Mrs. Atchison
HS I
4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system
Essential Question
What are the structures of the urinary system?
4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system
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Urinary System
Functions of Urinary System:
1. Excretion- removing nitrogenous wastes,
certain salts and excess water from blood.
2. Maintain acid-base balance
3. Secrete waste products in the form of urine –
remove waste from body
4. Eliminate urine from bladder
What if kidneys are not working
properly?
Toxic wastes would
accumulate in the cells,
poisoning them
Structures of the urinary system
 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Bladder
 Urethra
 Urinary meatus
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Structures of the urinary system
Kidneys
 Bean-shaped organs
 Located between
peritoneum and the back
muscles
(RETROPERITONEAL)
 Renal Pelvis- funnel shaped
structure at the beginning of
the ureter
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Medulla
 Inner, striated layer
 Striated cones (divisions) are renal pyramids
Cortex
 Composed of millions of microscopic functional
units called nephrons
Nephrons
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Functional unit of the kidney
Over 1 million in each kidney which comprise
140 miles of filters and tubes
Parts include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
Question
 The Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted
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tubule, and loop of Henle are all parts of a:
A. bladder.
B. nephron.
C. pelvis.
D. ureter.
Answer
 NEPHRON
Question
 The functional unit of the kidney is the:
 A. aldosterone.
 B. bladder.
 C. nephron.
 D. renin.
Answer
 NEPHRON
Structures of the urinary system
Kidneys

External structures
Renal capsule
 Renal hilum
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Internal structures
Renal cortex
 Renal medulla
 Renal pelvis

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Structures of the urinary system
External kidney
 Renal fascia
 Fibrous layer of connective
tissue
 Renal hilum
 Indentation that gives the
kidney its bean-shaped
appearance
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Structures of the urinary system
Renal cortex
 Composed of millions of
microscopic functional units
called nephrons
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Structures of the urinary system
Renal cortex
 Composed of millions of
microscopic functional units
called nephrons
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Structures of the urinary system
Ureters
 Muscular tube
extending from
each kidney to the
urinary bladder
 Lined by a mucous
membrane
 10-12” long
Ureters
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Question
 If kidney stones get too large, they can cause
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severe flank pain and hydronephrosis because
they block the:
A. bladder.
B. nephron.
C. ureter.
D. urethra.
Answer
 Ureter
Understand the functions of
the urinary system
Fluid and electrolyte balance
What effect does this cycle have on your blood pressure?
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Understand the functions of the urinary system
The flow of electrolytes
Review urine formation, electrolyte
exchange, and some factors that effect
urine volume.
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Understand the functions of
the urinary system
 If more water is reabsorbed back into the body--what will happen to urine concentration?
 (more or less concentrated?)
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Urinalysis
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Ureters
 One from each kidney
 Carry urine from kidney to bladder
 Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane
lining
 Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters
 The tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder.
Question
 Urine leaves the kidney by way of the:
 A. glomerulus.
 B. nephron.
 C. ureter.
 D. urethra.
Answer
 URETER
Structures of the urinary system
Urinary bladder
 Hollow muscular organ
 Located in pelvic cavity
 Made of elastic fibers and
involuntary muscles
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Question
 Which structure is a hollow muscular sac?
 A. Bladder
 B. Kidney
 C. Ureter
 D. Urethra
Answer
 Bladder
Structures of the urinary system
Female
Urethra
 Connects the bladder to
the outside of the body


Female 1-2” long
Male 4-6” long
Urinary meatus
 Opening to the outside
of the body
Male
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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of
the urinary system
Essential Questions
 What are the functions of the urinary system?
 What are some disorders of the urinary system?
 How are disorders of the urinary system treated?
 How do you relate the body’s hormone control to
the urinary system?
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Understand the functions of
the urinary system
Functions:
 Excretion
 Formation of urine
 Fluid and electrolyte balance
 Elimination of urine
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Understand the functions of
the urinary system
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
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•First step in urine
formation
•Blood from renal
artery enters
glomerulus
•High blood pressure
in glomerulus forces
fluid (Filtrate) to filter
into Bowman’s capsule
(function of
glomerulus is to filter
substances from the
blood)
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Filtration-Con’t
• Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins or RBCs-
they are too big
• Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min. –
7500cc/hour
• As filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water is
reabsorbed
Question
 Jessica is experiencing hematuria. Which process
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of urine formation has been ineffective?
A. Filtration
B. Reabsorption
C. Secretion
D. Excretion
Answer
 Filtration
Question
 The patient in chronic renal failure is treated with
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
hemodialysis. What renal function does
hemodialysis replace?
A. Filtration
B. Hormone control
C. Nervous control
D. Peristalsis
Answer
 Filtration
Reabsorption
 Water and useful substances are reabsorbed
 If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose,
amino acids, vitamins, sodium) then those substances
will not be reabsorbed
 Useful substances filter out of the renal tubules and
back into the capillaries around the tubules =
reabsorption
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Question
 Mr. Gavin has had polyuria for several weeks.
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When he went to the doctor, his urinalysis was
normal. Further studies revealed that Mr. Gavin
had a disorder that affected the release of ADH.
Which function of the urinary system was
affected?
A. Elimination
B. Filtration
C. Reabsorption
D. Secretion
Answer
 Reabsorption
Question
 Dehydration has a direct effect on urine
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formation. The proximal convoluted tubules are
responsible for correcting the water imbalance
found with dehydration. What is this process
called?
A. Diffusion
B. Filtration
C. Reabsorption
D. Secretion
Answer
 reabsorption
Opposite of
reabsorption
Secretion transports
substances from blood
into collecting tubules
Substances include
creatinine, hydrogen
ions, potassium ions,
and some drugs
Electrolytes are
selectively secreted to
maintain body’s acidbase balance
Secretion
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Question
 Excessive substances in urinary filtrate, such as
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sodium and potassium, lead to their elimination.
Which process of elimination is this urinary
system function?
A. Diffusion
B. Filtration
C. Reabsorption
D. Secretion
Answer
 Secretion
Urinary Output
 Average= 1500 ml/day
 Urinalysis- examination of urine to determine
presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level,
specific gravity and physical characteristics (color,
clarity and odor)
 Normal in urinalysis = Ammonia
 not normal = glucose, blood, pus
What color is your pee?
Question
 Jeremy is on the cross country team at school. He
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notices that after practice his urine is dark ambercolored and he is voiding very small amounts.
Jeremy has:
A. cystitis.
B. dehydration.
C. enuresis.
D. polyuria.
Answer
 dehydration
Path of urine formation
Afferent arteriole - Glomerulus
– Bowman’s capsule – proximal
convoluted tubule – loop of
Henle – distal convoluted
tubule – collecting tubule –
renal pelvis - ureter
Chemical Control
 Reabsorption of H2O in distal convoluted tubule
controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
 Secretion and regulation of ADH controlled by
hypothalamus
 Diuretics inhibit reabsorption of H2O
Production of urine is
controlled by ADH and
aldosterone
Disorders of the urinary
system
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Disorders of the urinary system
Cystitis
 What is cystitis
(cyst= medical term for ____ +itis =___ )
 Most common cause: E. Coli
 What are the major symptoms of cystitis?
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Question
 The student presented at her doctor’s office with
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complaints of dysuria, urinary frequency and
lower abdominal discomfort. Upon examination,
the doctor discovered that the student’s hygiene
was inadequate. Which organism MOST LIKELY
caused the student’s symptoms?
A. Clostridium difficile
B. E-coli
C. Staphylococcus
D. Streptococcus
Answer
 E-coli
Disorders of the urinary system
Cystitis
 More common in females—Why ??
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Disorders of the urinary system
Glomerulonephritis
 Two types:
 Acute
 Chronic
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Disorders of the urinary system
Renal calculi
Also known as nephrolithiasis
nephro lith iasis
What are renal calculi made of?
What are the symptoms?
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Disorders of the urinary system
Renal calculi
 What will happen if
the ureters are
blocked?
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Disorders of the urinary system
Renal calculi
 How is it treated?
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Disorders
of
the
Urinary
System
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
 Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric
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acid
Gradually they get larger until they block ureters
First symptom- severe pain
Other symptoms- nausea and vomiting,
frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
Diagnosis- by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
Rx- increase fluids to flush out stone,
medications, and if needed- lithotripsy
Disorders
of
the
Urinary
System
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
 Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric





acid
Gradually they get larger until they block ureters
First symptom- severe pain
Other symptoms- nausea and vomiting,
frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
Diagnosis- by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
Rx- increase fluids to flush out stone,
medications, and if needed- lithotripsy
Kidney Transplant
 As a last resort for renal failure
 Involves donor organ from someone with a
similar immune system
 Main complication- rejection
Disorders of the urinary system
Renal Failure
 Chronic kidney
disease leads to a
buildup of fluid and
waste products in
the body.
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Disorders of the urinary system
Renal Failure
 How is it treated?
 Peritoneal dialysis
 What is the process involved
in this treatment?
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Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
 Used for kidney failure
 Involves the passage of blood through device with
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semipermeable membrane
Dialysis serves as substitute kidney
Blood from patient flows through machine and is
filtered
Can be done at home or in clinic
Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week
Question
 The patient sustained an electric shock when he
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accidentally touched live wires while cleaning up
the yard following a severe storm. The shock
affected his urinary function and resulted in
oliguria and uremia. How will the patient’s
symptoms be treated if he develops anuria?
A. Antibiotics
B. Catheterization
C. Hemodialysis
D. Lithotripsy
Answer
 hemodialysis
Disorders of the urinary system
Renal transplant
What is the
major
complication of
renal
transplantation?
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Question
 Dialysis involves the use of a device that rids the
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
blood of harmful wastes by passing the blood
through:
A. a biological sponge.
B. a semipermeable membrane.
C. an electrolyte gel.
D. chemical neutralizers in a filter system.
Answer
 Semi-permeable membrane
Terminology
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Enuresis- bedwetting
Gylcosuria- sugar in urine
Nocturia- frequent urination at night
Polyuria- large amounts of urine
Anuria- no urine produced
Hematuria- blood in urine
Diuretic- drug or substance to increase urine
production
 Oliguria – decreased urine production (sign of
kidney failure)
Question
 The medical term for excessive urination is:
 A. incontinence.
 B. nocturia.
 C. oliguria.
 D. polyuria.
Answer
 polyuria
Question
 Mr. Burns had a stroke and has been urinating
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involuntarily. What is this condition called?
A. Cystitis
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Incontinence
D. Pyuria
Answer
 incontinence
Question
 Jack takes his blood pressure medicine every
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morning. After taking his medicine, he
experiences urinary frequency. What type of
blood pressure medicine is Jack taking?
A. ADH
B. Antibiotic
C. Diuretic
D. Renin
Answer
 Renin