Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Air Pollution
Sources and Impacts
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Content

Historical Background

Sulphur oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Particulate matter

Ozone depleting substances

MARPOL Annex VI: An overview
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Activities
Pollutants
Transport
Immediate effects
PM
concentration
Impacts
Human health
Power
Production
Acidic
deposits
Environment
Residences
Εutrophication
Agriculture
Industry
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Ozone
concentration
Materials
deterioration
Agricultural
cultivation
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Historical Background

Prior to the industrial revolution
«Αs I was moving far away from
the asphyxiating air of Rome and
the soot of stacks dispersing
poisonous gases around, I felt my
mood changing»
Senekas, 61 A.C.

After the industrial revolution
(Engraving showing a foundry in Saar,
Germany, 1876)
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Historical Background
Athens, Greece
Las Vegas, USA
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
• Properties: Gas, colorless and odorless in low concentrations, but with irritating odor in high
concentrations
• Sources: Power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, paper industry, ships’ main and auxiliary
engines
• Sulphur content in crude oil and fuel oils
a) Safety (installation and piping corrosion, poison potential)
b) Operation (fluidized beds of catalysts may be contaminated from the presence of sulphur
compounds)
c) Environment (SOx emissions)
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Impacts to human health
• Short term exposure in high concentrations, might cause bronchoconstriction and increased
asthma symptoms.
• Long term exposure might cause serious respiratory problems and deteriorate existing
cardiovascular illnesses
London, 1952
4.000 people were fatally exposed to
high SOx and smoke concentrations in
London (1952)
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Environmental impacts
Acid rain
•
In the 70s, more than 18,000 lakes in Sweden were found with acidity exceeding the natural
limits, and in half of them fish populations had dramatically reduced
• The same phenomenon occurred in about 3.000 lakes in US
• The transformation of the waters of a lake to acidic does not take place instantaneously but rather
in a period of many years or decades.
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A forest in Jizera, Czech Republic
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Acid rain formation mechanism
•
H2SO4 and HNO3 are formed as a result of the reaction between the water and sulphur as well as
nitrogen oxides with the sun radiation and oxygen as catalysts
• Normal rain is slightly acidic (pH 5,5) due to CO2 dissolution and H2CO3 formation
• Most lakes have a pH ranging from 6 to 8. Values as low as 4.3 have been reported in several
lakes facing acid rain problems
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Impacts of acid rain
• Destruction of sensitive soils, trees and vegetation of forests in high altitudes
• Deterioration of materials and paints. Irreversible failures to buildings and monuments that
constitute elements of cultural heritage
• Impacts to water dependent ecosystems
Forest areas (%) in Europe receiving acid rain
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)
NOx formation in ship’s engines
• Very complex mechanism of formation, hundreds of chemical reactions occur
• Main source of nitrogen is air combustion
• Higher temperatures in cylinders lead to increase NOx emissions
• 95% is ΝΟ and about 5% NO2
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)
• Impacts to human health
They react with hemoglobin producing inert compounds including methemoglobin hampering the
oxygenation of tissues causing tachycardia, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia
> 15 μg/m3, irritation of the eyes
> 25 μg/m3 dyspnea, asthma crisis
> 150 – 200 μg/m3 pulmonary edema
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)
Secondary ozone formation
ΝΟx + VOCs + sun radiation
Ο3 + Photochemical pollution
Photochemical smog occurs in sunny periods with high temperatures, low moisture and relatively
high levels of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Particulate matter (PM)
Particles produced during combustion or as secondary products in the atmosphere, that might
shift for very long periods far from their point of source.
Human hair
(70 μm diameter)
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PM 10
PM 2.5
(10 μm)
(2,5 μm)
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Particulate matter (PM)
• Their chemical composition depends on
fuel quality. They invariably consist of
soot, hydrocarbons, ash, metals
(vanadium, nickel, zinc), sulphur and
nitrate compounds
• The smaller the size of the particles,
the deeper penetrate into the human
respiratory system.
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Particulate matter (PM)
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•
Ash significantly reduced for low
sulphur fuel oils (< 1% m/m).
•
Soot and sulfates are directly
depended on the sulfur content.
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
•
Lifetime of gases in atmosphere from several years (HCFCs)
until a century (Freon 12).
•
The ozone layer is going to be back to the level it was before
1980 until 2050.
•
If ozone was compressed in normal conditions of
temperature and pressure, it would have been less than 5
mm thick.
•
In September 2007, the extent of ozone hole was 24
million km2 (almost as North America), 18% smaller in
relation to 2006.
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Ships’ engines emissions
Exhaust gases
Air
(> 99,7%)
8.5 kgr/KWh
75,8% Ν2
79% Ν2
13,0% Ο2
21% Ο2
5,2% CO2
Fuel Oil
5,3% H2O
180 gr/KWh
(3,6% S)
Lube Oil
1 gr/KWh
97.5% HC
2% Ca
0,5% S
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Air pollutants
(< 0,3%)
ΝΟx 0,17% (1500 ppm)
SOx 0,15% (800 ppm)
HC 0,02% (180 ppm)
CO 0,07% (80 ppm)
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
An overview to MARPOL, Annex VI
ΜΑRPOL
73/78
Annex Ι
Annex ΙΙ
Annex III
Annex IV
Annex V
Oil
Noxious Bulk
Liquid Substances
Packaged
Harmful
Substances
Sewage
Garbage
IBC Code
IMDG
Code
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Annex VI
Air Emissions
NOx
Technical Code
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Prevention Measures
Μaximum sulphur content (% m/m)
• 4,5% before 1 January 2012
• 3,5% after 1 January 2012
• 0,5% after 1 January 2020
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Prevention Measures
Maximum sulfur content in (S) ECA (North Sea, Baltic Sea, North American)
- 1.0% until 31 December 2014
- 0.1% after 1 January 2015
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
Prevention Measures
Bunker Delivery Note (ΒDN)
•
Retention for at least 3 years
•
Must contain information:

Name - Ship ΙΜΟ number

Bunkering port

Date of bunkering

Supplier’s contacts

Name of product

Quantity (in metric tones)

Density at 15° C

Sulphur content (% per weight)

Supplier’s statement about the sulfur content in fuel, that do not contain inorganic
other substances which might put at risk the safety of the ship.
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acids and
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
Prevention Measures – Treatment systems
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
Tier 3
Engines fitted in ships constructed after 1 January 2016 and operate within an Emission
Control Area (N) (ΕCA).
Emissions must not exceed the following values:
•
3,44 g/kWh with n < 130 rpm
•
9,0 x n -0,2 g/kWh 130 ≤ n < 2000 rpm
•
2,0 g/kWh n ≥ 2000 rpm
If the ship operates outside ECA then the requirements emissions of Tier II are applicable.
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011
Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
NOx emissions by engines of ships constructed from 1/1/1990 –1/1/2020
Every engine above 5.000 kW, and of displacement per cylinder equal to or greater than 90
liters, must comply to Tier I, under the condition that an Approved Method for this engine
has been certified by the Administration of a member state.
1. Its implementation must not cause power reduction above 1.0%, and increase of specific
fuel consumption above 2.0%.
2.No effect to the reliability or life cycle of the engine and the implementation cost should
not be excessive.
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Prevention measures
NOx Technical Code
Every engine must:
–
be pre-certified (manufacturer – Class)
–
Technical File
–
Installation as approved – Initial Inspection
–
Annual inspections
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)
Emissions reduction methods
Fuels
treatment
Engine
Technologies
Fuel Quality
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
Firefighting systems
Ηalon 1211
Halon 1301
Halon 2402
Air conditioning – Cooling systems
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC – 113
CFC – 114, CFC- 115
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
Prevention measures
•
Refrigerants Management Plan
•
Record Book
•
Periodical control of leaks
•
Use of ODS of low warming potential (greenhouse
gases)
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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts
Thank you for your attention!
Questions
VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011