Alexa Janulis, Anna Engelsman, Kyle Walton, Ariele Friedman

The process of the formation of bones
**there are 2 types of ossification
- Endochondral
- Intramembranous

Happens during the fetal stage, resulting in the formation of
bone tissue.

Cartilage IS present (gradual replacement of cartilage to
bone)

Essential during formation/growth/length of long bones

Essential for natural healing of bone fractures.
Osteoblasts:
Bone-forming cells.
 Osteocytes:
Mature bone tissue cells.
 Matrix:
The intercellular substance of bone tissue

** In endochondral ossification, osteoblasts arise in regions of
cartilage called ossification centers. The osteoblasts then
develop into osteocytes, which are embedded in the matrix.

Formation of bone
tissue/formation of the
skull and jaw

Cartilage is NOT
present

Cells develop into
connective tissues
(such as bone and
blood)
AXIAL SKELETON
VS.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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
Support the body and
maintain its shape
Movement
Protection
Calcium storage
Blood cell production
Endocrine regulation
Provides protection for
the inner organs of the
body
 Stores fat
 Forms new red and
white blood cells
 Responsible for the
upright position of the
human body

**Composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic region
THE SKULL



Protects sensory organs
Encloses and protects the brain
Makes up face structure
THORACIC REGION (rib cage)
• Protects vital organs
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 Provides a pivot joint for the
skull

The appendicular skeleton
consists of bones that are
attached by girdles which
bridge them to the parts of
the axial skeleton.

Makes motion possible

Protects the organs of
digestion, excretion, and
reproduction
**Composed of the pectorals, arms, hands, pelvis, thighs, legs, and feet.
A hard, dense bone that creates
structure and allows for mobility
and strength.
 Structure of the Long Bone
 Long Bones have two tips, called
the Epiphysis and a shaft called
Diaphysis
 Inside the Diaphysis is the
Medullary Cavity and the
Nutrient Foramen.
 There is two layers of membrane
the Endosteum and Periosteum.



Joint: An area where two bones are
attached for the purpose of movement
in the body.
Structure of a Joint:
 Hyaline (Articular) Cartilage
covering the tips of the bones.
 Synovial Membrane covers the
Synovial Cavity where there is no
Hyaline Cartilage.
 Synovial Cavity holds the Synovial
Fluid which reduces friction between
the bones.
 Ligaments connect the bones into a
joint.

Osteoporosis means “porous bone”

Osteoporosis results from lack of calcium
being stored in the bones as well as a sex
hormone deficiency (Estrogen in Women,
Androgen in Men)

It makes the bones less dense and more
prone to fractures.

Symptoms are few and include some pain
and constant bone fracture.

The disease is especially dangerous in that
you may not even know you have it (71% of
women who have it don’t know it.)
RISK FACTORS

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Smoking and Alcohol
abuse
Age
Being Female
Poor diet
Lack of exercise
PREVENTION


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Exercise
Healthy Diet
Calcium
Hormones (low doses)
Medications
(Calcitonin, raloxifene)
Bowed Legs and Bone Tumors



Commonly found in toddlers
When it is just a variation from normal
appearance it is called physiologic genu
varum
Physiologic genu varum: term used for
toddlers bowed legs that can be fixable
through time and normal growth processes
Bowed legs
Malnutrition
Vitamin D deficiency
Not enough absorption
of sunlight
 All these lead to
Rickets, which then
leads back to bowed
legs

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Studies have shown that red heads are less
prone to Rickets due to their higher
production of Vitamin D

Long term consequences include long bones
and a curved back

Bowed legs that don’t fix themselves with
growth

Commonly found in African-American
children and obese children

It can also be associated with early walking

Braces are used for
children

Surgery is required if
the brace does not
work, or if the child is
too old

Surgeries could include
cutting the shin bone
to move it to the right
position, or lengthen it.

Another possibility is
by blocking off the
growth of the outer
shin bone and letting
natural growth occur.

Ilizarov Veklich Device
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWlppDNuIzk (3:01)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWlppDNuIzk (2:20)

Ladisten Clinic in Ukraine uses this device to
fix both Blount’s Disease and any other
disorders associated with bowed legs

A bone tumor is a hyperplasia, an osteoma
specifically.

Most are benign, but some can be malignant.

Bone tumors are many times found through
x-rays of other problems including fractures
and sprains.

Pain in the tumor area

Sometimes described as a “painless mass”

Can cause fevers and night sweats

The Different Types
 Multiple Myeloma
 Osteosarcoma
 Ewing’s Sarcoma

Organized by age group
Most common bone
cancer
 Affects people aged
between 50 and 70,
and can attack any
bone
 Cancer of the WBC’s
which are produced in
the bone marrow and
transported through
the lymphatic system


Bone Pain
 Pain usually involves the spine and ribs. The
breakdown of bone leads to the release
of calcium into the blood, leading to hypocalcaemia.


Kidney Failure
Anemia
 Results from the replacement of normal bone marrow
and inhibition of normal red blood cell production

Neurological symptoms (fatigue, weakness,
confusion)

Focused on disease containment and
suppression.

Stem-cell transplant (high dose
chemotherapy) is a preferred method if
treatment is necessary.

Summary
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWMtaOvwPEY

Second most common
cancer

Affects teenagers

Affects around the
knee, hip, or shoulder

Depending on the size of the tumor, it can
appear as swelling

Patients complain of pain that can worsen at
night

Due to the tumor, the affected bone is
weaker and can fracture more easily

Current standard treatment is to
use chemotherapy followed by surgical
resection (removal of the tumor)

Despite the success of chemotherapy for
osteosarcoma, it has one of the lowest
survival rates for pediatric cancer

Occurs most commonly
between ages 5 and 20

Affects upper and lower
legs, ribs, and upper arm

Is a malignant round-cell
tumor

Cancer cells are found in
the bone or the soft tissue

Ewing sarcoma is the
result of a translocation
between chromosomes
11 and 22.

A translocation is a
“rearrangement of
parts.”

Multidrug chemotherapy
as well as local disease
control with surgery
and/or radiation is
indicated in the
treatment of all patients.

In China, there are some scientists that are
honing in on the use of arsenic in replacing
chemotherapy

Arsenic apparently breaks down the very
proteins that keep cancer cells alive

They have practiced their treatments on
leukemia patients and so far have been
successful

40-pound malignant
bone tumor removed
from woman
 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/i
d/30386195/
 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/i
d/21134540/vp/30390105#303
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