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In the past 60 years, there has been as much
as 65 different classification systems to
define the dimensions of leadership
(Fleishman et al., 1991).
Leadership as the focus of group
processes
The leader is at the centre of group
change and activity and embodies
the will of the people
Personality Perspective
Leadership is a combination of
special traits or characteristics that
individuals possess. The traits
enable them to induce others to
accomplish tasks
An act or behavior
The things leaders do to bring
about change in a group
Leadership as a transformational
process
Leaders move followers to
accomplish more than what is
usually expected of them
Power relationship
Leaders have power and wield it to
effect change in others
Skills perspective
Stresses the capabilities
(knowledge and skills) that make
effective leadership possible
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Leadership is a process: Process implies that a leader
affects and is affected by followers. Leadership is not
a linear but rather an interactive event.
Leadership involves influence: Influence is the sine
qua non of leadership. Without influence, leadership
does not exist.
Leadership occurs in a group context: Leadership
takes place in a group and involves the process of
influencing individuals in the group who have a
common purpose.
Leadership involves goal attainment:
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Leadership involves goal attainment: Leadership
includes attention to goals. Leadership directs a
group of individuals towards accomplishing some
task/goal.
Leaders direct their energies towards individuals
who are trying to achieve something together.
A process whereby an individual influences a
group of individuals to achieve a common
goal.
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Trait: Certain individuals have special innate
or inborn characteristics or qualities that
make them leaders. It is the qualities that
differentiate them from nonleaders.
Some of the personal factors (eg.height),
personality features (eg.extraversion), and
ability characteristic (speech fluency).
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Trait: Conceptualizes leadership as a property
or set of properties possessed in varying
degrees by different people.
Process: Leadership is a phenomenon that
resides in the context and makes leadership
available to everyone.
That make leadership available to everyone,
and it is something that can be learned.
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Assigned leadership: Based on occupying a
position in an organization. Eg: directors,
department heads etc.
Emergent: When others perceive a person as
the most influential member of a group or
organization, regardless of the individual’s
title. The emergent leader acquires leadership
through other people in the organization who
support and accept his/her behavior.
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Emergent: It emerges over a period of time
through communication (being verbally
involved, being informed, seeking other’s
opinions, initiating new ideas, and being firm
but not rigid.
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Leadership is part of the influence process.
Power is the capacity or potential to
influence.
People have power when they have the ability
to affect others’ beliefs, attitudes, and
courses of action.
Five bases of power: reward, coercive,
legitimate, referent and expert.
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The use of force to effect change.
Influencing others to do something by
manipulating the penalties and rewards in
their work environment.
These leaders are interested in their own
goals and seldom are interested in their
subordinates’ wants and needs.
LEADERSHIP PRODUCES CHANGE & MOVEMENT
Establishing Direction
o Create a vision
o Clarify Big Picture
o Set Strategies
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Aligning People
o Communicate goals
o Seek commitment
Build teams and coalition
Motivating and Inspiring
o Inspire and Energize
o Empower Subordinates
o Satisfy Unmet Needs
Produces
Order and Consistency
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Planning and Budgeting
Organizing and Staffing
Controlling and Problem
Solving
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Question: Don’t leaders
also do these?
How is organization with
strong management
without leadership?
How is organization with
strong leadership but
without management?