ASHRAE LEVEL 2 ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
PORT-OF-SPAIN GENERAL HOSPITAL
NORTH BLOCK
November 8, 2013
SMART ENERGY LIMITED
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................................3
1.0
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................4
2.0
Background.....................................................................................................................................6
3.0
2.1
Space Types........................................................................................................................6
2.2
Occupancy Use and Schedules............................................................................................6
2.3
Recent Building Upgrades...................................................................................................6
2.4
Billing Data..........................................................................................................................7
2.5
Baseline Energy Consumption............................................................................................8
Audit Activity and Results..............................................................................................................10
3.1
4.0
Audit Process....................................................................................................................10
3.1.1
Data Collection and Measurements....................................................................10
3.1.2
Calculation Methodology.....................................................................................10
3.2
Existing Building Systems..................................................................................................11
3.3
Renewable Energy Assessment........................................................................................15
3.4
Energy Conservation Opportunities..................................................................................16
Operational and Behavioral Guidelines.........................................................................................22
Appendix A – Site Plan...............................................................................................................................25
Appendix B – Floor Plans............................................................................................................................26
Appendix C – Lighting Survey.....................................................................................................................27
Appendix D – Air Conditioning Survey.......................................................................................................28
Appendix E – Measurements and Envelope...............................................................................................29
Appendix F – Equipment Survey................................................................................................................30
Appendix G – Spot Measurements.............................................................................................................31
Page | 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC – Air Conditioning
ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
CFM – Cubic feet per minute
CO2 – Carbon dioxide
ECM – Energy Conservation Measure
ENT – Ears, Nose, and Throat
HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
IAQ – Indoor Air Quality
kWh – kilowatt-hour
kVA – kilovolt-ampere
NB – North Block
NWRHA – North West Regional Health Authority
OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration
POSGH – Port of Spain General Hospital
PPM – Parts per million
SEL – Smart Energy Limited
T8 – Second generation tubular fluorescent lamp with 1” diameter
T12 – First generation tubular fluorescent lamp with 1.5” diameter
Page | 3
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Port-of-Spain General Hospital (POSGH) is a healthcare facility owned by the Trinidad and Tobago
North West Regional Health Authority (NWRHA) and is responsible for providing health care services to
the citizens of Trinidad and Tobago. A Level 2 ASHRAE Energy Audit was performed on the North Block
(NB) of the POSGH campus by Smart Energy Limited (SEL) in September 2013 to identify cost effective
energy conservation measures and operational improvements that would help POSGH reduce its energy
consumption.
In 2012, POSGH’s total energy consumption was 8.5 million kWh with consistent energy consumption on
a month to month basis throughout the year. The estimated energy consumption for the NB is 1.7
million kWh. Most of the energy consumption was due to air-conditioning (59%), followed by lighting
(24%), and hospital equipment (18%) ranging from computers to radiology machines.
The NB has two stories and houses the following hospital departments: Main Radiology Department,
Physiology Department, ENT Theater, Eye Theater, Eye Clinic, and six wards. All the departments are airconditioned except for the wards. The Physiology Department was recently rehabilitated, while work
was under way to convert one ward to a Hemotherapy Department. The building envelope is in poor
condition, with gaps and holes in doors and broken windows, allowing for great air infiltration. The airconditioning system is served by both central package systems and several split air-conditioning systems
from different manufacturers. Lighting was mixed between older T12 fixtures and newer T8 fixtures.
Several of the T12 fixtures were burned out and need replacing. It was also observed that exterior
corridor lighting was operating day and night and was controlled by a switch.
SEL surveyed all the lighting, air-conditioning, controls, electrical equipment, and mechanical equipment
to identify the area of greatest waste in energy consumption. It was determined that the greatest
source of waste was due to the usage of outdated lighting technology, lack of awareness of energy
conservation, and building envelope issues leading to a great deal of air infiltration. POSGH was
originally designed for passive energy systems and the building envelope was not properly updated,
when active systems were installed. Recently, the building envelope for the Physiology Department was
improved to correct this issue, along with the installation of new central packaged air-conditioning units
and ducts to provide ventilation to the spaces for improved indoor air quality. The ducts were not
insulated and weatherproofed though and are already being degraded by the climate conditions in
Trinidad.
The greatest energy savings may be obtained from the upgrade of lighting to more efficient T8
technology, installation of controls to regulate lighting operation, and the improvement of the building
envelope by sealing leaks. SEL did not identify any cost-effective renewable energy measures that could
be undertaken.
A summary of the recommended ECMs may be found in the table on the next page. This table was
obtained from ASHRAE and all cost savings are in US$. The measure life is how long we expect a
measure to last once implemented before a replacement or update is needed.
Page | 4
POSGH North Block ECM Summary Table
Annual Energy and Cost Savings
Measure
Number
ECM-1
ECM-2
ECM-3
ECM-4
ECM-5
ECM-6
ECM-7
ECM-8
ECM-9
ECM-10
ECM-11
ECM-12
ECM-13
ECM-14
Measure Description
Replace all T12 fixtures with new T8 fixtures
Peak
Demand
Savings
(kW)
15.7
Electricity
Savings
(kWh)
148,298
Gas/Fuel
Savings
(therms)
-
Delamp 4-lamp T8 fixtures and install (2) T8 lamps
1.2
10,818
with high ballast factor and reflectors
Replace outdoor lighting fixtures with 70W
1.6
16,031
photocell controlled LED wallpacks
Replace incandescent lamps with compact
0.3
2,593
fluorescent lamps
Install astronomical time clocks in high traffic
109,727
areas with fixed schedules and external corridors
Install occupancy sensors in low traffic areas with
6,588
low occupancy such as locker rooms or kitchens
Install indoor photo sensors in areas with much
25,093
natural lighting for daylight harvesting
Program programmable thermostats for packaged
5,000
AC units for night time and weekend setback.
Increase setpoint temperatures on split and
5,000
packaged AC units
Install door thresholds for all external doors of air
20,000
conditioned rooms
Replace hollow core doors with solid core doors for
20,000
all exterior doors of air conditioned rooms
Readjust sensor over sliding door leading to X-Ray
1,500
reception
Air sealing of building envelope where leaks are
120,000
present in windows, doors, and walls
Central duct HVAC system with humidity control to
Level 3 Req Level 3 Req Level 3 Req
replace all split units
TOTALS (Recommended Measures)
18.8
490,648
-
Payback with Incentive
Total Cost
Savings
$
6,484
Measure
Cost
Potential
Utility
Incentive
Measure
Life
(years)
Simple
Payback
(yr)
$
22,710
$
-
10
3.5
$
474 $
1,645
$
-
10
3.5
$
690 $
2,800
$
-
10
4.1
$
88
$
32
$
-
3
0.4
$
3,539 $
2,200
$
-
5
0.6
$
223
$
500
$
-
5
2.2
$
1,500
$
849
$
-
5
0.6
$
170
$
-
$
-
1
-
$
170
$
-
$
-
1
-
$
680 $
1,000
$
-
5
1.5
$
680 $
3,000
$
-
10
4.4
-
$
-
5
-
4,080
$
-
$
51
$
$
3,080 $
Level 3 Req
$
17,829
700-900k
$
38,816
NA
$
1.3
NA
NA
-
2.2
Disclaimer:
The information, calculations, analyses and conclusions included in this report have been provided by the auditing company and solely reflect its findings.
Neither the funding Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) nor CAD as contracting authority
assume responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this report, and
expressly disclaim liability for errors and omissions.
Page | 5
2.0 BACKGROUND
The Port-of-Spain General Hospital is owned by the Trinidad and Tobago North West Regional Health
Authority (NWRHA) and is responsible for providing health care services to the citizens of Trinidad and
Tobago. The hospital is located near the downtown area of Port-of-Spain and consists of several
buildings on one campus.
The scope of this energy audit is the NB which houses the ENT Theatre, Eye Theatre, Eye Clinic, Main
Radiology Department, wards, and the Physiotherapy Department. The NB was originally constructed in
1936 and had air-conditioning systems added in the 1960s. The building has two stories above grade
with external corridors. The building length is oriented toward the north. The total area of the NB is
5,530 m².
2.1 Space Types
The ground floor of the NB houses the Main Radiology Department and Physiology Department while
the first floor houses the ENT Theater, Eye Theater, and Eye Clinic. Both floors house the Wards, which
encompasses the East side of the building.
NB Space Types (m²)
Floor
Air-conditioned
Spaces
Nonconditioned
Wards
Non-conditioned
Corridors/Small Rooms
Total
Ground Floor
1,477
571
1,091
3,139
First Floor
568
584
1,241
2,393
Totals
2,045
1,155
2,332
5,532
2.2 Occupancy use and schedules
The operating hours for the NB are generally 8:00 am to 4:00 pm on weekdays, with some weekend
operations as well. It is mainly used as a day clinic with the main departments being the Eye Clinic,
Radiology, and ENT Theater. Only Ward 16 operates past 4:00 pm. While performing the building audit,
we observed that most rooms were vacant by 4:00 pm. There is an average of 68 staff members at this
site and 434 patients per day.
2.3 Recent Building Upgrades
The NB is currently undergoing renovation to update several areas, but this is being done to improve the
hospital’s service offerings and not for energy efficiency. Recently, they gutted and rehabilitated the
Physiotherapy Department installing new ductwork and a packaged air-conditioning unit with a digital
thermostat. Although the room is currently unoccupied due to construction, we observed the AC unit
was operating. Ward 2 is currently being renovated as well to be converted to the Hemotherapy
Department
Page | 6
Figure 1. Physiotherapy Department with new ductwork
Figure 2. Temperature in the Physiotherapy Department
while unoccupied (°F)
2.4 Billing Data
A breakdown of POSGH annual energy consumption from December 2011 until May 2013 is shown in
Table 1 below:
POS General Hospital
Month
kWh
2011
2012
2012
2013
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
TOTAL
January
February
March
April
May
672,600
657,400
606,600
670,800
679,300
732,900
No Data
736,200
740,100
729,600
776,300
754,400
747,000
8,503,200
723,200
646,700
732,500
743,000
803,100
Energy Charge
(TT$)
kVA
kVA
Demand Shortfall
146,626.80
143,313.20
132,238.80
146,234.40
148,087.40
159,772.20
No Data
160,491.60
161,341.80
159,052.80
169,233.40
164,459.20
162,846.00
1,853,697.60
157,657.60
140,980.60
159,685.00
161,974.00
175,075.80
1,498
1,438
1,441
1,482
1,565
1,546
No Data
1,564
1,529
1,657
1,717
1,701
1,592
1,561
1,589
1,532
1,637
1,630
1,673
0
0
0
0
0
0
No Data
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Demand
Charge
(TT$)
74,900.00
71,900.00
72,050.00
74,100.00
78,250.00
77,300.00
No Data
78,200.00
76,450.00
82,850.00
85,850.00
85,050.00
79,600.00
936,500.00
79,450.00
76,600.00
81,850.00
81,500.00
83,650.00
Total
(TT$)
Bill
255,813.82
248,553.18
235,990.12
254,442.56
261,346.01
273,691.03
No Data
275,553.34
274,518.57
279,246.22
294,403.91
287,993.58
279,870.90
3,222,481.24
273,731.74
251,275.69
278,823.25
281,053.10
298,592.67
A billing analysis was conducted for this site using the above billing data. The electric rate for the
POSGH is US$0.035 per kWh and US$8.00 per kVA. The hospital is charged for its demand every month
Page | 7
instead of their reserve capacity of 1,290 kVA since they have exceeded it every month and do not have
a shortfall. We were not able to obtain the billing data for June 2012, which is the reason for gap shown
in the chart below. The billing data that SEL has received was for the entire hospital campus, rather than
just the NB based on the total floor space of this block, the area of air-conditioned spaces, and the
equipment surveyed. The resulting energy intensity for the NB would be extremely high at 1,500 kWh
per square meter and unusual for a hospital this size, even if it was inefficient, if the billing data received
was for the NB only.
Daily Energy Consumption - Entire Hospital
30,000
kWh/day
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
2012
2013
0
For the entire hospital, the energy consumption increased by almost 3,000 kWh per day in 2013 versus
2012. This may be due to the addition of the packaged air-conditioning system in the Physiotherapy
Room.
2.5 Baseline Energy Consumption
The end use energy consumption for the POSGH NB is shown in the table below and is based on a survey
of the AC systems, lighting systems, control systems, hospital equipment, site measurements, billing
analysis, and interviews conducted with site staff. Based on our survey of AC equipment, the building
type, and our observations, we assumed the AC was running 24/7. We were able to confirm in staff
interviews that the major AC systems which comprise over 60% of the total cooling energy consumption
do run 24/7. The lighting load was determined from the various lighting fixtures in place and their
estimated operating hours. The hot water energy consumption was based off the number of hot water
heaters and their estimated energy consumption per year.
Page | 8
Port-of-Spain General Hospital NB End Use
End Use
Annual Electricity
(kWh)
% Total Use
Cost (USD)
1,000,000
59
36,333.33
Domestic Hot Water
10,000
1
363.33
Lighting
406,000
24
14,751.33
Hospital Equipment &
Plug Loads
274,500
16
4,959.60
1,690,500
100
56,407.59
Space Cooling
Totals
A breakdown of POSGH’s energy consumption is shown in the pie chart below.
Water Heating
1%
Other Plug Loads
16%
Lighting (Interior)
22%
Cooling
59%
Lighting (Exterior)
2%
As expected, the greatest end use for POSGH NB is cooling, followed by lighting, and plug loads. Great
savings may be obtained with simple measures related to building envelope improvements, and cooling
as well as lighting measures which will be discussed later. The total infiltration, which is the air leakage
into the hospital, for the NB was estimated to be 430,000 kWh annually. This figure was arrived at by
calculating latent and sensible heat gains based the on condition of envelope, air changes per hour,
volume of space, and design dry bulb temperature.
Page | 9
3.0 AUDIT ACTIVITY AND RESULTS
3.1 Audit Process
This section will detail our onsite data collection, measurements, calculation methodology, analyses and
assumptions.
3.1.1 Data Collection & Measurements
Prior to the site visit, SEL was given preliminary findings and over one year of billing data for the Port-ofSpain General Hospital. The energy audit was conducted in September of 2013 and detailed information
was collected including: nameplate information of all AC units (when possible), the quantity and type of
all lighting fixtures, building controls, survey of hospital equipment, building operating hours, building
occupancy schedules, and building envelope properties.
Spot measurements were also taken at the electrical panels that serve the AC, lighting, and hospital
equipment during typical work hours. We took these measurements in order to get an idea of the
various equipment loads and an idea of the total power demand. While installing data loggers for a
period of two weeks to one month is preferable to determine the building’s typical energy consumption
patterns, we were unable to do so due to time constraints.
In addition, we interviewed building staff to determine operating and maintenance procedures, as well
as gather information on recent and future renovations being undertaken by the hospital.
3.1.2 Calculation Methodology
Cooling
The nameplate information and associated run times were collected for all HVAC units. The baseline
energy consumption has been determined by current operating schedules for the AC units and their
associated loads. Due to the current HVAC system in place, an ASHRAE Level 3 audit is recommended
for a whole building simulation analysis to determine the energy savings associated with removing all
the split and unitary air conditioning units and replacing them with a central chiller plant.
Lighting
The quantity, types, and operating hours of all lighting fixtures were collected. The baseline power
demand was determined by using standard fixture wattages for the existing equipment and the
recommended energy efficient equipment. Operating hours will also be estimated based on current
operating strategies and for controls, standards will be used for the reduction in operating hours.
Building Envelope
Recommendations will be made on potential building envelope upgrades to address infiltration. A
whole building computer simulation is necessary to determine energy savings associated with general
building envelope improvements such as new fenestration and is outside the scope of an ASHRAE Level
2 Energy Audit. Therefore an ASHRAE Level 3 Energy Audit is recommended.
Page | 10
3.2 Existing Building Systems
Below are descriptions of the existing building systems.
Cooling
The NB is served by a combination of packaged air-conditioning units, split systems, and window units to
meet its cooling demands. While the split systems and window units had varying make and models, the
larger packaged units were typically made by Carrier. The packaged units typically served one hospital
department, such as the Eye Clinic, while the split systems and window units served one room. About
1/3rd of the total floor area of the Block is conditioned (when external corridors are taken into account).
(20) Split systems and window units along with five packaged units were counted.
A number of issues were encountered with the cooling equipment and distribution system including:






Most of the ductwork for the packaged units is running outdoors and is exposed to direct
sunlight and the elements, and damage and leaks were visible in many places.
The condenser coils on many condensers were either flattened or badly deteriorated resulting in
inefficient heat transfer.
The insulation to the refrigerant lines is in bad repair also resulting in unnecessary energy
consumption.
Due to the condition of the building envelope and the air-conditioning system installed, the
relative humidity was too high in most spaces that were measured.
There are a number of condensing units installed too close to the wall which does not allow
sufficient airflow across the coils of the condensers, so as to allow for effective heat transfer.
There is no consistency of brand for the split systems. We registered at least ten different
brands throughout the block.
Air-conditioning units were simply added over time as spaces within the hospital required cooling. The
number and various types of AC units and vendors leads to high operation and maintenance costs for
the hospital.
Figure 3. Leaking external duct
Figure 4. Uninsulated external ductwork
Page | 11
Ventilation
The original building was built before mechanical systems became commonplace, and therefore made
use of natural ventilation. For the now conditioned spaces, the natural vents were closed up to
accommodate air conditioning. Some spaces, like the Physiotherapy Department are recycling air
without mixing in fresh air. The Radiology Department, which is mostly served by split units, is mixing
fresh unconditioned outdoor air with a blower fan. This is due to the fact that the original compressor is
broken and needs to be replaced.
We took CO2 readings for several rooms and found that occupied rooms, such as the Eye Clinic, were
above the upper limit for indoor CO2 levels according to OSHA and ASHRAE standards
(https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_2.html), which recommend that CO2 levels remain
below 1,000 ppm for properly ventilated spaces. There is no provision for adequate air changes in many
areas resulting in high carbon dioxide levels. Some rooms measured as high as 1,370 PPM of CO2.
Figure 5. Blower serving Radiology Department
Figure 6. Ductwork leading from blower to Radiology
Building Controls
There is no centralized control system for this building, such as an Energy Management System. The
central AC units are typically controlled by programmable thermostats (which were not programmed)
while each split unit has its own remote control. Lighting is controlled by manual switches.
Lighting
There are T12 and T8 lighting fixtures mixed throughout the entire building. Whenever a T12 fixture
burns out, the maintenance staff replaces it with a T8 fixture. Several burned out and broken fixtures
were observed however. For exterior lighting, metal halides and halogens were used. Exterior and
corridor lighting operate during the day as well resulting in wasted energy. Ample opportunity was
observed in several rooms for natural daylighting.
Page | 12
Figure 7. Lights on during the day
Figure 8. Burned out lighting fixture
Electrical Metering
The entire hospital campus is served by one electrical meter. Prior to the visit, we were told that the NB
had its own meter. After discussions with the electrician asking him to show us the main supply line, he
showed us the two transformer kiosks serving the NB. After reviewing the equipment we found onsite,
the area of the NB, and our spot measurements, we believe that the hospital bills we received cover the
entire campus. Below are some measurements that were taken during standard operating hours. The
measurements were taken at 10:00 am, a few hours after the NB opened and tells us the AC units are
consuming the most electricity as we expected. The electrician said they had a 3-phase Delta system.
Location Served
Equipment Served
Physiology (New
Const); Eye Clinic
X-Ray Department &
Eye Theater
X-Ray Department
Central AC
Split AC, Lighting,
Plug loads
X-Ray Equipment
Line
Ph 1
Voltage V
225
NM
Ph 2
V
NM
Ph 3
V
NM
Ph 1
A
130
Ph 2
A
99
Ph 3
A
123
225
110
110
197
174
276
101
440
NM
NM
NM
4.40
5.00
4.90
Building Envelope
The orientation and design of the building facilitates the use of passive energy such as natural
ventilations and day lighting. The external corridors overhangs provide shade to the internal spaces
along the South façade. The roof overhang also provides shade to the internal spaces along the east and
west facades. A new roof was installed with mineral wool insulation and heat insulation foil and the
Page | 13
external corridors also have heat insulation foil with PVC soffits. All air-conditioned spaces have ½”
mineral fiber acoustic ceiling tiles and internal ceilings are white which provides good light reflectance.
It was observed that surfaces in the NB are predominantly durable and require minimal maintenance.
Although, these existing finishes have low thermal insulation properties, the heat gains are dissipated
quickly because the spaces are naturally ventilated.
Some issues encountered were that new external doors do not have floor thresholds and as a result
have substantial gaps between the door and the floor which cause heat gain into the air-conditioned
spaces. In addition, the external doors of air-conditioned rooms are aluminum hollow core.
The colonial style windows which are double casement windows with fixed louvers (jalousies)
surrounding were originally designed to facilitate natural ventilation. When it is sunny, the casement
windows can be opened to allow maximum wind flow through the opening and closed during rain fall.
The jalousies allow wind to penetrate into the building.
A majority of the original wooden jalousies have been removed, due to physical deterioration, and
replaced with triple casement steel framed windows. This change in the window layout, though not
applied universally in the whole building, was observed in rooms with and without air conditioning. This
substitution has had two main effects; one effect is the increase in control of air flow in spaces that are
not air conditioned. However, during periods of heavy rainfall these windows must be closed which
completely restricts natural ventilation but allows more natural daylighting into the rooms than the
jalousies. It can be therefore assessed that despite the advantage of increased airflow to these non-air
conditioned rooms during dry periods and increase daylighting in rainy periods, one weakness is the loss
of ventilation during rainy periods. Conversely, however, the steel casement windows prevent the loss
of cooled air from the air conditioned rooms, a function that would not have been possible with the
original wooden jalousies.
This change increases the potential for ventilation when the windows are open, but restricts air flow
through the building when they are closed which has inhibited the natural ventilation. Incidentally, this
condition is desirable for spaces which are air-conditioned, such as the offices or technical rooms, as the
steel windows prevent the loss of cooled air to the outside, while providing the occupant with the ability
to get fresh air when the AC unit is not functioning.
In some cases, there are incidents where air-conditioned spaces have colonial style windows on its
exterior walls and Plexiglas has been used to cover the gaps in the jalousie with the intention of sealing
the openings; however, air leakage is still prevalent, because the installation is not fixed properly.
Nonetheless, this is a very good solution for keeping the architectural aesthetic while renovating or
upgrade the facility. There are also instances where the window glass panels have been painted on the
interior side of offices and technical rooms. The intended purpose of this alteration may have been to
block the natural light coming into the space or create privacy in that specific room.
Page | 14
Figure 9. Roof insulation
Figure 10. Jalousie window with AC unit
Domestic Hot Water
Two 40-gallon electric hot water tanks serving restrooms provide the only hot water for the NB.
Previously, black plastic water tanks outside were used, but these have been disconnected.
3.3 Renewable Energy Assessment
The NB has little opportunity for renewable energy measures that have short payback as the building
only uses two 40-gallon electric hot water tank systems for the bathrooms and one electric heater for
the showerhead due to the fact that hot water was mainly used in other buildings and not nearly as
much in the North Block, leading to a long payback period. In the past, the POSGH NB had a central
boiler room for distributing hot water, but over time as the system went into disrepair, it was replaced
with independent decentralized electric water heaters. Most of these hot water systems are located in
other buildings of the hospital.
Grid-connected photovoltaics is not yet an economic option, as the payback period is approximately 24
years without any feed-in tariff and there are no clear guidelines with time estimates for the process of
connecting to the grid in Trinidad and Tobago.
Some areas with outdoor pathways require additional lighting, but are located far from the electricity
supply; however, full solar street lights would have high upfront cost. Solar powered LED bollard lighting
would be a more cost-effective option at US$ 1,250 per unit including installation.
Figure 11. Solar powered LED lighting
Page | 15
3.4 Energy Conservation Opportunities
The following energy conservation measures were identified for POSGH NB. No incentives were found
for energy efficiency upgrades.
ECM-1
Replace all T12 fixtures with new T8 fixtures
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Investment
Savings
Savings
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
22,710
148,298
6,484
Available
Incentives
(US$)
NA
Payback with
Incentives
(Years)
3.5
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
3.5
Existing Condition: Inefficient Lighting
The old T12 lighting fixtures on the NB appear to be at the end of their lives. The lighting fixtures are
also in bad condition, with many broken fixtures, several burnouts, and the fixtures are old and dirty,
therefore not achieving optimal lighting distribution. The 4-foot lamps were typically 40W, while the 8foot lamps were 75W. Equivalent 4-foot T8 lamps would be 32W and 8-foot T8 lamps would be 59W.
There were also different colored lamps in some areas.
Recommendation: Replace the old lighting fixtures with entirely new lighting fixtures, preferably with
fixtures that have reflectors. The addition of a reflector will allow the client to improve lighting
distribution in their spaces, while reducing the number of required lamps in half. In this case, an
electronic ballast with a high ballast factor would need to be installed. Electronic ballasts come in low
medium, and high ballast factors. A ballast with a high ballast factor consumes more energy while
providing greater light output. The advantage in terms of efficiency is that you are able to use a
reflector instead of additional lamps, thereby saving energy,
In addition, 800 series high performance lamps should be used in interior spaces, where lighting color
quality is important and 4,100k (natural white) is the typical color used in commercial applications. 800
series lamps provide for better quality light which is important in hospitals. 700 series T8 lamps provide
lower quality light. For the 2-foot wall mounted fixtures, a lamp and ballast retrofit using standard
equipment would suffice.
Implementation: The estimate includes the cost of replacing (321) 4-foot T12 lighting fixtures at a cost
of US$60 each and retrofitting 111 2-foot fixtures at US$30-$35 each, including material and labor.
ECM-2
Delamp 4-lamp T8 fixtures and install (2) T8 lamps with high ballast factor and reflectors
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
no Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
(Years)
1,645
10,818
474
NA
3.5
3.5
Existing Condition: Inefficient Lighting
Page | 16
Recommendation: 4-lamp T8 fixtures are inefficient lighting fixtures. The typical retrofit is a 2-lamp T8
fixture with an electronic T8 ballast that has a high ballast factor, high performance lamps, and a
reflector. Since the T8 fixtures are relatively new, only a retrofit would need to be completed in this
case. An electronic T8 ballast with a high ballast factor puts out more light and is more efficient when
used with a reflector than the current configuration.
Implementation: Estimated costs include a 2-lamp ballast with high ballast factor, 2 high performance
T8 lamps, a reflector kit, and labor. We counted (47) fixtures that could be replaced at US$35 each.
ECM-3
Replace outdoor lighting fixtures with a 70W photocell controlled LED wall packs
Required
Annual Energy Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
2,800
16,031
690
NA
4.1
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
4.1
Existing Condition: Inefficient Lighting
Recommendation: There is a combination of metal halide and halogen fixtures being used for outdoor
lighting. The halogen fixtures consumed 500 W each, while the metal halides appeared to be 175 W,
but we were not able to confirm the wattage. Some fixtures were on during the day and it is believed
the others were burned out due to the condition of the fixtures. Some fixtures were damaged as well.
A photocell will ensure that the fixtures are only operating at night or when daylight falls below
recommended levels.
Implementation: The estimated cost of a 70 W LED fixture with installation included is US$400 and a
one-for-one replacement is recommended with a total of 7 fixtures.
ECM-4
Replace incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
$32
2,593
88
NA
Payback with
Incentives
(Years)
0.4
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
0.4
Existing Condition: Inefficient Lighting
60 W incandescent lamps were found in the Physiotherapy Room which was just remodeled and the
lights were on. We were told that they would be replacing these with CFLs.
Recommendation: We recommend 23 W CFL bulbs versus the standard 13 W CFL replacement for the
60 W incandescent bulbs, since these rooms appeared to be under lit.
Implementation: Estimated cost of (1) 23W CFL is US$4.
Page | 17
ECM-5
Install timers in high traffic areas and external corridors
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
$2,200
109,727
3,539
NA
Payback with
Incentives
(Years)
0.6
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
0.6
Existing Condition: Lights are left on in unoccupied spaces
Lights were left on in some spaces after closing and were on along external corridors during daylight
hours. This results in a great deal of energy being wasted.
Recommendation: Install astronomical time clocks on lighting circuits in areas with high traffic and fixed
schedules as well as external corridors. For external corridors, time clocks should be set to turn lights on
at night only. For interior high traffic areas, maintenance should have discussion with staff to determine
hours that lighting needs to be run for weekdays and weekends.
Implementation: Estimated cost per astronomical time clock installation with programming is $220 USD.
ECM-6
Install occupancy sensors in low traffic areas with little natural lighting
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
$500
6,588
$223
NA
2.2
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
2.2
Existing Condition: Lights left on in low traffic unoccupied spaces
Recommendation: Install occupancy in areas with low traffic such as storage spaces or rooms that are
seldom occupied.
Implementation: Estimated cost per occupancy sensor installation is $100 USD.
ECM-7
Install indoor photo sensors in areas with sufficient daylight
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
$1,500
25,093
$849
NA
Payback with
Incentives
(Years)
1.8
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
1.8
Existing Condition: Lights are left on in spaces with sufficient daylight
The lighting was operating in areas that appeared to receive sufficient day lighting such as the Eye Clinic
and the X-Ray Lobby (north).
Page | 18
Recommendation: Install an indoor photo sensor that will turn off lights when natural lighting is
sufficient to illuminate the room. For some areas, new wiring may be needed if perimeter lighting is on
the same circuit as interior lighting.
Implementation: Estimated material and labor cost of each photo sensor installation is US$150. If an
area does need new wiring, the costs will depend on the number of fixtures that must be rewired. An
electrical contractor should be consulted to get an accurate estimate.
ECM-8
Program programmable thermostats for packaged AC units for nighttime and weekend setback
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
no Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
(Years)
$0
5,000
$170
NA
NA
NA
Existing Condition: Unprogrammed thermostats
The programmable thermostats were found not to be programmed for nightly and weekend setback.
One example was the Physiotherapy Room that was unoccupied, but had air conditioning running 24/7
with a set point temperature of 21ºC. The measured room temperature for Physiotherapy was 24ºC
with 62% humidity while unoccupied, due to envelope issues and possible issues with the ductwork.
Recommendation: The set point temperature should be increased while the room remains unoccupied
due to construction. For occupied rooms, the thermostats should be programmed for night time and
weekend setback. Humidity levels should be measured to ensure that indoor relative humidity remains
below 60% at 24ºC dry bulb to prevent any mold growth. Due to the humid climate and condition of the
building envelope, it is not recommended that air conditioning units are completely turned off for any
extended period of time.
Implementation: Work may be completed by onsite staff familiar with digital controls.
ECM-9
Increase setpoint temperatures on split and packaged AC Units
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
$0
5,000
$170
NA
Payback with
Incentives
(Years)
NA
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
NA
Existing Condition: Temperatures set too low
We found the set point temperature to be too low in most rooms.
Recommendation: Temperatures should be set between 24 and 26 degrees Celsius for Recovery and
Patient rooms and between 17 and 27 ºC for Operation Theatres. Humidity levels should be monitored
to ensure that indoor relative humidity remains below 60% at 24ºC dry bulb to prevent any mold
growth. Ideal relative humidity levels for hospitals is 45% - 55%. Due to the humid climate and
Page | 19
condition of the building envelope, it is not recommended that air conditioning units are completely
turned off for any extended period of time.
Implementation: Work may be completed by onsite staff familiar with digital controls.
ECM-10
Install door thresholds for all external doors of air conditioned rooms.
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
$1,000
20,000
$680
NA
1.5
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
1.5
Existing Condition: Inefficient doors
New external doors do not have floor thresholds and as a result have substantial gaps between it and
the floor which cause heat gain into the air conditioned spaces.
Recommendation: Door thresholds should be installed for all external doors of air conditioned rooms.
Implementation: Estimated cost per door threshold is $20. Maintenance staff would install thresholds.
ECM-11
Replace hollow core doors with solid core doors for all external doors of air conditioned rooms.
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
no Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
(Years)
$3,000
20,000
$680
NA
4.4
4.4
Existing Condition: Inefficient doors
External doors of air conditioned rooms are aluminum hollow core
Recommendation: Solid core doors generally have higher insulation capacity and should be used for
external doors to air conditioned rooms.
Implementation: Estimated cost per solid core door is $200. Maintenance staff would install doors.
ECM-12
Readjust sensor for sliding door over X-Ray reception
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
$0
1,500
$51
NA
Payback with
Incentives
(Years)
NA
Payback with
no Incentives
(Years)
NA
Existing Condition: Inefficient doors
Page | 20
The external sliding doors for the main X-Ray reception which is air-conditioned are ineffective for
reducing loss of cooling to the space for the following reasons.


Door opens and close for approximately 15s
Door sensor opens the doors when people pass by along the external corridor.
Recommendation: External sliding door sensor should be adjusted to open doors only for people
standing directly in front of it.
Implementation: This can be performed by hospital maintenance staff.
ECM-13
Air sealing of building envelope where leaks are present in windows, doors, and walls
Required
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Available
Payback with
Payback with
Investment
Savings
Savings
Incentives
Incentives
no Incentives
(US$)
(kWh)
(US$)
(US$)
(Years)
(Years)
$3,080
120,000
$4,080
NA
0.75
0.75
Existing Condition: Poor envelope condition
There are a number of damaged windows and doors with gaps or holes resulting in great air loss and
increased energy consumption for air conditioning units. In turn, this leads to greater temperatures and
higher humidity indoors, which can in turn, lead to mold issues.
Recommendation: Broken windows should be repaired and holes in envelope or doors for air
conditioned spaces should be sealed in order to tighten the building envelope and prevent infiltration of
hot and humid outdoor air.
Implementation: Cost of air sealing is estimated at US$0.14 per square foot of conditioned space. An
insulation professional should be hired to perform air sealing work.
ECM-14
Central duct HVAC system with humidity control to replace all split units
Required
Available
Payback with
Annual Energy
Annual Cost
Investment
Incentives
Incentives
Savings (kWh) Savings (USD)
(USD)
(USD)
(USD)
$700K – 900K
Level 3 Req.
Level 3 Req.
Level 3 Req.
Level 3 Req.
Payback with
no Incentives
(USD)
Level 3 Req.
Existing Condition: Inefficient HVAC system
The current HVAC configuration is inefficient. There are several different types of split systems serving
different areas leading to higher operating and maintenance costs due to the decentralized systems and
number of units operating. In addition, the use of these systems is insufficient to address indoor air
quality concerns due to lack of ventilation and they are not able to properly control humidity, leading to
dehumidifiers being used in some rooms and other rooms experiencing high humidity for hospital
rooms.
Page | 21
Recommendation: Plan a phased conversion to a centralized system for the entire block. Removal of
split AC units and installation of centralized ducted AC system with humidity control such as desiccant
wheels or electric reheat. Return air ducts also necessary to mix conditioned air with fresh air in order
to conserve energy. Consider a centralized chilled water system for the whole block which in the long
term would yield greater energy as well as cost savings but will have a greater first cost and more down
time to the hospital to accommodate installation. Due to the time it takes to install a new chiller plant
versus replacing split units one by one, rooms would have to be closed to accommodate the new duct
system. Building envelope improvements must first be realized before undertaking this measure.
Figure 12. Schematic of desiccant wheel courtesy of everything-ice.com
Implementation: An ASHRAE Level 3 Energy Audit is necessary before undertaking this measure. If the
decision is to maintain single split systems where they are currently used, there should be an aim to
standardize the brand.
4.0 Operational and Behavioral Guidelines
HVAC Operation and Maintenance
A great deal of energy is wasted from having the packaged AC units run 24/7 at full capacity while rooms
like Physiotherapy are unoccupied. In addition, all the holes and leaks in the envelope require all AC
systems to run constantly. Training maintenance staff to locate and close leaks that appear over time is
vital to keep infiltration to a minimum thereby reducing the required cooling load. Great care should be
taken though to ensure good IAQ .
Any damage or leaks to HVAC ducts should be immediately repaired. Outdoor ducts should be insulated
and weatherproofed to prevent damage caused by the elements. Damaged condensing coils should be
replaced or repaired. Condensing units should be positioned further from the wall to allow for sufficient
Page | 22
air flow across the coils. Damaged insulation on refrigerant should be repaired as soon as it is
discovered. Air filters should be checked on schedule and replaced when necessary. The issues listed
above are maintenance and repair issues. While they may save energy, they are more important in the
sense that if they are not addressed, the system will not function properly.
Lighting Operation and Maintenance
A great deal of energy is wasted by leaving interior lights on when rooms are unoccupied and leaving
exterior lights on during daylight hours. The installation of automated lighting controls as detailed in the
energy conservation section would do a great deal to address this issue by removing the human
element. Maintenance staff should be trained to ensure all lighting controls, including existing time
clocks are operating as they should and according to schedule.
Awareness Campaign
In order for POSGH to wage a successful energy awareness campaign, the awareness of hospital staff
and students must be elevated. POSGH should follow the steps outlined below to successfully reduce
energy consumption through awareness.
Step 1: Planning Phase
1. Commitment should be obtained from POSGH senior management in supporting the awareness
campaign
2. An “Energy Efficiency Champion” should serve as the spokesman for the energy efficiency
program to promote the program and endorse the program’s messages
3. A team should be assembled to oversee the energy efficiency initiatives and a person from that
team should be assigned as the program leader
4. Baseline energy consumption for the entire hospital campus should be established for different
end-uses to determine where the most energy is being used and can be saved.
5. Determine the energy awareness of staff through surveys and questionnaires
6. Establish POSGH’s mission and goals for the awareness campaign
7. Develop an annual budget for the program based on POSGH’s financial resources and expected
energy and cost savings
Step 2: Design and Implementation Phase
1. Work with employees to determine where operational improvements can be made to reduce
energy consumption while maintaining existing comfort levels
2. Identify communication tools that will be used to promote awareness in the hospital including
newsletters, pamphlets, posters, press releases, and more
3. Develop messages/slogans that promote energy conservation in the hospital as well as material
that may be distributed such as stickers placed over switches to remind occupants to turn off
the lights before leaving a room unoccupied
4. Develop and determine which activities will be carried out to conserve energy and plan a budget
for those activities, goals, and anticipated results
5. Create a time frame for carrying out activities and reporting results
Page | 23
Step 3: Measure, Evaluate, and Report Results
1. Determine effectiveness of overall program activities through analyzing POSGH’s energy bills
versus past energy bills
2. Determine effectiveness of individual program activities by obtaining employee feedback and
surveying hospital employees
3. Aggregate and compile estimated energy savings due to program activities and create
promotional material documenting POSGH’s activities and resulting energy and cost savings
4. Conduct quarterly or bi-annual evaluation of activities to monitor activities and make
adjustments where needed
Step 4: Follow Through
1. Coordinate regular meetings with senior management to show results and effectiveness of
approaches and plan for the following year.
2. Get feedback from involved parties to determine strengths and weaknesses of various
approaches to determine best practices and develop new approaches for the following year
3. Publically recognize and award employees that make the greatest contributions to conserving
energy
Page | 24
Appendix A – Site Plan
Page | 25
Appendix B – Floor Plans
Ground Floor
First Floor
Page | 26
Appendix C – Lighting Survey
Fixture Type
1L 2F T12 (20W)
2L 2F T12 (20W)
2L 4F T12 (40W)
2L 8F T12 (75W)
4L 4F T12 (40W)
2L 4F T8 (32W)
2L 8F T8 (59W)
4L 4F T8 (32W)
Incandescent (60W)
175W MH
500W Halogen
Total
kW Demand Base
Total
Fixture W
Total kW
Controls
87
26
2.262 Manual
24
51
1.224 Manual
142
86
12.212 Manual
10
158
1.58 Manual
169
172
29.068 Manual
kWh Base
Annual Hours
3120
3120
8760
4380
2600/8760
Total kWh
7,057
3,819
106,977
6,920
191,064
68
1
35
56
109
112
3.808 Manual
0.109 Manual
3.92 Manual
8760
8760
8760
33,358
955
34,339
8
5
2
551
60
215
500
0.48 Manual
1.075 Manual
1 Manual
56.738
8760
8760
8760
4,205
9,417
8,760
406,872
Additional data concerning lighting equipment is available upon request.
Page | 27
Appendix D – Air Conditioning Survey
Room
Area (sqf) Controls
Physiotherapy Room
2637 Digital Thermostat
Eye Clinic
3304 Digital Thermostat
Ultra Sound
265 Thermostat
SCREENING ROOM SKIN CLINIC
340 Thermostat
Doctor's Examination Clinic
200
Radiographer's Staff room
280 Manual Remote
Room 6 Main X-ray
223 Manual Remote
Room 7 Main X-ray
255 Manual Remote
Doctor's Office X-Ray Dept.
134 Manual Remote
Head of Radiology
112 Thermostat
CT Scan Processing Room Equip
444 Thermostat
Ward 2 Office GRD FLR
115 Thermostat
Ward 1 Nurse's Office
115 Thermostat
Ward 1
2050 Thermostat
ENT Theatre
1230 Thermostat
Eye Theatre
1230 Thermostat
Ward 1 Pantry
118 Thermostat
Eye Clinic Dispensary
106 Thermostat
Births and Deaths
2270 Thermostat
X-Ray Review Room
95 Thermostat
Head Nurse
54 Thermostat
Nurse's Room 1st. Floor Skin Clinic
157 Thermostat
Prep Room Skin Clinic
200 Thermostat
Ward 15
125 Thermostat
Ward 15
125 Thermostat
Make
Carrier
Carrier
NORDYNE
NORDYNE
PEAKE
YORK
CARRIER
CONCORD
COLD WAVE
MILLER
MILLER
YORK
Cold Wave
PEAKE
CARRIER
CARRIER
Cold Wave
Toshiba
Peake
Craft
Carrier
Miller
Carrier
Cold Wave
Cold Wave
Model
50TC-D17A5A5A0A0A0
50TC-D24A5A5ADA0A0
P3RA-060K
91820A XL0108-R
PCU-036M-216
B0C25R16A
38CKC03635(0)1
RC10A36A-1B
SS2-24000
MDX5-012KCR1
MDX4-024KCK3
YJDA18FS-ADA
No data found
PCV-036B216-PC0
38AUZA 12A0A 5A0A0A0
38AUZA12 A0A5A0A0A0
MSE-12CRN1
CWC18NC
Type
Rooftop Packaged Unit
Rooftop Packaged Unit
Packaged Unit
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Split System
Condenser
Condenser
Split System
Split System
Split System
Window Unit
Window Unit
Window Unit
Window Unit
Split System
Split System
Tons
15.0
20.0
4.6
3.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
No data
No data
V
A
kW
EER
IPLV
230
64.7
17.5
11.0
12.0
230
83.6
24.2
10.0
11.0
230
38.6
8.9
10.0
NA
230
19.4
4.5 No data
NA
230
17.0
3.9 No data
NA
230
10.8
2.5 No data
NA
230
17.4
4.0 10 SEER
NA
230
17.1
3.9 10 SEER
NA
230
11.3
2.4 No data
NA
240
6.7
1.6 No data
NA
240
11.8
2.8 No data
NA
No data No data No data No data No data
No data No data No data No data No data
3.0
230
20.9
4.81 No data
NA
10.0
230
33.1
10.4
11.2
NA
10.0
230
33.1
10.4
11.2
NA
230
NA
2.0
230
11.0
2.5
NA
1.5
230
11.2
2.6 No data
NA
2.0
230
11.0
2.5
NA
2.0
230
11.0
2.5
NA
1.5
230
11.0
2.5
NA
2.0
230
11.0
2.5
NA
1.0
230
5.1
1.2 13 SEER
NA
1.5
230
11.0
2.5
Additional data concerning air conditioning equipment is available upon request.
Page | 28
Appendix E – Measurements and Envelope
Room
Setpoint Temp (Deg C) Measured Temp (Deg C) Relative Humidity (%) CO2 Readings (ppm) Height (ft) Construction
Physiotherapy Room
21.0
23.0
62%
477
13
Average
Eye Clinic
21.0
23.7
52%
1,245
13
Poor
Ultra Sound
No Data
22.0
59%
562
13
Average
SCREENING ROOM SKIN CLINIC
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Average
Doctor's Examination Clinic
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Average
Radiographer's Staff room
No Data
26.1
65%
507
13
Average
Room 6 Main X-ray
No Data
23.0
67%
559
13
Average
Room 7 Main X-ray
No Data
24.3
68%
624
13
Average
Doctor's Office X-Ray Dept.
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Average
Head of Radiology
No Data
23.1
74%
472
13
Poor
CT Scan Processing Room Equip
18.0
21.9
68%
444
13
Average
Ward 2 Office GRD FLR
No data
No data
No data
No data
13
Average
Ward 1 Nurse's Office
No data
No data
No data
No data
13
Poor
Ward 1
No data
No data
No data
No data
13
Poor
ENT Theatre
No data
22.0
82%
381
13
Poor
Eye Theatre
No data
22.6
70%
543
13
Poor
Ward 1 Pantry
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Eye Clinic Dispensary
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Births and Deaths
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
X-Ray Review Room
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Head Nurse
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Nurse's Room 1st. Floor Skin Clinic
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Prep Room Skin Clinic
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Ward 15
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Ward 15
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
13
Poor
Additional data concerning measurements and building envelope is available upon request.
Page | 29
Appendix F – Equipment Survey
Data concerning surveyed hospital equipment is available upon request.
Page | 30
Appendix G – Spot Measurements
Location Served
Equipment Served
Physiology (New
Const); Eye Clinic
X-Ray Department &
Eye Theater
X-Ray Department
Central AC
Split AC, Lighting,
Plug loads
X-Ray Equipment
Line
Ph 1
Voltage V
225
NM
Ph 2
V
NM
Ph 3
V
NM
Ph 1
A
130
Ph 2
A
99
Ph 3
A
123
225
110
110
197
174
276
101
440
NM
NM
NM
4.40
5.00
4.90
Page | 31