Reproduction
How do we get more plants or animals?
I. Asexual Reproduction
(clones)
a. tip/stem layering –
come in contact with ground, send
down roots.
b. cuttings –
piece of a plant in H2O until rooted
(root powder helps)
Asexual Reproduction
(clones)
c. grafting –
attach a stem/twig of a plant to a
different plant.
d. budding – similar to grafting
Asexual Reproduction
(clones)
e. runners –
strawberry
(underground
shoots)
f. bulb (onion and
tulips) corm
duplication
(gladiolas)
II. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
a. Flower parts
i.
Sepal (all = calyx)
Green – leaf like.
Protect flower prior to opening
ii.
Petals (all = corolla)
Protect reproductive parts.
Attract pollinators
iii. Stamen (♂ male parts)
1. pollen
contains sperm
2. anther
produces pollen
3. filament
holds anther up to aid in
pollination
Pollen
iv. Pistil (♀ female parts)
1. stigma
pollen sticks to it.
2. style
supports stigma
aids pollination
3. ovary
creates eggs, becomes fruit
4. Ovules –
turn into seeds if fertilized
V. Receptacle
Point where flower joins stem
b. Flower types
i.
Perfect
Both male and
female parts
ii.
Imperfect
Male or Female
parts
iii.
Complete
All flower parts
iv.
Incomplete
Missing one or
more parts.
c. Pollination
a. Pollination – pollen is transferred
from an anther to a stigma
i. Self-pollination
uses own pollen
ii.
Cross-pollination
pollen from a different plant
Self Pollination
Cross Pollination
Mini Quiz
1
2
3
4
8
5
6
7
pistil
Pollinators
1. Insects
2. Rain
3. Mammals
MINI QUIZ: Label this flower diagram from memory
1
5
2
6
7
3
8
4
9
10
d. Fertilization
= union of egg and sperm
i.
ii.
iii.
Pollen lands on stigma
pollen tube grows into an ovule
sperm is delivered to an egg
Pollination
Fertilization
e. Flower  Fruit
i.
ii.
ovary ripens into a fruit
fruits are filled with seeds
f. Seed Dispersal
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Wind, ex. Maple seeds
Animal (sticky), ex. burrs
Mechanical, pop out, beans
Water, coconut
Birds, ex. Mulberry
Some seeds must pass through a bird or
will not germinate
III. Germination –
when a seed
begins to grow
a. Seeds –
potential
plants
b. Requirements for Germination
i.
ii.
iii.
Water
Correct Temperature
Sometimes Light
IV. Life Spans of plants
a. Annual – only one year
i. Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc.
b. Biennial – two years,
first grow a deep root,
then grow a big top
i. Ex. Beet, carrot
Life Spans of plants
c. Perennial – many years
d. Oldest plant =
bristlecone pine at 4767 years old
(from a ring sample)
What processes must occur for a
seed to create more seeds?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Lab 56
micropyle
epicotyl
hilum
cotyledon
COTYLEDON
HYPOCOTYL
EPICOTYL
RADICAL
Animal Reproduction =
All SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
I. Female Human Anatomy
a. Female reproductive organ = Ovary
b. Job:
nurture eggs,
produce estrogen and progesterone,
female hormones.
c. Location:
lower abdomen
II. The egg (haploid = 23 chromosomes)
a. When are eggs made?
Prior to birth in the female fetus
b. When is an egg released (ovulation)?
Once every 28 days
c. How long does an egg live?
72 hours,
only 24 once it reaches the oviduct
(http://biology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.html )
III.
Anatomy
Ovary – 1.5 inch sphere
Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)–
Tubes from near ovary into the
uterus
iii.
Uterus –
Pear shaped organ, womb
1. Endometrium –
inner lining of the uterus
i.
ii.
iv. Cervix –
opening at the base of the
uterus, dilates open during
delivery of a baby.
v. Vagina –
tube to the outside of the body
• Fertilization in sea urchin video:
•
http://www.exploratorium.edu/imaging_station/gallery.php?Asset=speciesspecificfert&Category=fertilization&Type=video
IV. Journey of the egg
fertilization  embryo
a. Trace the path of the egg from ovulation (release) to
implantation (pregnancy):
i.
Captured by fimbrae of oviduct
ii.
Travel down oviduct, fertilized by sperm
iii.
Growing ball of cells implanted in uterus wall
The
egg/zygote’s
journey
takes 3-5
days
b. Trace the path of the fetus
out of the uterus (womb)
i.
ii.
Through dilated cervix
Out through vagina, birth canal
c. How does urine leave the
body?
Through the
urethra,
above vaginal
opening.
VII. Secondary Sex
Characteristics
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Breasts enlarge
Body contours change
Genitals develop
Pubic and armpit hair
Menarche = 1st menstruation
VIII. Hormones 
Estrogen and _Progesterone_ are made in
the _Ovary_
Estrogen and
Progesterone
IX. Sexual Maturity
a. Menarche = the first period
b. Menopause = periods stop
i. Symptoms = hot flashes,
night sweats, mood swings.
ii. Treatments =
hormone replacement
X. Male Human Anatomy
a. Male reproductive organ =
testes______
_______
b. Job:
Produce sperm and testosterone
c. Location:
In a sack (scrotum) between legs
XI. The sperm (haploid = 23 chromosomes)
a. Where are sperm made?
Seminiferous tubules in the teste
b. How are sperm released (ejaculation)?
Through the vas deferens and out the
urethra
c. How long does sperm live?
72 hours out of the body.
(http://www.raysahelian.com/sperm.html)
d. Where would a sperm meet an egg?
In the oviduct of the female
XII. Anatomy
a. Testis – 1.5 inch oval in the scrotum
i.
Seminiferous tubules –
Site of spermatogenesis
(sperm making)
b. Epididymis –
Store & nurture sperm
c. Vas deferens –
long tube to urethra
d. Prostate –
Produces semen (lubricant)
e. Seminal vesicle –
Produces semen (lubricant)
f. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) –
Produces semen (lubricant)
g. Urethra –
Common tube for semen and urine
h. Penis – External male organ
i. Prepuce (foreskin) – Often removed
XIII. Sperm vs. Semen
• Sperm are the reproductive
cells
• Semen consists of:
the sperm cells, nourishing
fluids, and lubricating fluids
from Cowper’s, Seminal, and
Prostate Glands
XIV. What is circumcision?
Removal of the foreskin (prepuce)
XV. Trace the path of the sperm from the
epididymis out of the body (ejaculation)
Epididymis  Vas deferens  + fluid
from prostate, Cowper’s, and Seminal
vesicle  down urethra  out of body
XVI. Secondary Sex
Characteristics
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Produce sperm
Lowered voice
Pubic and armpit hair
Body contours change
Genitals develop
Some research indicates
testosterone  hair loss
XVII. Hormone - _Testosterone_
made in the __Testes__
XVIII. Sexual Maturity
• Sperm is made from puberty to
death
Name These Parts MINI QUIZ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Lab 58
Lab 58
Epididymis
Seminiferous Tubules
MINI QUIZ Male Structures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Menstrual Cycle
I. Animals having a menstrual cycle?
a. Humans
b. Some other primates
II. Estrous Cycle
a. Other mammals
b. Females become receptive to mating
(“heat” or “rut”)
c. Sex hormone levels rise
d. “Ovulation may occur spontaneously in some species (e.g.
cow), while in others it is induced by copulation (e.g. cat). If there
is no copulation in an induced ovulator, estrus may continue for
many days, followed by interestrus, and a reentry into the estrus
phase until copulation and ovulation occur.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrus)
III. Menstruation
(destructive phase)
[DAYS 1-5] = The Period
a. Corpus luteum dies, uterus
lining is shed
b. Progesterone levels
decrease
c. FSH (Follicle Stimulating
Hormone) levels rise, lead to
maturing follicle
IV. Follicle Stage
(proliferative phase)
[DAYS 6-14]
a. FSH levels continue to rise
b. Several follicles develop,
only one will ovulate
c. Follicle secretes estrogen
d. Estrogen  more LH being made
e. Uterus lining thickens
f. LH (Lutenizing Hormone) peaking
triggers ovulation
V. Corpus Luteum Stage
(secretory phase)
[DAYS 14-28]
a. Ruptured follicle  corpus luteum
b. Corpus luteum makes
progesterone  thicker endometrium
c. High levels of progesterone inhibits
FSH production
Lutenizing Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Menstrual Cycle
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Female04/cycle.jpg
VI. Summarize the
events of the
menstrual cycle in your
own words in a brief
paragraph
VII. Birth Control Pills =
High levels of progesterone
(or a related hormone) trick
body into thinking it is pregnant
 NO OVULATION
How do you still menstruate?
7 placebo pills a month
Development SHOW THE
DEVELOPMENT PPT
I. Haploid Gametes:
i. Sperm (_23_ chromosomes)
ii.
Egg (___23_ chromosomes)
iii. Combine to form a diploid
(__46__ chromosomes) = ZYGOTE!
II.
Implantation
Embedded in lining of uterus
Detection:
makes
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)
pregnancy tests detect this.
iii.
Ectopic pregnancy
when the ball implants out of the
uterus
i.
ii.
III. Embryo (Weeks 3-9)
Major systems develop
Human, Fish, insect embryos
look very similar
iii.
Very susceptible to damage
from chemicals (teratogens)
i.
ii.
IV. Fetus (Weeks 9-38)
i.
ii.
iii.
Primarily just grows in size
Less susceptible to chemicals
Triggers its own delivery
V. Most Dangerous Period for
Weeks 1-6
(may not know pregnant)
VI. Pregnancy and Birth
i.
Placenta
materials transported from mom
to baby
ii. Umbilical cord
fetal blood vessels
iii. Changes in Mom
1. Emotional –
high progesterone
levels
2. Frequent urination –
bladder squished by
uterus
iv. Labor
1. Uterus = triggered by oxytocin
begins to contract
2. Amniotic sac
tears, releasing “water”
3. Cervix
dilates, to allow baby to get
through
4. Drugs
Epidural can alleviate some
pain
Steps in
Birth
The fontanels -- soft spots --on his head allow it to mold to the shape of this
narrow passage. Your baby's head "crowns" when the widest part of it is at the
vaginal opening.
V. Baby Position
1. 99% lengthwise
2. Breech = facing horizontal
3. Cesarean birth –
surgical delivery
VI. Abrupt Changes
1. Breathe
Our first test drive of the new lungs
2. Digestive System
Lose rectal mucus plug and
defecate for the first time
3. Temperature
98.6o F  ~70oF Room Temp
VII. Lactation
1. Prolactin (hormone) starts lactation
2. First real milk 2 days after birth
3. Why breast feed
a.
b.
c.
d.
Antibodies from mom to baby
Right combination of nutrients
Price is right…Free
Free “birth control” for many
women