Chemistry
Macromolecules
Macromolecules

Four Classes




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polymer

Chain of linked monomers

polymer
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
monomer
sugar
amino acids
nucleotides
Composite molecule

Lipids
glycerol + fatty acid(s)
Bonds
macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
bond/link type
glycosidic linkage
ester linkage
peptide bond
phosphodiester bond
Chemical Reactions


Dehydration synthesis (Condensation) - remove
a water molecule, polymerize
Requires enzymes
HO
1
2
3
H
short polymer
H
OH
Enzyme
H20
HO
1
2
longer polymer
3
4
H
Chemical Reactions

Hydrolysis - add a water molecule, depolymerize
HO
H
Enzyme
H2O
HO
H
OH
H
Metabolism

Anabolism - synthesize molecules



polymerization
dehydration
Catabolism - breakdown molecules


depolymerization
hydrolysis
Carbohydrates



CHO sugars
function: energy storage (fuel for cellular
work), most are hydrophilic
three groups:



monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
Monosaccharides





empirical formula = (CH2O) n
n = 3 to 7
n=5
pentose
n=6
hexose
Examples of hexoses (C6H12O6)



glucose
fructose
galactose
Disaccharides
monosaccharaides
glucose + glucose =
glucose + galactose =
glucose + fructose =

disaccharide
maltose
lactose
sucrose
formed through dehydration
Formation of Disaccharides
glucose
glucose
glucose
fructose
maltose
sucrose
Polysaccharide
Covalently bonded glucose units
Glycosidic linkage - covalent bond between glucose units
Glycogen
(animals)
Starch
(plants)
glycogen
granules
amylose
(unbranched)
amylopectin
Cellulose
cell wall
cellulose micro fibrils in a plant
cell wall (about 8O molecules)
unbranched, alternating
OH groups found in plant
cell walls.
unbranched β glucose
polymer
Chitin
Present in exoskeleton of
arthropods
Glucose plus a nitrogen appendage
used to make strong and flexible surgical thread
Lipids


CHO
Function: long-term energy storage



fats
other lipids: phospholipids, steroids, pigments
water-insoluble, non polar
Fats

Glycerol + fatty acid (s)




monoglyceride
diglyceride
triglyceride
monoglyceride
(palmitic acid)
glycerol - 3C alcohol
triglyceride (triacylglycerol)
Fats, cont.


ester linkage - bond between carboxyl (f.a.)
and hydroxyl (glycerol)
fatty acids


saturated
unsaturated
esther linkage
Saturated Fatty Acids




maximum number of H
no double/triple bonds
usually solid
ex. animal fats
(butter, lard)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

usually liquid

1 double bond


more than 1 double bond



polyunsaturated
ex. Oils (nut and seed)
hydrogenation causes it
to solidify


monounsaturated
peanut oil
peanut butter
fats yield 9 Cal/gr
oleic acid
Other Lipids

Phospholipids


Steroids


phosphate + 2 f.a. + glycerol
Hormones and cholesterol
Pigments




chlorophylls
xanthophylls
carotenes
anthocyanins
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
choline
phosphate
glycerol
fatty acids
Proteins



CHON
monomer: amino acid
Function: diverse







structures
contraction
storage
defense
transport
messengers
enzymes
Proteins cont.


amino acids (20)
most contain





-central C
-amino group NH2
-carboxyl group COOH
-H atom
-functional group R
R-group
Non polar
glycine
alanine
methionine
valine
phenylalanine
leucine
tryptophan
isoleusine
proline
polar
serine
threonine cysteine tyrosine aspargine glutamine
acidic
basic
electrically
charged
asparctic ac. glutamic acid
lysine
arginine
histine
Proteins cont.
*Peptide bonds
*between 2 amino acids
*dehydration reaction
protein synthesis
side chain
backbone
Levels of Protein Structure

The following determine the shape of the protein
(polypeptides):




primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Primary Structure of a Protein
Start: N-terminus (amino)
End: C-terminus (carboxyl)
+H3N
(amino end)
amino acid subunits
(carboxyl end)
O
C OH-
Secondary Structure of a Protein
Bending and H-bonding to form coils and folds forming
alpha helices (coils) and beta pleated sheets (folds)
β pleated sheet
α- helix
Tertiary Structure of a Protein
overall conformation of the polypeptide



hydrophobic interactions
ionic and hydrogen bonds
disulfide bridges
polypeptide
backbone
Quaternary Structure of a Protein

Relationship between 2 or more polypeptides
that make up the protein
Protein Conformation

Altering any level
will change the final
conformation

Denature


unravel the protein
caused by several
different factors
Genetic factor: mutation
Nucleic Acids

CHONP

Function: store information

monomer - nucleotide


ex. DNA, RNA
RNA Genomics - branch of biotech concerned with
mapping and sequencing DNA (genomes)
Nucleotide

Phosphate + sugar + N-base


phosphodiester bond
between phosphate and sugar
DNA

Found in the nucleus
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
 double strand
 A, G, C, T

Nucleotide

phosphate + sugar + N-base

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA carries genetic
information

Stretches of DNA are know as genes
RNA

Found in the cytoplasm

Ribonucleic acid

single strand RNA


nucleotide: phosphate + sugar +
A, G, C, U
N-base
N-bases
Purines (A, G)
Pyrimidines (C, T, U)
Purine-Pyrimidine
=T
C=G
A
Activity: DNA

What will the other strand be?
5'
A
3'
DNA
?
G
?
C
?
T
?
DNA
answer
3’
T
C
G
A
5’
Activity

What will the RNA strand be?
5'
A
3'
DNA
?
G
?
C
?
T
?
RNA
answer
U
C
G
A
The End