Reproduction How do we get more plants or animals? I. Asexual Reproduction (clones) a. tip/stem layering – come in contact with ground, send down roots. b. cuttings – piece of a plant in H2O until rooted (root powder helps) Asexual Reproduction (clones) c. grafting – attach a stem/twig of a plant to a different plant. d. budding – similar to grafting Asexual Reproduction (clones) e. runners – strawberry (underground shoots) f. bulb (onion and tulips) corm duplication (gladiolas) II. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS a. Flower parts i. Sepal (all = calyx) Green – leaf like. Protect flower prior to opening ii. Petals (all = corolla) Protect reproductive parts. Attract pollinators iii. Stamen (♂ male parts) 1. pollen contains sperm 2. anther produces pollen 3. filament holds anther up to aid in pollination Pollen iv. Pistil (♀ female parts) 1. stigma pollen sticks to it. 2. style supports stigma aids pollination 3. ovary creates eggs, becomes fruit 4. Ovules – turn into seeds if fertilized V. Receptacle Point where flower joins stem b. Flower types i. Perfect Both male and female parts ii. Imperfect Male or Female parts iii. Complete All flower parts iv. Incomplete Missing one or more parts. c. Pollination a. Pollination – pollen is transferred from an anther to a stigma i. Self-pollination uses own pollen ii. Cross-pollination pollen from a different plant Self Pollination Cross Pollination Mini Quiz 1 2 3 4 8 5 6 7 pistil Pollinators 1. Insects 2. Rain 3. Mammals MINI QUIZ: Label this flower diagram from memory 1 5 2 6 7 3 8 4 9 10 d. Fertilization = union of egg and sperm i. ii. iii. Pollen lands on stigma pollen tube grows into an ovule sperm is delivered to an egg Pollination Fertilization e. Flower Fruit i. ii. ovary ripens into a fruit fruits are filled with seeds f. Seed Dispersal i. ii. iii. iv. v. Wind, ex. Maple seeds Animal (sticky), ex. burrs Mechanical, pop out, beans Water, coconut Birds, ex. Mulberry Some seeds must pass through a bird or will not germinate III. Germination – when a seed begins to grow a. Seeds – potential plants b. Requirements for Germination i. ii. iii. Water Correct Temperature Sometimes Light IV. Life Spans of plants a. Annual – only one year i. Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc. b. Biennial – two years, first grow a deep root, then grow a big top i. Ex. Beet, carrot Life Spans of plants c. Perennial – many years d. Oldest plant = bristlecone pine at 4767 years old (from a ring sample) What processes must occur for a seed to create more seeds? a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Lab 56 micropyle epicotyl hilum cotyledon COTYLEDON HYPOCOTYL EPICOTYL RADICAL Animal Reproduction = All SEXUAL REPRODUCTION I. Female Human Anatomy a. Female reproductive organ = Ovary b. Job: nurture eggs, produce estrogen and progesterone, female hormones. c. Location: lower abdomen II. The egg (haploid = 23 chromosomes) a. When are eggs made? Prior to birth in the female fetus b. When is an egg released (ovulation)? Once every 28 days c. How long does an egg live? 72 hours, only 24 once it reaches the oviduct (http://biology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.html ) III. Anatomy Ovary – 1.5 inch sphere Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)– Tubes from near ovary into the uterus iii. Uterus – Pear shaped organ, womb 1. Endometrium – inner lining of the uterus i. ii. iv. Cervix – opening at the base of the uterus, dilates open during delivery of a baby. v. Vagina – tube to the outside of the body • Fertilization in sea urchin video: • http://www.exploratorium.edu/imaging_station/gallery.php?Asset=speciesspecificfert&Category=fertilization&Type=video IV. Journey of the egg fertilization embryo a. Trace the path of the egg from ovulation (release) to implantation (pregnancy): i. Captured by fimbrae of oviduct ii. Travel down oviduct, fertilized by sperm iii. Growing ball of cells implanted in uterus wall The egg/zygote’s journey takes 3-5 days b. Trace the path of the fetus out of the uterus (womb) i. ii. Through dilated cervix Out through vagina, birth canal c. How does urine leave the body? Through the urethra, above vaginal opening. VII. Secondary Sex Characteristics a. b. c. d. e. Breasts enlarge Body contours change Genitals develop Pubic and armpit hair Menarche = 1st menstruation VIII. Hormones Estrogen and _Progesterone_ are made in the _Ovary_ Estrogen and Progesterone IX. Sexual Maturity a. Menarche = the first period b. Menopause = periods stop i. Symptoms = hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings. ii. Treatments = hormone replacement X. Male Human Anatomy a. Male reproductive organ = testes______ _______ b. Job: Produce sperm and testosterone c. Location: In a sack (scrotum) between legs XI. The sperm (haploid = 23 chromosomes) a. Where are sperm made? Seminiferous tubules in the teste b. How are sperm released (ejaculation)? Through the vas deferens and out the urethra c. How long does sperm live? 72 hours out of the body. (http://www.raysahelian.com/sperm.html) d. Where would a sperm meet an egg? In the oviduct of the female XII. Anatomy a. Testis – 1.5 inch oval in the scrotum i. Seminiferous tubules – Site of spermatogenesis (sperm making) b. Epididymis – Store & nurture sperm c. Vas deferens – long tube to urethra d. Prostate – Produces semen (lubricant) e. Seminal vesicle – Produces semen (lubricant) f. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) – Produces semen (lubricant) g. Urethra – Common tube for semen and urine h. Penis – External male organ i. Prepuce (foreskin) – Often removed XIII. Sperm vs. Semen • Sperm are the reproductive cells • Semen consists of: the sperm cells, nourishing fluids, and lubricating fluids from Cowper’s, Seminal, and Prostate Glands XIV. What is circumcision? Removal of the foreskin (prepuce) XV. Trace the path of the sperm from the epididymis out of the body (ejaculation) Epididymis Vas deferens + fluid from prostate, Cowper’s, and Seminal vesicle down urethra out of body XVI. Secondary Sex Characteristics a. b. c. d. e. f. Produce sperm Lowered voice Pubic and armpit hair Body contours change Genitals develop Some research indicates testosterone hair loss XVII. Hormone - _Testosterone_ made in the __Testes__ XVIII. Sexual Maturity • Sperm is made from puberty to death Name These Parts MINI QUIZ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Lab 58 Lab 58 Epididymis Seminiferous Tubules MINI QUIZ Male Structures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Menstrual Cycle I. Animals having a menstrual cycle? a. Humans b. Some other primates II. Estrous Cycle a. Other mammals b. Females become receptive to mating (“heat” or “rut”) c. Sex hormone levels rise d. “Ovulation may occur spontaneously in some species (e.g. cow), while in others it is induced by copulation (e.g. cat). If there is no copulation in an induced ovulator, estrus may continue for many days, followed by interestrus, and a reentry into the estrus phase until copulation and ovulation occur.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrus) III. Menstruation (destructive phase) [DAYS 1-5] = The Period a. Corpus luteum dies, uterus lining is shed b. Progesterone levels decrease c. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) levels rise, lead to maturing follicle IV. Follicle Stage (proliferative phase) [DAYS 6-14] a. FSH levels continue to rise b. Several follicles develop, only one will ovulate c. Follicle secretes estrogen d. Estrogen more LH being made e. Uterus lining thickens f. LH (Lutenizing Hormone) peaking triggers ovulation V. Corpus Luteum Stage (secretory phase) [DAYS 14-28] a. Ruptured follicle corpus luteum b. Corpus luteum makes progesterone thicker endometrium c. High levels of progesterone inhibits FSH production Lutenizing Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Menstrual Cycle http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Female04/cycle.jpg VI. Summarize the events of the menstrual cycle in your own words in a brief paragraph VII. Birth Control Pills = High levels of progesterone (or a related hormone) trick body into thinking it is pregnant NO OVULATION How do you still menstruate? 7 placebo pills a month Development SHOW THE DEVELOPMENT PPT I. Haploid Gametes: i. Sperm (_23_ chromosomes) ii. Egg (___23_ chromosomes) iii. Combine to form a diploid (__46__ chromosomes) = ZYGOTE! II. Implantation Embedded in lining of uterus Detection: makes Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) pregnancy tests detect this. iii. Ectopic pregnancy when the ball implants out of the uterus i. ii. III. Embryo (Weeks 3-9) Major systems develop Human, Fish, insect embryos look very similar iii. Very susceptible to damage from chemicals (teratogens) i. ii. IV. Fetus (Weeks 9-38) i. ii. iii. Primarily just grows in size Less susceptible to chemicals Triggers its own delivery V. Most Dangerous Period for Weeks 1-6 (may not know pregnant) VI. Pregnancy and Birth i. Placenta materials transported from mom to baby ii. Umbilical cord fetal blood vessels iii. Changes in Mom 1. Emotional – high progesterone levels 2. Frequent urination – bladder squished by uterus iv. Labor 1. Uterus = triggered by oxytocin begins to contract 2. Amniotic sac tears, releasing “water” 3. Cervix dilates, to allow baby to get through 4. Drugs Epidural can alleviate some pain Steps in Birth The fontanels -- soft spots --on his head allow it to mold to the shape of this narrow passage. Your baby's head "crowns" when the widest part of it is at the vaginal opening. V. Baby Position 1. 99% lengthwise 2. Breech = facing horizontal 3. Cesarean birth – surgical delivery VI. Abrupt Changes 1. Breathe Our first test drive of the new lungs 2. Digestive System Lose rectal mucus plug and defecate for the first time 3. Temperature 98.6o F ~70oF Room Temp VII. Lactation 1. Prolactin (hormone) starts lactation 2. First real milk 2 days after birth 3. Why breast feed a. b. c. d. Antibodies from mom to baby Right combination of nutrients Price is right…Free Free “birth control” for many women