GHSGT REVIEW
Renaissance (1350-1600)
► “rebirth” of interest in learning and achievements of ancient
Greece and Rome
► “classical learning”
► Ancient Greece and Rome
 Caesar; Mythology; Religion as a whole
► Development of in urban centers
 Urban  City
 Rural  Country
 Suburban  Outside the city
Renaissance
►begins 
Europe (Italy)
 Main city  Florence, Italy
►spreads to northern Europe (England, France,
Netherlands, Germany)
Florence, Italy
► Politics
 ruled by wealthy merchant
families
 Merchant  trader
► Economy
 shipping trade
► Socially  recovering from Black Plague and
political instability
 Start of “individual thinking”
 Ideas of humanism
 Material comforts; positive human qualities
Florence
Renaissance
►Leads to
 Reformation
 Scientific Revolution
 Exploration and Discovery
People of the Renaissance
►A
“Renaissance Man”
 Term  well-educated person who excels in
multiple fields and has many talents
► Leonardo
da Vinci
► Machiavelli
► Michelangelo
Machiavelli
Father of Political Science
Political Science = Government
The book – The Prince
Force + shrewd decision making by leader in order
to maintain power and order
Leonardo
da Vinci
Original
“The Renaissance Man”
Painter; sculptor;
engineer; physicist;
studied anatomy
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Michelangelo
Painter & Sculptor
Human images to
reflect the divine
beauty of God
Humanists
► Studied
the history, philosophy, and poetry
of the ancient Greeks and Romans
► Petrarch
► Dante
► Erasmus
Petrarch
Petrarch
► Argued
 religious achievements and a
person’s relationship with God had no
relationship
► God
gave certain people intelligence and
talents that should be used in all aspects of
life
Dante
Dante
► Common
language of Italians
► Used common language of the city of
Florence
► At
the time, everything was Latin
Father of Vernacular
(Common Language) Italian
Father of Italian Language
Erasmus
Erasmus
► Church
was corrupt – so its needs reforming
► Believed in free will rather than
predestination
 Free will  a person’s ability to decide for
themselves
 Predestination  before you were born, God
had already decided whether you were going to
Heaven or Hell (later John Calvin)
► Wrote
new testaments in Greek and Latin
Protestant Reformation
The Reformation
►Before
Reformation, only ONE
church existed in western
Europe:
 The Roman Catholic Church.
Martin
Luther
Martin Luther
► Europe
(Germany)
► Posted 95 Theses on the Church door
► Attacked Church for indulgences
 Indulgences  paying the church for
forgiveness
► Believed
doing good deeds did not get you
into heaven
Luther starts Protestantism
► Started
the Lutheran Church
► Those who protested the Roman Catholic
Church were called Protestants.
► Protestant
– someone who believes in Jesus
Christ as the Son of God but is not Catholic
 Today – Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, etc.
John
Calvin
-Idea of
Predestination
- God is all
powerful and
has already
decided who will
receive salvation
King Henry VIII
of England
Wives of
Henry VIII
Divorced,
Beheaded,
Died,
Beheaded,
Divorced,
Survived
Summary:
► In
England (not mainland Europe)
► Wanted a divorce
► Catholic Church wouldn’t allow
► “Broke away” and formed his own church
► Church of England = Anglican Church
Created
Church of England
(Anglican Church)
Had a daughter 
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I
“Virgin Queen”
??
Elizabethan Time Period
Elizabeth I
► Her
dad (King Henry VIII) had VERY
Catholic beliefs (except divorce)
► Elizabeth
I believed:
 ‘moderate’ form of Protestantism
 She didn’t force Religion into every day lives of
her people
Johannes
Gutenberg
► Printed
the 1st Bible
in Europe made
with movable type
► Allowed the ideas of
the Protestant
Reformation to
expand quickly
► Promoted reading
and thinking
Catholics didn’t want to be
outdone by Protestants
Started the Counter Reformation
(Catholic Reformation)
Jesuits
► Group
of Catholics
► Wanted to restore Catholicism
► Traveled throughout Europe
► Missionaries who wanted to turn Protestants
back to Catholics
► Succeeded in many areas of Europe
► Still
around today (Notre Dame is a Jesuit
school)
Council of Trent
► Body
of Catholic Bishops
► Met over a period of 18 years
► Tried to reform Catholic practices”
► Believed:
 Good works were required to reach heaven
 Indulgences were okay
►However,
were not allowed to be sold
European Exploration
Why are they exploring?
Reasons for Exploring??
1.
2.
3.
Gold (money)
God
Glory
New Inventions (1400)
► improved
maps and compass
► Astrolabe
 Allowed sailors to locate and predict the position
of the moon, sun, and stars making navigation
easier and efficient (accurate)
Vasco da
Gama
► Established
Portuguese
dominance in the
Indian Ocean
► Enabled the
Portuguese to control
the trade routes
► (He sailed around
Africa)
Christopher
Columbus
► Italian
who
sailed for Spain
► Set out to find a
westward route
(water) from
Spain to India
► Established a
permanent
settlement on
the island of
Hispaniola
Ferdinand
Magellan
► 1st
European to lead
an expedition that
circumnavigated
(sailed around) the
world
► Proved that the world
was spherical (round)
Samuel de
Champlain
► Established
the 1st
French Colony
(Quebec City)
Explorer
From
Found
Da Gama
1497-99
Portugal
India
Columbus
1492-1493
Spain
New World
(West Indies)
Magellan
1519-1522
Spain
World is Round
(Circumnavigated)
Champlain
1608
France
Settled in Canada
Columbian Exchange
► The
large-scale exchange of plants,
diseases, animals, and people between the
eastern and western hemispheres following
Columbus’ first voyage to what would
become known as the Americas
 Horse from Europe
 Potato from America
 Tobacco from America
Scientific Revolution
Explain things with Science
instead of Religion
Scientific Revolution
► Before
the Scientific Revolution –
Religion was used to explain
EVERYTHING
► People
started wondering WHY things
happened….
Church believed Earth
was center of universe
Going against the Church
was UNHEARD of…
Copernicus
► Believed
in heliocentric
solar system (the Earth
revolved around the
sun) rather than the
geocentric (Earth
being the center) solar
system
► Challenged the
teachings of the
Catholic Church
Galileo
Proved Copernicus Right!
telescope
Kepler
Believed planets
moved in an
elliptical (oval
or egg shaped)
orbit around the
sun
Newton
“Father of Calculus”
Laws of gravity and
motion
Writings
of John
Locke
Locke’s ideas
► Natural
Rights
 “life, liberty, and property”
 Liberty = freedom
► Thomas
Jefferson used his ideas in
Declaration of Independence
 “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Writings
of
Rousseau
Rousseau’s Ideas…
►Social
Contract theory
 “allowing government to exist and
rule only by consent of the people
being governed”
 People are willing to give up some
rights so that the majority of their
rights will be protected
GEOGRAPHICAL
TERMINOLOGY
concept of place
► integrates
the
physical and
human
characteristics
that make a
part of the
world what it is
landforms
► Continent
 North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa,
Australia)
► Cliff
► Plateau
► Mountain
► Plain
► Valley
► Canyon
► Peninsula
(like Italy!)
bodies of water
► Oceans





Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Antarctic
Arctic
► Rivers
 Mississippi
► Lakes
► Seas
► Gulf
climate
► This
is the temperature, rainfall, humidity,
and wind that affect a region
► The type of climate decides what plants and
animals live in a region
 Example- rocky land in New England made their
economies not based on agriculture while the
South had a climate that made growing crops
easier
soils
refers to the type of dirt
► Different types of soils are better able to
grow different crops
►
natural vegetation
► Plants
that grow in a region without being
introduced by humans
animal life
► Animals
that live in a region
 Bison lived in the Great Plains region
population
► Collection
of people
settlement patterns
► The
order where people decide to live and
settle
 Colonists began settling on the coast and
moved inward, staying close to water
agriculture
► The
growing of food and crops
 The Native Americans grew beans and corn
prior to the arrival of the Europeans
Identify a map of Europe.
Discuss how the climate of Europe affected the
agricultural production of different regions.
Trade routes of the major explorers
Identify a map of North America.
Find the four main
colonial areas on a
map geographic
reasons-why
settlements were
established in
these locations.
They should
include
Virginia
the Mid-Atlantic
Colonies
New England
Colonies
Virginia
► First
permanent English
colony in North
America.
► Business venture of the
Virginia Company
► Planned to make money
by sending people to
America to find gold
and other valuable
natural resources and
then ship them back to
England.
► They discovered no
gold but learned how to
cultivate tobacco.
House of Burgesses
► Virginia
Company
established a
legislative
assembly that was
similar to
England‘s
Parliament
► The House of
Burgesses was the
first Europeantype legislative
body in the New
World.
Tobacco and VA
► Quickly
became a major cash crop
► Important source of wealth
► Lead to major social and economic divisions
between those who owned land and those
who did not
► tobacco cultivation was labor-intensive
 caused the Virginia colony‘s economy to
become highly dependent on slavery
Native Americans
► Lived
for centuries on the land the English
settlers called Virginia.
► Powhatan- A notable Native American
chieftain in the region was
► Forced off their own land by the settlers so
it could be used by the settlers for
agricultural purposes
 especially to grow tobacco.
► Fled
live.
the region and sought new places to
Bacon’s Rebellion
► Poor
English and slave colonists staged an
uprising against the governor
► Landless rebels wanted harsher action against
the Native Americans
 Wanted more land available to colonists
► The
rebellion was put down
► Virginia House of Burgesses passed laws to
regulate slavery
 This way poor white colonists wouldn’t with slaves
anymore
Puritans
► Established
New England colonies
► Immigrated with their entire families
 better life
 practice religion freely
► Puritans
were not tolerant of religious
beliefs that differed from their own
Rhode Island
► Founded
by religious dissenters from
Massachusetts who were more
tolerant of different religious beliefs
Colonial Government
► Town
Meetings
 Ran New England colonies
► King
Controlled
 there was often an appointed royal governor
 partially elected legislature.
 Voting rights were limited to men who
belonged to the church
► church
membership was tightly controlled by each
minister and congregation
►Many born in America grew up to be adults who
lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with God
(this was the )central feature of Puritanism
Half-Way Covenant
► Developed
in response to the declining church
membership
► Allowed partial church membership for the
children and grandchildren of the original
Puritans
► Hoped that this partial church membership
would encourage second and third generation
children to become full members
 included full life of the church
► Example
voting privileges.
Massachusetts
► 1686
► King
canceled Massachusetts charter that made
it an independent colony
► Combined British colonies throughout New
England into a single territory
 governed from England
► The
colonists in this territory greatly disliked
this centralized authority.
► 1691- Massachusetts Bay became a royal
colony.
Salem witch trials
►
►
►
1690s
Series of court hearings
Over 150 Massachusetts colonists accused of witchcraft
were tried
 29 of whom were convicted
 19 hanged.
 6 more people died in prison.
►
Causes of the Salem witch trials




extreme religious faith
stress from a growing population
bad relations with Native Americans
narrow opportunities for women and girls to participate in
Puritan society.
Pennsylvania
► Located
in the territory between New
England and Virginia
► Founded by the religiously tolerant
Quakers
► Led by William Penn.
New York
► Settled
by the Dutch
 called it New Amsterdam
►
1664
 British conquered the colony
 Renamed it New York.
►A
diverse population
► Center of trade and commerce
► Many Dutch remained
► With members of various British and Dutch churches
 New York tolerated different religions
Mercantilism
► Parliament
controlled trans-Atlantic trade with
its American colonies
 All goods shipped to or from British North America
had to travel in British ships
 Any goods exported to Europe had to land first in
Britain to pay British taxes
 Some goods could be exported to Britain only.
 These restrictions were designed to keep the
colonies from competing against Britain
 Americans responded by becoming smugglers.
Slavery in the Colonies
The African population in North America increased as
tobacco and other cash-crop farming grew.
► Land owners greatly expanded the size of their farms.
► There were never enough workers available to plant,
grow, and harvest the crops.
► Farmers turned to African slaves to do this work. When
the Virginia Company founded Jamestown in 1607, there
were no African slaves in British North America.
► By 1700, however, there were thousands of African
slaves throughout the British colonies.
►
 The vast majority of these slaves were located in the
Southern colonies where they supplied the labor required to
support the region‘s agriculturally based economy.
Middle Passage
►
The sea voyage that carried Africans to North America was called the
Middle Passage
 because it was the middle portion of a three-way voyage made by the
slave ships.
1.
2.
3.
►
►
►
British ships loaded with rum, cloth, and other English goods sailed to
Africa, where they were traded for Africans.
Then, in the Middle Passage, the slaves would be transported to the
New World.
The crew would buy tobacco and other American goods from profits
they made by selling the slaves in the colonies and ship the tobacco
and goods back to Britain.
It was said that people in the colonial port cities could smell the slave
ships arriving before they could see them.
The slaves were packed like bundles of firewood.
About two of every ten slaves died during the passage.
African American culture
► Grew
in America as slaves lived their lives
under the worst of circumstances
► Slave communities were rich with music,
dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making
► Brought with them the arts and crafts skills of
their various cultures as well as advanced
farming techniques.
► A hundred slaves working on one farm and
each slave might come from a different culture
and a different part of Africa
European and British
Influence on the American
Colonial Independence
Movement
John Locke
► Natural
Rights
 Life
 Liberty
 Property
► His
work heavily
influenced the writers
of the Declaration of
Independence
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
► Argued
in favor of a
social contractgovernment exists and
rules by the consent of
the governed
England 1689
► English
Monarchy was stripped of its
unlimited authority
► Governmental control was placed in the
hands of the Parliament (representative
assembly)
► English Bill of Rights- forms the basis for the
American Bill of Rights
Proclamation of 1763
► English
colonists were
not allowed to live
west of the
Appalachian Mountains
► Convinced the
colonists that the
English did not
understand life in the
New World
► Led to the American
Revolution
Treaty of Paris or Treaty of 1763
► Signed
by Great Britain, France, and Spain
► Ended the French and Indian War (Seven
Years’ War)
► Marked the beginning of a period of British
dominance outside Europe
► England received control of all French
possessions as well as most territory East of
the Mississippi River
Crisis in the Colonies
► Stamp
Act- 1st direct tax on the colonists;
all printed materials had to be stamp to
show that the tax had been paid
► Sons and Daughters of Liberty- secret
organization that was formed to protest
British actions
► Committees of Correspondence- first
organization linking the colonies in their
opposition to British Rule; urged people to
send representatives to the Stamp Act
Congress
Crisis in the Colonies
► Intolerable
Acts
 Passed by the British to punish the
Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea
Party
 Closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for
 Required colonists to feed and house British
soldiers in their homes
 Reduced the colonists’ right of self-government
 Convinced the 13 colonies to form a union of
resistance against the British
COLONIAL ACTIONS
AND DOCUMENTS
LEADING TO THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
Thomas Paine
► Common
Sense
 Rejected prejudice and
tyranny, while
appealing to reason,
natural laws, and the
promise of freedom
 Promoted independence
for economic, social,
and moral reasons
Declaration of Independence
(1776)
► Based
on the ideas of John Locke
► Social Contract Theory- government
derives its power from the consent of the
governed (people); this gave people the
right to abolish any government that
threatened to unalienable rights
► “Committee of Five” was appointed to draft
a statement for Independence
► Thomas Jefferson is the primary author
Declaration of Independence
(1776)
► Divided




into 5 parts
Introduction
The Preamble
The Body (divided into two sections)
The Conclusion
KEY EVENTS AND PEOPLE OF
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Benjamin Franklin
► American
Ambassador
to France
► French began to
publicly support the
Americans after the
victory at Saratoga
► French agreed not to
make peace with
Britain unless Britain
recognized American
Independence
Marquis de Lafayette
► French
soldier who
joined the war
against the British
► Was assigned to
George Washington’s
staff
► Was a key strategist
in the Yorktown
campaign that led to
the British surrender
Lord Charles Cornwallis
► Commander
of the
British forces during
the American
Revolution
► Surrendered at
Yorktown
George Washington
► Commander-in-
Chief of the
Continental Army
► Reorganized the
army, secured
additional
equipment and
supplies
Valley Forge
► Where
Washington led his men in December
1777
► The men were lacking clothing, shoes, food,
and many supplies necessary for survival
► The Continental Army emerged after the
long hard winter as a more unified fighting
force capable of defeating the British
Crossing the Delaware River
► Washington
led his
soldiers on a
surprise attack on a
fort occupied by
Hessian mercenaries
fighting for the
British
► This victory proved
Washington’s army
could fight as well
an experienced army
Battle of Yorktown
► Victory
won by a combination of American
and French forces
► Last major battle of the American
Revolution
► Treaty of Paris (1783)- officially ended
the American Revolution and announced
American Independence
French Revolution (1789-1799)
►3
Phases
 Moderate Phase- Constitutional Monarchy
 Radical Phase- Reign of Terror
 Final Moderate Phase- Republic
► Cause-
lack of voice in the Estates General
(legislature) and influenced by the American
Revolution
 Three estates
►1st►2nd
Clergy
Nobility
French Revolution
► Tennis
Court Oath- 3rd
Estate refused to adjourn
until they had equal rights
► Storming of the Bastille
 Symbol of the revolution
 Bastille was a French jail
► Result-
power
Napoleon takes
Haiti (1791-1804)
► French
colony of Saint Dominique
► France imposed strict mercantilistic policies
on them and denied them a voice in
government
► Leader: Toussaint L’Ouverture
► Slave rebellion drove out the French
► Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti
independent 1804
► US buys Louisiana from the French
Haiti
Latin America (1808-1825)
► Revolutions
in the early part of the 19th
Century led to the following independent
countries: Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and
Bolivia
► Revolutions in Latin America were spawned
after the American and French Revolutions
► Inspired by the efforts of Simon Bolivar who
believed in self-government for the Spanish
colonies
Latin America
THE PRINCIPLES AND
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
Articles of Confederation
► First
Constitution of the
United States
► Lacked provisions for
executive and judicial
powers
► Had no power to tax,
regulate commerce, or
establish one national
currency
► Individual states had more
power than the national
government
Shays’ Rebellion
► An
attempt by a group of indebted farmers
to secure weapons fro a Federal Armory
► Caused the United States to recognize the
need for a new constitution
Federalists
► Focused
their arguments on the
inadequacies of the national government
under the Articles of Confederation and on
the benefits of a national government as
formed by the Constitution
► Argued that a strong central government
would foster the commercial growth of the
nation
Anti-Federalists
► Feared
the power of a strong central
government
► Worried that the rights of the common
people, like farmers, would be suppressed
The Federalist Papers
► Written
by Alexander Hamilton and James
Madison
► Communicate the central ideas of the
Federalists
 Benefits of a union between the states
 The problem with the confederation
 The importance of an energetic and effective
federal government
The Great Compromise
► Settled
the dispute between states with
large populations and states with small
populations
► Combined parts of the Virginia and New
Jersey plans
► Called for the creation of a legislature with
two chambers
 House of Representatives- representation based
on population
 Senate- equal representation for all states
Three-Fifths Compromise
► Compromise
on slavery
► 3/5 of a state’s slave population was
counted when determining population
► Slave trade was allowed to continue for 20
years
► Northern states were required to return
runaway slaves to their owners
Separation of Powers
► Designed
to prevent the government from
becoming too powerful
► Power was divided between the national
and state governments (Federalism)
► Power of the national government was
divided among the executive, legislative,
and judicial branches
Checks and Balances
► Included
to ensure none of the three
branches would become too powerful
► Example- President has the power to veto
laws passed by Congress
Bill of Rights
► Added
to the Constitution after it was
ratified
► 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution
► The promise of a Bill of Rights helped
convince a majority of the voters to support
the Constitution
HISTORICAL ISSUES,
EVENTS, & PEOPLE
CONNECTED TO THE U.S.
CONSTITUTION
George Washington
► 1st
President of the United States
► Favored non-intervention in Europe and
avoided siding with France against Great
Britain
► Warned of the dangers of political parties as
people followed the views of Alexander
Hamilton or Thomas Jefferson
Whiskey Rebellion
► Congress
passed taxes on liquor t help pay
states’ debts from the Revolutionary War
► Armed violence broke out as farmers
frightened and attacked federal tax
collectors
► President Washington sent the militia to put
down the rebellion; showed Washington’s
constitutional authority to enforce the law
NAPOLEON, JEFFERSON, THE
LOUISIANA PURCHASE, &
EXPLORATION BY LEWIS &
CLARK
Napoleon Bonaparte
► Rose
to power in France
through a coup that
overthrew the
Constitutional
Government
► Developed higher
education and a system
of civil law known as
the Napoleonic Code
► Development of modern
warfare
Louisiana Purchase
► The
French sale of
New Orleans and a
large amount of land
west of the
Mississippi River to
the U.S.
► Purchased for $15
million
► U.S. nearly doubled
in geographic area
Lewis and Clark Expedition
► Explored
Louisiana and the western lands all
the way to the Pacific Ocean
► Charted trails west, mapped rivers and
mountain ranges, wrote descriptions and
collected samples of unfamiliar animals and
plants, and recorded facts and figures about
the various native American tribes and
customs
Lewis and Clark
EARLY 19TH CENTURY
ECONOMIC AND
TERRITORIAL GROWTH
War of 1812
Britain vs. America
Causes of the War of 1812
1.
2.
3.
4.
The British were trying to
prevent U.S. merchants fro
trading with the French
The British forced captured
American sailors to serve in
the British navy.
The British were suspected
of giving military aid to
Native Americans fighting
to keep Americans from
settling on land in the west
The Americans wanted to
drive the British out of
North America completely.
Results of the War of 1812
1.
2.
3.
End of all American/British
hostilities.
Establishment of America
as a military force equal to
those of Europe
Americans became more
nationalistic after the
success in the War of
1812.
War of 1812
Monroe Doctrine
►A
warning issued by President James
Monroe to the nations of Europe not to
meddle in the politics of North and South
America
► The U.S. intended to stay neutral in the
politics and conflicts of Europe
► The U.S. would consider any military action
in the Americas to be a hostile act against
the U.S.
Eli Whitney
► Developed
the
cotton gin which
greatly reduced the
cost of processing
cotton and
increased profits
► Interchangeable
Parts- could be
replaced without
disposing of an
entire machine
REFORM MOVEMENTS OF
THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY
Women’s Suffrage
► Movement
in the early 1800s was led by
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Outspoken advocate for women’s full rights of
citizenship, including voting rights and parental
and custody rights
 Seneca Falls Conference (1848)- America’s 1st
women’s rights convention
►Adopted
a declaration of women’s independence,
including women’s suffrage (the right to vote)
Jacksonian Democracy
►A
period when the office of the presidency and
the executive branch became stronger in
relation to the Congress
► Greater emphasis on the rights of the common
man
► Suffrage was granted to all adult white males
► Politicians should be allowed to appoint their
followers to government jobs
► Favored Manifest Destiny- expand the U.S.
and its culture all the way to the Pacific Ocean
Other Reform Movements
Movement
Issue
Impact
Temperance
People should drink less
alcohol or alcohol should be
outlawed altogether
Increased the size of Protestant
religious organizations and their
influence in western and rural
sections of the country. Women
played an important role, which
laid the foundation for the
women’s movement
Abolition
Slavery should be abolished
and it should not be allowed
in new states
Made slavery and its expansion an
important political issue. Women
played an important role, which
laid the foundation for the
women’s movement.
Public School
All children should be
required to attend free
schools supported by
taxpayers and staffed by
trained teachers
Established education as a right
for all children and as a state and
local issue. Improved the quality
of schools by requiring trained
teachers.
GROWING NORTH/SOUTH
DIVISIONS LEADING TO THE
CIVIL WAR
The Abolition Movement
► William
Lloyd
Garrison
 White abolitionist who
was a writer and an
editor
 Founded regional and
national abolitionist
societies
 Published an
antislavery newspaper
Frederick Douglass
► Former
slave who
escaped
► Worked for Garrison
► Gave eloquent
speeches on behalf
of equality for
African Americans
Missouri Compromise of 1820
► Maine
was admitted as a free state and
Missouri was admitted as a slave state
► Slavery would be prohibited in the northern
part of the Louisiana Purchase except for
Missouri
Nullification Crisis
► Resulted
when southern states sought to
nullify (cancel) a high tariff Congress had
passed on manufactured goods imported
from Europe
► The tariff helped protect northern
manufacturers, but hurt southern plantation
owners
► South Carolina nullified the tariff
States Rights
► The
idea that states have certain rights and
political powers separate from those held by
the federal government that the federal
government may not violate
Mexican-American War
► Occurred
when the United States declared
the annexation of Texas
► United States occupied much of northern
Mexico
► Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- ceded
portions of Northern Mexico to the United
States
► Wilmot Proviso- New Mexico and California
territories acquired from Mexico would be a
free state with no slavery; did not pass the
House of Representatives
Compromise of 1850
► New
Mexico would be established by
carving its borders from the state of Texas
► All citizens would be required to apprehend
runaway slaves and return them to their
owners
► The slave trade would be abolished in the
District of Columbia
► New Mexico voters would determine
whether the state would permit or prohibit
the practice of slavery
KEY EVENTS, ISSUES, &
PEOPLE OF THE CIVIL WAR
Kansas-Nebraska Act
► Repealed
the Missouri Compromise of 1820
► Popular sovereignty (rule by the people)
would be used to determine whether a
territory would be slave or free
► Both pro- and anti- slavery groups hurried
to Kansas to create voting majorities;
violence erupted between the two groups
Dred Scott Decision
► The
Court state that
no African Americaneven free- could ever
by a U.S. citizen
► Congress could not
prohibit slavery in
federal territories
► The Missouri
Compromise of 1820
was unconstitutional
John Brown
► Famous
abolitionist who decided to fight
slavery with violence and killing
► Believed he was chosen by God to end
slavery
► Commanded family members and other
abolitionists to attack proslavery settlers in
Kansas
► Led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers
Ferry, VA and killed 7 people; convicted of
treason and hung
Abraham Lincoln
► Elected
president in 1860
► South Carolina voted to
secede (separate from)
the U.S. & were followed
by other southern states
and formed the
Confederate States of
American
► CSA attacked the U.S.
Army base at Fort
Sumter, SC
Emergency Powers Used by
Lincoln
► Suspended
habeas corpus (the legal rule
that anyone imprisoned must be taken
before a judge to determine if they are
being held legally)
► Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
(freed all slaves held in the Confederate
States)
Antietam (Sept. 1862)
► Antietam
Creek, Maryland
► 1st major battle on northern soil
► Deadliest one-day battle in American history
► Neither side won a victory
► Less’ failure to win encouraged Lincoln to
issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg (April 1863)
► Confederate
Gen. Robert E. Lee march
north to Pennsylvania
► Battle lasted for 3 days
► Deadliest battle of the Civil War
► Lee failed to show Britain and France they
should assist the Confederacy
► Lee gave up attempts to invade the Union
► Nov. 1863- Lincoln gave the Gettysburg
Address to dedicate a military cemetery at
the site of the battle
Vicksburg (May-July 1863)
► Union
Maj. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant laid
siege to Vicksburg, MS
because the army that
controlled its high
ground over a bend in
the Miss. River
controlled the river
► Union won and gained
control of the river
Atlanta (July-September 1864)
► An
important center of Confederate
manufacturing and railway traffic that was
captured by the Union Gen. William T.
Sherman
► Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground and
marched to the Atlantic Ocean
LEGAL, POLITICAL, & SOCIAL
ASPECTS OF
RECONSTRUCTION
Presidential Reconstruction
► Refers
to the plans laid out by President
Lincoln and carried out by President Andrew
Jackson
► Urged no revenge on former Confederate
supporters
► Purpose was to readmit the southern states
to the Union as quickly as possible
Radical Republican Reconstruction
► The
more laborious process of rejoining the union
that Congress required of the former confederate
states
► Southern states had to reapply for admission to
the Union
► Passage of 3 Amendments
 13th- abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
 14th- defined U.S. citizenship as including all persons
born in the U.S.; no citizen could be deprived of his
rights without due process
 15th- removed restrictions on voting based on race,
color, or ever having been a slave
Progress of African Americans
► Morehouse
College- university
established for African Americans in 1867
► Freedmen’s Bureau- helped former slaves
solve everyday problems by providing food,
clothing, jobs, medicine, and medical-care
facilities
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
► Occurred
because President Johnson
ignored laws passed by congress to limit
presidential powers
► Johnson missed being convicted by one
vote, therefore he was not removed from
office
Resistance to Racial Equality
► Black
Codes
 laws written to control the lives of freed slaves
 Deprived voting rights to freed slaves
 Allowed plantation owners to advantage of
black workers
► Ku
Klux Klan (KKK)
 Founded by veterans of the Confederate Army
to fight against Reconstruction
LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH
CENTURY INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH, BIG BUSINESS, &
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
Railroad and Chinese Labor
► The
federal government gave vast areas of
western land to railroad owners to lay tracks
to connect the eastern and western states
► Chinese Laborers did much of the work
because they were willing to accept lower
pay than others
John D. Rockefeller
► Founded
Standard Oil
Company
► Created a trust
(owned more than
90% of America’s oil
industry)
 Monopoly- a single
company that
controlled virtually all
the U.S. oil production
and distribution
American Federation of Labor &
Samuel Gompers
► American
Federation of Labor (AFL) was a
labor union
 Led by Samuel Gompers
 Goal was to use strikes to convince employers
to give workers shorter work days, better
working conditions, higher wages, and greater
control over how they carried out their
workplace responsibilities
Muckrakers
► Muckrakers-
journalists who investigated
and exposed political corruption, child labor,
slum conditions, and other social issues
 Upton Sinclair
►Wrote
The Jungle which exposed poor labor
practices and unsanitary conditions in the meat
packing industry
 Ida Tarbell
►Criticized
Standard Oil Company’s unfair business
practices; her findings contributed to the
government’s decision to break up the Standard Oil
Trust
Jim Crow Laws
► Segregation
laws that required separate
public and private facilities for African
Americans
► Resulted in inferior education, health care,
and transportation systems for African
Americans
► Plessy v. Ferguson- 1896 Supreme Court
decision that upheld the constitutionality of
Jim Crow Laws; “separate but equal”
doctrine
NAACP
► Founded
by a group who sought full social
and economic equality for African Americans
Progressive Reforms
► Progressives-
reformers who were inspired
to make improvements in America’s political
and social environment
 Initiative- collect voters’ signatures on an
issue to force the government to present the
issue to the voters
 Referendum- when the government present
the issue to the public for a vote
 Recall- the removal of public officials from
office before their term expires by the voters
 17th Amendment- Direct Election of Senators
U.S./FOREIGN RELATIONS
AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH
CENTURY
Chinese Exclusion Act
► Passed
after white workers were angered
that Chinese immigrants accepted low
wages for jobs whites had held
► Passed in 1882 and banned all future
Chinese immigration
Spanish-American War
► Began
after Spain refused to grant
independence to Cuba
► 1st battles of the war were fought in the
Philippines
 The U.S. Navy defeated the Spanish Navy and
the U.S. kept the Philippines as a territory until
1946
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine
► The
U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin
American countries in economic crisis,
whether or not a European power planned
to intervene
Panama Canal
► Built
because the
U.S. was seeking a
faster sea route
from the Atlantic to
the Pacific
► Opened in 1914
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF
WWI
Causes of World War I
► Balkan
Nationalism
 The Balkan people believed that Bosnia should be
part of a new Slavic state, but Bosnia was under
Austro-Hungarian control
 Russia secretly helped finance the assassination
of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (catalyst for WWI)
► Entangling
Alliances
 European nations made alliances with each other
to end conflict
► Militarism
Treaty of Versailles
► Ended
World War I
► Required Germany to pay for the damages
of the war (reparations)
U.S. Involvement in WWI
► In
1914, President Wilson wanted to
guarantee U.S. neutrality and keep the U.S.
out of the war
► Lusitania- luxury liner that was sunk by a
German submarine (U-boat); killed most
onboard including 100 U.S. citizens
► 1917- Germany resumed unrestricted
submarine warfare that endangered U.S.
trade and American lives
Great Migration
► The
movement of African Americans from
the South to the northeastern and midwestern cities to find jobs created by the
war
Fourteen Points & the League of
Nations
► Fourteen
Points- speech given by Wilson
in which he described ways to avoid future
wars
► League of Nations
 one of the Fourteen Points
 International peacekeeping organization
 The Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of
Versailles because of the League of Nations
 The U.S. never joined
th
18
► 18th
and
th
19
Amendments
Amendment- Prohibited the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors (alcohol)
► 19th Amendment- Gave women the right
to vote
KEY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
U.S., EUROPE, & ASIA
BETWEEN WWI AND WWII
Russia
► Russian
Soviet Union
Revolution
 Russia suffered military and economic failures
during WWI, which forced the Czar to step down
 Russia instituted a provisional government
 A party of soviets (councils of workers and soldier)
called the Bolsheviks and led by V.I. Lenin seized
power
► Stalin-
leader of the Soviet Union; took over
after Lenin’s death
 Five Year Plan- Plan to transform the Soviet Union
from an agricultural into an industrial economy
Fascism
► Fascism
 a political philosophy that emphasizes the state
over the individual
 Propaganda is used to convince the people that
a strong central government led by a dictator is
the way to economic and military success
 Opposition is suppressed by the threat of
violence
Benito Mussolini
► The
Fascist Leader
of Italy who rose to
power after WWI
Adolf Hitler
► The
Fascist leader of
the Nazi Party and
Germany
► Wrote Mein Kampf- a
book outlining AntiSemitism (hatred for
Jewish people), anticommunism, and the
right of superior
individuals to take
control
Hirohito
► The
Emperor of Japan
from 1926 to 1989
► His reign included
internal conflicts, the
invasion of China, entry
into WWII as an Axis
Power, the surrender
of Japan, and growth
into a modern
industrial power
Terms to Know
► Totalitarianism-
governments that control
every aspect of public and private life in the
country
► Police State- there is no “rule of law”
governing the actions of the government;
“law” is the same as the personal beliefs of
a country’s dictator
► Authoritarian Government- the leader
lacks real legitimacy and lacks charisma that
generates loyalty from the people
Communism and Socialism in the
U.S.
► Communism
 based on a single-party government ruled by a
dictator
 No private ownership; all property is owned by
the state
► Red
Scare
 the fear in the U.S. of international communism
which led to the government pursuing
suspected communists and socialists
 Led to new restrictions on immigration
Henry Ford
► Mass
productionprocess popularized
by Henry Ford in
which items can be
produced in a large
volume
 Led to the automobile
becoming a true
replacement for the
horse
U.S. Society
► Jazz-
combined themes and note patterns
developed by enslaved African Americans
with the syncopated rhythms worked out by
musicians in New Orleans
► Louis Armstrong- trumpet player and one of
the biggest stars of jazz
► Harlem Renaissance- celebrated African
American culture through words and song
 Langston Hughes- movement’s best-known poet
GREAT DEPRESSION & THE
NEW DEAL
Causes of the Great Depression
► Stock
Market Crash 1929- immediate cause
► Causes of the crashExcessive use of credit ( stock on the
margin)
Overproduction of consumer goods
Protective Tariffs ( high)
Unequal distribution of wealth
Weak farm economy- started in early ’20’s
Hoover & Great Depression
► Believed
in “Rugged Individualism”
► Hoovervilles
 communities of homeless people living in crates,
and shanties
 Blamed Hoover for not helping them
► 25%
of the population was unemployed
F.D.R. & New Deal
► The
New Deal was F.D.R’s plan to get America out
of the Depression
► T.V.A (Tenn. Valley Authority)- built dams and
power plants along the Tennessee River providing
jobs and electricity to rural areas
► Wagner Act ( National Labor Relations Act)
established collective bargaining for labor unions
and prohibited unfair labor practices
► Social Security- retirement, unemployment, and
disability ( Second New Deal)
Causes of WWII
► Imperialism:
Italy, Germany & Japan expand
throughout Europe & Asia.
► Nationalism
► Militarism
► Alliances: Allies ( Britain, France, U.S., USSR) &
Axis ( Germany, Japan, & Italy)
► Invasion of Poland 1939, started the war in
Europe
► Bombing of Pearl Harbor 1941 brought the U.S
into the war
American Neutrality
► U.S
did not want to be involved in another
global conflict
► U.S passed Neutrality Acts to keep us out of
the war
► Lend-Lease: Nine months before Pearl
Harbor the U.S (FDR) found a way to help
Britain. We loaned military equipment and
supplies to any nation (Great Britain) vital in
the defense of America.
War Mobilizations
► America
expanded the Selective Service Act (draft)
which began before Pearl Harbor
► The Women’s Auxiliary Corps (WACS) was started
► Women worked in the war industries ( Rosie the
Riveter)
► Japanese Americans were placed in relocation or
internment camps.
► America used mandatory rationing to conserve
goods
► Factories were converted from peace time to war
time production.
Major Events in WWII
► Holocaust:
Planned extermination of Jews and
other ethnic and minority people by Hitler’s Nazi
Party
► D-Day: Code name for Operation Overlord the
allied invasion of Nazi occupied France. This
marked the beginning of the Allied victory
► Manhattan Project: Project to build an atomic
bomb
► Los Alamos: Tested the atomic bomb
► U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Japan August,
1945 & Sept. 1945. Japan surrendered
WWII Conferences
► Teheran
& Yalta:
FDR, Stalin, & Churchill met to paln the DDay Invasion & the occupation of Europe
after the war.
Potsdam:
► Stalin, Atlee and Truman met at Potsdam to
plan for post war Europe and it is here
Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb.
Cold War
►
►
►
►
Marshall Plan: The European Recovery Plan was a plan to
loan 13 billion dollars to European countries to help them
recover from the war. The offer was made to all countries
that would make political reforms (not communist). The
Soviet Union and allies refused.
Western European countries & U.S. v the Soviet Union and
their satellites (sphere of influence)
Containment: The U.S foreign policy to stop or contain the
spread of Communism.
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization started after the
Berlin Airlift, collective security for western European
countries