ideas of the Industrial
Revolution & Industrailization’s
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effects
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New Economic Ideas
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The major economic idea of
the Industrial Revolution was
Capitalism
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Discussed by economist
Adam Smith
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Main Ideas:

Governments should not
be involved in business or
economy
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“Laissez-faire” (Let them
Be)
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Other Economic Ideas Emerge:

Socialism: society or
government should own
property and control industry
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Communism: discussed by
Karl Marx in The Communist
Manifesto
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Government owns all
means of production and
controls economic
planning to ensure equal
treatment and
opportunities
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Social Effects of Industrial
Revolution

Effects on Women:
 Women often found jobs in
factories or as domestic
workers
 Earned low wages
 Some women start to get some
education
 Women in the middle-classes
could get professional jobs
(teachers/nurses)
 Many believed women should
remain in the private sphere
(the home) and remain
outside of the public sphere
(workplace)
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Other Social and Economic
Impacts

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Countries that industrialized were
seen as more powerful than those
who did not
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Industrialization helped increase
military strength
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Allowed strong countries to take
over weaker ones  Imperialism
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Some countries liked the United
States see an increase in
immigration
Improvements in Standard of Living:
level of material comfort
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Improves over time
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Increase in leisure time
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Effects of Industrialization: Noneconomic responses…
 Utopianism: Machines
 Luddism: Rejecting
create perfect society
the use of machines
 Imperialism: Conquering
foreign lands (for
resources)
 Militarism: Focus
on military might
 Nationalism: Love
of one’s nation
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Factory Life
 Hired
mostly children/women (cheaper)
 Children
as young as 7 worked
 Wanted
children because they’re small enough to
get into and repair machines
 12-16
 High
hour workdays/6 days a week
rate of injury/death
 Factory
owners became very wealthy
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Before Ind. Rev. After Ind. Rev.
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Ppl lived on farms (rural community
life)
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Ppl moved to cities (urban community
life)
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Hand-crafted goods
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Machine produced goods
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Power supplied by humans/animals
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Steam and water power machines
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No pollution

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Business is largely controlled by the
society/community
Later fossil fuels, electricity will power
machines
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Cities dirty/polluted (no sewers, no
trash-service)