Common Analogy Relationships
synonyms (small : little)
antonyms (up : down)
type/example (pear : fruit)
association (flowers : spring)
number (dog : dogs)
characteristic (honey : sweet)
mathematical (four : eight)
degree (angry : furious)
ENDURANCE
WHAT’S YOUR PLAN?
Figurative Language Enriches Text:
1. simile: comparison using “like” or “as” (“He’s as hungry as a bear!”)
2. metaphor: comparison without using “like” or “as” (“School is a
jungle!”)
3. hyperbole: intentional exaggeration (“She ran a million miles to get
here!”)
4. personification: giving human qualities to non-human forms (“The tree
moaned in the wind.”)
Did you know? Poetry can be
rhymed, unrhymed, and/or
patterned.
Haiku – a 3-line poem, follows 5-7-5
syllable pattern, delicate, unrhymed
Japanese verse, usually about nature
Setting is time, place and duration.
Limerick: a 5-line, rhymed, rhythmic
verse, usually humorous; lines 1,2, and
5 rhyme; lines 3, 4 rhyme
Conflict
External: between characters
Internal: within characters
*Changes in characters are a result
of conflicts and resolutions within the
plot. Can you think of an example?
Types of Conflict
Individual vs. Individual
Individual vs. Society
Individual vs. Nature
Individual vs. Supernatural
Individual vs. Technology
Individual vs. Self
USE YOUR CONTEXT CLUES!
Fact vs. Opinion
Facts: can be proven. Ex. The
earth is round.
Opinions: are what people think.
Ex. The earth is better than the
moon.
ANTONYM =
SYNONYM =
OPPOSITE
SAME
day, night
night, evening
I CAN OUTLAST THIS TEST!
Prefixes and
Suffixes
Separate and recombine known words
to determine unknown words. For
example:
“tri-” from “triangle” means three
“-ped” from “biped” means foot
Using this information, what might a “triped” be?
Plot Mountain
Initiating event: introduces the conflict
Rising Action: events that increase the
conflict/tension
Climax: high point of interest/suspense
Falling Action: events that move toward
a solution
Resolution: outcome of the
conflict/solution
Point of View
First Person: The narrator is a
character in the story.
Third Person: The narrator is not a
character in the story
Third Person Limited: The narrator
knows the thoughts and feelings of one
character
Third Person Omniscient: The narrator
knows the thoughts and feelings of all
characters.
Imagery
- using figurative language to appeal
to or get a reaction from one of the
five senses; creates a picture in the
mind of the reader
“The fog comes in on little cat feet. It sits
looking over harbor and city on silent
haunches, and then moves on.”
– Carl Sandburg
MRS. ROBERTS BELIEVES IN ME!
Theme & Author’s Message
Novels and stories may have more than
one theme.
The theme, or author’s message, is a
unifying idea.
Example: One theme in Charlotte’s
Web is to not judge a book by its cover.
Drama (Plays)
The only difference between plays and
stories is that a play has stage
directions. Both have: characters,
plot, dialogue and conflict.
Free Verse: poetry with neither regular
meter nor rhyme scheme.
TONE is used to express an author’s
attitude toward the topic; shows
emotion and characters’ traits.
(personal, solemn, happy, sarcastic,
objective …)
Characters
Dynamic: characters who change
throughout a story.
Static: characters who stay the same.
Ballad: a song-like narrative poem,
featuring rhyme, rhythm, and refrain
Character traits are revealed by…
…what a character says.
…what a character thinks.
…what a character does.
…how others respond to him/her.
(honest, trustworthy, evil, cruel …)
Patterns of Text
Text is organized several ways,
depending on the information:
1. chronological or sequential
(time order)
2. compare and contrast
3. cause and effect
4. problem and solution
5. description
Narrative form = tells a story; has
setting, character, plot, conflict, and
theme
Prose vs. Poetry
Language is either prose or poetry.
Prose is ordinary written or spoken
language in paragraph form. Poetry
has meter and rhythm and is written
in stanzas.
Sound devices
alliteration: repetition of beginning
sounds. Lucy licks lollipops.
consonance: repetition of consonant
sounds at the ends of words. East or
west I am best
onomatopoeia: when a word’s sound
suggests its meaning (“buzz”)
assonance: repetition of vowel sounds:
the cat sat on the hat.
Author’s Purpose
Entertain
Persuade
Explain
Inform
Encourage
Describe
Relate
Identifying
Reference Sources
Dictionary: definitions, pronunciations
Thesaurus: synonyms
Glossary: specialized dictionary at the
back of a book (with key terms)
Online Sources: search engines,
websites, etc.
Atlas: book of maps
Almanac: collection of yearly facts
What is repetition? What is repetition?
Rhyme: recurring identical or similar
final word sounds within or at the end of
lines of verse
Rhythm: recurring pattern of strong and
weak syllables stresses
Repetition: repeated use of sounds,
words, or ideas for effect & emphasis
Infer
To infer is to draw conclusions based
on what you’ve read, not only what the
author has directly told you.
Example: If I have a red, stuffy nose and
am carrying a box of tissues, what can
you infer about how I’m feeling (without
me even telling you)?
Literary Devices
Flashback: the return to an earlier time
to introduce prior information.
Foreshadowing: the giving of clues to
hint at coming events in a story.
Irony: the unexpected happens - the
police station is robbed. That’s ironic.
Symbolism: One thing stands for
another. The flag symbolizes freedom.
Last, but not least… The 6 test taking strategies to use on the Reading SOL TEST
SR3 S tudy the graphic
Best 50/50
Not -3
R ead the question
X out 2 ridiculous answers
X out 3 answers that are the same (
R eturn to find the answer
Examine the remaining answers
have something in common.)
R espond
Choose the answer the author of the
Use this strategy during
The remaining answer is The Answer.
questions thinks is the answer
the entire test!
3D (What is the summary of this
SEC (What is the theme of this
5W’s (What is the main idea of
passage?)
story?)
paragraph 2?)
3 answers are detail sentences
Make a list of the following:
Reread the paragraph and identify:
identifying setting details, event
from the passage
Who:
details, and character details. Read
The answer left over is the
What:
summary statement
these again and again to determine
Why:
theme. What is the author trying to tell
Then decide on the main idea. Don’t
you?
choose a detail!
ENDURANCE is the key!