Chicago, Illinois
Michael Gramarossa, BAE/MAE
Mechanical Option
JGMA
Advisor: Dr. James Freihaut
JGMA
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
JGMA
 Evaluation and Conclusion
JGMA
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
Site and Location
• Chicago Illinois
• Summer: 91.9°F (0.4%)
• Winter -4.0°F (99.6%)
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
Site and Location
• Chicago Illinois
• Summer: 91.9°F (0.4%)
• Winter -4.0°F (99.6%)
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
• Located along Kennedy Expressway
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
Site and Location
• Chicago Illinois
• Summer: 91.9°F (0.4%)
• Winter -4.0°F (99.6%)
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
• Located along Kennedy Expressway
• Passed by 400,000 vehicles each day
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Architecture and Façade
• Recently completed in September 2014
• 3 stories (no basement)
•
55,000 ft2
• Classrooms, offices, labs, lounges, etc.
JGMA
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Architecture and Façade
• Recently completed in September 2014
• 3 stories (no basement)
•
55,000 ft2
• Classrooms, offices, labs, lounges, etc.
JGMA
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
• Curtain Wall Façade with solar fins
• Blue and Gold Fins
Chicagoarchitectue.com
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
JGMA
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
 Thesis Objective
Existing Mechanical System
Cooling and Ventilation
• [2] 100 ton air handling roof top units (RTUs)
• The RTUs supply 55°F air year round
 Mechanical Depth
JGMA
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Existing Mechanical System
Cooling and Ventilation
• [2] 100 ton air handling roof top units (RTUs)
• The RTUs supply 55°F air year round
• RTU-1 & RTU-2
JGMA
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
• Separate Air Cooled Condensing Units (CU-1 & CU-2)
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Unit
Area Served
(ft2)
Supply Capacity
(CFM)
RTU-1
RTU-2
24,000
27,800
38,000
38,000
Ventilation Cooling
(CFM)
(Ton)
12,000
12,000
Mechanical Option
100
100
Heating
(MBh)
1250
1250
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Existing Mechanical System
Heating
• [2] 750 MBh Boilers
• Boilers serve 71 VAV reheat coils and hot water
radiant finned tubes
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Rating (MBH)
Water Temperature (°F)
Tag
Fuel
Type
Input
Output
Entering
Leaving
Flow
Rate
(GPM)
B-1
B-2
NG
NG
750
750
657
657
130
130
150
150
66
66
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Min.
Thermal
Efficiency
(%)
90
90
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Overview
 Existing Mechanical System


Cooling and Ventilation
Heating
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Existing Mechanical System
Heating
• [2] 750 MBh Boilers
• Boilers serve 71 VAV reheat coils and hot water
radiant finned tubes
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Rating (MBH)
Water Temperature (°F)
Tag
Fuel
Type
Input
Output
Entering
Leaving
Flow
Rate
(GPM)
B-1
B-2
NG
NG
750
750
657
657
130
130
150
150
66
66
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Min.
Thermal
Efficiency
(%)
90
90
Second Floor Plan Hot Water Schematic
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Thesis Objective
 Thesis Objective
• The Chicago Building Code (CBC) requires a
certain amount of airflow be supplied to a space
regardless of the load
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Thesis Objective
 Thesis Objective
• The Chicago Building Code (CBC) requires a
certain amount of airflow be supplied to a space
regardless of the load
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
• Redesign the current mechanical system according
to the International Building Code (IBC)
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Thesis Objective
 Thesis Objective
• The Chicago Building Code (CBC) requires a
certain amount of airflow be supplied to a space
regardless of the load
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
• Redesign the current mechanical system according
to the International Building Code (IBC)
• What are the greater implications if all mechanical
systems for commercial buildings in Chicago were
designed to the IBC rather than CBC.
fineartamerica.com
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU Resize
 Thesis Objective
Ventilation Requirements
System
 Mechanical Depth
RTU-1 Total
RTU-2 Total
System Total
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
CBC
Req'd OA (CFM)
9260
10890
20150
IBC/IMC
Req'd OA (CFM)
5761
8292
14053
% Saved
37.79%
23.86%
30.26%
Load Requirements
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
CBC
IBC/IMC
System
Cooling
(Tons)
Supply Air
(CFM)
Cooling
(Tons)
Supply Air
(CFM)
RTU-1
RTU-2
Total
93
97
190
20,700
22,100
42,800
% Saved
84
89
173
-9.10%
20,700
22,100
42,800
0%
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU Resize
Carrier model number chosen
 Thesis Objective
Ventilation Requirements
System
 Mechanical Depth
RTU-1 Total
RTU-2 Total
System Total
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
CBC
Req'd OA (CFM)
9260
10890
20150
IBC/IMC
Req'd OA (CFM)
5761
8292
14053
% Saved
37.79%
23.86%
30.26%
Load Requirements
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
CBC
IBC/IMC
System
Cooling
(Tons)
Supply Air
(CFM)
Cooling
(Tons)
Supply Air
(CFM)
RTU-1
RTU-2
Total
93
97
190
20,700
22,100
42,800
% Saved
84
89
173
-9.10%
20,700
22,100
42,800
0%
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
carrier.com
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU Resize
Carrier model number chosen
 Thesis Objective
Ventilation Requirements
System
 Mechanical Depth
RTU-1 Total
RTU-2 Total
System Total
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
CBC
Req'd OA (CFM)
9260
10890
20150
IBC/IMC
Req'd OA (CFM)
5761
8292
14053
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
CBC
37.79%
23.86%
30.26%
Low Gas Heat Capacity: 527 MBH
High Gas Heat Capacity: 790 MBH
Load Requirements
 Structural Breadth
% Saved
IBC/IMC
System
Cooling
(Tons)
Supply Air
(CFM)
Cooling
(Tons)
Supply Air
(CFM)
RTU-1
RTU-2
Total
93
97
190
20,700
22,100
42,800
% Saved
84
89
173
-9.10%
20,700
22,100
42,800
0%
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU Resize
Fan Selection
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
 Structural Breadth
or…
trane.com
trane.com
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU Resize
Fan Selection
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
 Structural Breadth
or…
trane.com
trane.com
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
RTU Resize
RTU Schematic
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
RTU Resize
RTU Schematic
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
Code
RTU Size
Cost
(incl. O&P)
Location
Factor
Adjusted
Cost
Qty. of
RTUs
Total Cost
CBC
IBC/IMC
105 tons
90 tons
$252,000
$225,500
113.6%
113.6%
$286,272
$256,168
2
2
$572,544
$512,336
Potential Savings
10.5%
$60,000
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Annual Utility Usage
CBC
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Elec Used
(kWh)
727,000
IBC/IMC
NG Used Total Utility Elec Used
(therms)
Cost
(kWh)
9,600
NG Used Total Utility
(therms)
Cost
$65,500
723,000
7,400
$63,700
Savings
0.5%
29.5%
2.9%
• Electricity Cost Savings: 0.5%
• Natural Gas Cost Savings: 29.5%
• Total Utility Cost Savings: 2.9%
• Electric & NG Cost Savings: $1800
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Annual Utility Usage
CBC
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
Elec Used
(kWh)
727,000
IBC/IMC
NG Used Total Utility Elec Used
(therms)
Cost
(kWh)
9,600
CBC
Why are there more energy savings in the heating
system than the cooling system?
NG Used Total Utility
(therms)
Cost
$65,500
723,000
7,400
$63,700
Savings
0.5%
29.5%
2.9%
IBC/IMC
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Annual Utility Usage
CBC
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
Elec Used
(kWh)
727,000
IBC/IMC
NG Used Total Utility Elec Used
(therms)
Cost
(kWh)
9,600
CBC
Why are there more energy savings in the heating
system than the cooling system?
NG Used Total Utility
(therms)
Cost
$65,500
723,000
7,400
$63,700
Savings
0.5%
29.5%
2.9%
Cooling Degree Days
842
Heating Degree Days
6311
IBC/IMC
 Structural Breadth
∆𝑇 = |𝑇𝑅𝐴 − 𝑇𝑂𝐴 |
 Electrical Breadth
∆𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = |75℉ − 85℉| = 10℉
 Evaluation and Conclusion
∆𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 70℉ − 25℉ = 45℉
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Annual Utility Usage
CBC
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
IBC/IMC
100,000
90,000
Elec Used
(kWh)
727,000
NG Used Total Utility Elec Used
(therms)
Cost
(kWh)
9,600
$65,500
Savings
723,000
0.5%
NG Used Total Utility
(therms)
Cost
7,400
$63,700
29.5%
2.9%
Electricity Used (kWh)
 Thesis Objective
Monthly Electricity Usage
CBC
IBC/IMC
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
CBC
IBC/IMC
0
Jan.
Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun.
Jul.
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Monthly Natural Gas Usage
 Structural Breadth
3,500
NG Used (therms)
3,000
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
CBC
IBC/IMC
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Jan.
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun.
Mechanical Option
Jul.
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
 Building Summary
Annual Utility Usage
CBC
 Thesis Objective
Elec Used
(kWh)
Monthly Utility Costs (Elec. & NG)
IBC/IMC
NG Used Total Utility Elec Used
(therms)
Cost
(kWh)
$8,000
NG Used Total Utility
(therms)
Cost
CBC
IBC/IMC
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
727,000
9,600
$65,500
723,000
7,400
$63,700
$4,000
Savings
0.5%
29.5%
2.9%
$2,000
$3,000
$1,000
CBC
IBC/IMC
$0
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
Jun.
Jul.
Aug. Sept.
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
 Building Summary
Emission Savings
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 RTU Resize
 Energy Savings
 Emission Savings
Code
CO2e
CBC
IBC
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation and Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Pollutant
Electricity
lb/kWh
lbs.
1.74
1,273,668
Natural Gas
lb/MCF
lbs.
123
118,080
Total
(lbs pollutant/year)
1,391,748
CO2
1.64
1,200,469
122
117,120
1,317,589
NOx
0.003
2,196
0.111
107
2,303
CO2e
1.74
1,266,904
123
91,229
1,358,134
CO2
1.64
1,194,094
122
90,487
1,284,581
NOx
0.003
% Saved
(CO2e)
2,184
0.111
82
2,267
22.74%
2.42%
0.53%
Emission Savings ~37,000 lbs. CO2e per year
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Structural Breadth
Will smaller RTU’s designed according to the
IBC lead to a reduction in structural steel?
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Structural Breadth
 Thesis Objective
Load Type
Material
PVC Roof
1/2" Cover Board
Dead Load R-30 Insulation Board
Galvanized Metal Deck
Misc. (lights, duct, PV array, etc.)
Live Load or Live Load
Snow Load Snow Load
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
Total
Dead Load
Snow Load
Weight
(psf)
10
2
2
2
10
20
25
26
25
 Electrical Breadth
1.2 26 𝑝𝑠𝑓 + 1.6 25 𝑝𝑠𝑓 = 71 𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU-2 Analysis
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
N
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU-2 Analysis
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
N
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU-2 Analysis
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Electrical Breadth
𝑤𝑙 2
2.8 𝑘𝑙𝑓 25.5 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑀=
=
= 228 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑓𝑡
8
8
𝑖𝑛
25.5
𝑓𝑡
∗
12
𝐿
𝑓𝑡
∆≤
=
= 1.275 𝑖𝑛.
240
240
 Evaluation & Conclusion
N
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
RTU-2 Analysis
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Electrical Breadth
𝑊21𝑥44 𝐼𝑥 = 843
(Max M = 358 kip-ft) ✔
N
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
𝑙𝑏
𝑖𝑛
306 𝑖𝑛 4
5𝑤𝑙
∆=
=
= 1.053 𝑖𝑛. ✔
𝑙𝑏
𝐸𝐼
384(30 ∗ 106 2 )(843 𝑖𝑛4
𝑖𝑛
4
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
𝑤𝑙 2
2.8 𝑘𝑙𝑓 25.5 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑀=
=
= 228 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑓𝑡
8
8
𝑖𝑛
25.5
𝑓𝑡
∗
12
𝐿
𝑓𝑡
∆≤
=
= 1.275 𝑖𝑛.
240
240
5 233.3
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
RTU-1 Analysis
These beams are not
reduced in size
because the structural
engineer did not use a
smaller beam than
W12x26.
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
Structural Breadth Conclusion
Existing Design
New Design
Length (ft)
Length (ft)
Cost
($/LF)
C8x11.5
W21x44
W21x48
151
0
51
124
51
0
$83.68
$84.21
$94.34
Total Cost
$17,447
$14,671
Beam Size
New design leads to $2,800 in savings
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 RTU-2
 RTU-1
 Conclusion
Structural Breadth Conclusion
Existing Design
New Design
Length (ft)
Length (ft)
Cost
($/LF)
C8x11.5
W21x44
W21x48
151
0
51
124
51
0
$83.68
$84.21
$94.34
Total Cost
$17,447
$14,671
Beam Size
• Structural steel savings are a result of a
different design approach.
• There would be negligible structural
steel savings associated with designing
to the IBC rather than the CBC with
regards to the mechanical system.
New design leads to $2,800 in savings
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
Electrical Breadth
Will smaller RTU’s designed according to the
IBC lead to a reduction in electrical wiring?
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Electrical Breadth
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
Existing Design
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
New Design
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
Electrical Breadth
• The same as structural, using the IBC in
lieu of the CBC will lead to minimal to
no electrical cost savings
• The savings associated were a result of
a different design strategy
 Evaluation & Conclusion
New Design
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
City of Chicago Study
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
envato.com
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
City of Chicago Study
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
Reduce Chicago’s greenhouse gas emissions by 80% below
1990 levels by 2050
•
•
•
•
•
Energy Efficient Buildings (30%)
Clean & Renewable Energy Sources (34%)
Improved Transportation Options (23%)
Reduction Waste & Industrial Pollution (13%)
Adaptation
envato.com
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
City of Chicago Study
 Thesis Objective
Chicago Building Energy
$3 billion per year
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
Potential Savings 2.9%
$87 million per year
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
envato.com
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
City of Chicago Study
 Thesis Objective
Chicago Building Energy
$3 billion per year
Chicago Building Emissions
63 billion lbs. CO2e per year
Potential Savings 2.9%
$87 million per year
Potential Savings 2.42%
1.5 billion lbs. CO2e per year
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
Michael Gramarossa
Equivalent to taking 184,000
cars off of the road
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Overall Evaluation
 Thesis Objective
• Possible Mechanical First Cost Savings
• No Structural or Electrical Cost Savings
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
• Energy Cost Savings 2.9%
 Electrical Breadth
• Emission Savings 2.42%
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
Overall Evaluation
 Thesis Objective
• Possible Mechanical First Cost Savings
• No Structural or Electrical Cost Savings
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
• Energy Cost Savings 2.9%
 Electrical Breadth
• Emission Savings 2.42%
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
• Minimal Impact on a small scale
Michael Gramarossa
• Big impact on a large scale
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
Michael Gramarossa
Acknowledgements
• Primera Engineers
• Professor Freihaut
• Penn State AE Faculty and Staff
• Friends and Family
• And of course,
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
 Building Summary
 Thesis Objective
 Mechanical Depth
 Structural Breadth
 Electrical Breadth
 Evaluation & Conclusion
 City of Chicago Study
 Overall Evaluation
 Acknowledgements
Michael Gramarossa
Acknowledgements
• Primera Engineers
• Professor Freihaut
• Penn State AE Faculty and Staff
• Friends and Family
• And of course, President Obama
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
Questions?
CBC
IBC/IMC
Summary
of Savings
NEIU El
Centro
City of
Chicago
Michael Gramarossa
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Energy Savings
Annual Cost Savings
Emission Savings
%
kBtu/year
%
$/year
%
lbs. CO2e/yr
6.70%
232,000
2.90%
$1,850
2.42%
33,600
6.70%
10.4 billion
2.90%
$87 million
2.42%
1.5 billion
Mechanical Option
System
Equipment
V/PH/Hz
FLA
MOCP
kVA
Wire (Copper)
(THWN)
Ground
(Copper)
Conduit
(EMT)
RTU-1
460/3/60
149
150 A
124
(4) #2/0
#6
2"
RTU-2
460/3/60
149
150 A
124
(4) #2/0
#6
460/3/60
227
250 A
189
(4) 350 kcmil
#4
System
Panel
Label
Equipment
Served
Voltage
FLA
kVA
MOCP
Feeder Size
(Copper, THWN, EMT)
Existing
DPM3-1
RTU-1 & RTU-2
480/277
298
248
600 A
(2) sets: 4-350 kcmil,
#1/0 Grd, 3 1/2" C
New
DPM3-1
RTU-1 & RTU-2
480/277
514
428
800 A
(3) sets: 4-300 kcmil,
#2 Grd, 2 1/2" C
2"
Existing
CU-1
Electrical Appendix
3 1/2"
CU-2
460/3/60
227
250 A
189
(4) 350 kcmil
#4
3 1/2"
RTU-1
460/3/60
257
300 A
214
(4) 300 kcmil
#4
2 1/2"
RTU-2
460/3/60
257
300 A
214
(4) 300 kcmil
#4
2 1/2"
Table 27 – Existing and New Feeder Sizing for RTUs
New
Table 26 – Existing and New Branch Wire Sizing for RTUs
300 𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙
#4
0.4608 𝑖𝑛2 ∗ 4 = 1.8432 𝑖𝑛2
0.0824 𝑖𝑛2 ∗ 1 = 0.0824 𝑖𝑛2
1.9256 in2 ∴ use 2 ½” Conduit
Michael Gramarossa
300 𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙
#2
0.4608 𝑖𝑛2 ∗ 4 = 1.8432 𝑖𝑛2
0.1158 𝑖𝑛2 ∗ 1 = 0.1158 𝑖𝑛2
1.959 in2 ∴ use 2 ½” Conduit
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Mechanical Option
Total Amount Chicago
Spends on
Building Energy ($)
Potential
Savings
(%)
Potential
Savings
($)
$3 billion
2.90%
$87 million
City of Chicago Appendix
Total Amount
of Energy Used by
Chicago Buildings
(kBtu/year)
Potential
Savings
(%)
Potential
Savings
($/year)
155 billion kBtu
6.70%
10.4 billion kBtu
Michael Gramarossa
Unit
Total Pollutants
Produced by
Chicago Buildings
(CO2e/year)
Potential
Savings
(%)
Potential
Savings
(CO2e/year)
lbs. CO2e/year
63 billion lbs.
2.42%
1.5 billion lbs.
tons CO2e/year
31.6 million tons
2.42%
765,000 tons
Equivalent of Cars on
the Road per year
7.6 million cars
2.42%
184,000 cars
Northeastern Illinois University’s El Centro
Rank
City
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Hong Kong
New York City
Dubai
Shanghai
Chicago
Tokyo
Chongqing
Guangzhou
Shenzhen
Singapore
China
United States
United Arab Emirates
China
United States
Japan
China
China
China
Singapore
No. of
Skyscrapers
302
235
148
126
115
112
94
93
83
79
Mechanical Option
Building Type
Large Office
Medium Office
Small Office
Warehouse
Stand-alone Retail
Strip Mall
Primary School
Secondary School
Supermarket
Quick Service Restaurant
Hospital
Outpatient Facility
Small Hotel
Large Hotel
Mid-Rise Apartment
NEIU El Centro*
kBTU/ft2/yr
43
48
51
24
81
85
65
76
195
657
148
271
80
138
47
62