Section 1.1
1. Biology:
The study of living organisms
2. Biosphere:
a complete ecological system, including all organisms and the
environment in which they live.
3. Biodiversity:
It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different
ecosystems.
4. Cell:
The basic unit of all living things
5. DNA:
A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information
6. Metabolism:
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in
order to maintain life.
7. Organism:
A living system
8. Species:
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals
capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
Section 1.2
1. Adaptation:
a change or the process of change by which an organism or
species becomes better suited to its environment.
2. Ecosystem:
a biological community of interacting organisms and their
physical environment, a complex network/ interconnected
system.
3. Evolution:
the process by which different kinds of living organisms are
thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms
during the history of the earth.
Section 1.2
4. Homeostasis:
The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of
balance or equilibrium within its internal environment.
Certain things can not fluctuate in the human body
without causing serious damage:
• Body temperature- must stay stable
• Blood level PH
• Sugar level
5. System:
A group of bodily organs that have similar structures or work
together to perform some function
Lab Vocabulary
1. Constant:
Does not vary
2. Data:
facts and statistics collected
3.Dependent Variable:
a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that
of another
4. Independent Variable:
a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not
depend on that of another.
5. Experiment:
an operation or procedure carried out under controlled
conditions
6. Hypothesis:
A proposed explanation made on the basis
of limited evidence
7.Observation:
Monitoring, watching
8.Theory:
An idea used to account for a situation or
justify a course of action. Most theories that
are accepted by scientists have been
repeatedly tested by experiments and can
be used to make predictions.
Scientific Method
(used in ALL laboratory
experiments)
LAB TIME!!
Coin Lab
Practice the Scientific
Method
1. Gene:
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to
offspring
2. Genomics:
molecular biology concerned with genetic mapping and
DNA sequencing of sets of genes or the complete genomes
of selected organisms
3. Molecular Genetics:
studies the structure and function of genes
4. Transgenic
an organism whose genome has been altered by the
transfer of a gene or genes from another species
5. Biotechnology: The use of microorganisms, such as
bacteria to perform specific processes; ex antibiotics.
Section 1.5
Eye piece
1. Microscope:
An optical
instrument
that uses a
lens or a
combination of
lenses to
produce
magnified
images of
small objects,
especially of
objects too
small to be
seen by the
unaided eye.
Body tube
Turrett
arm
Focus Obj
Low Obj
High Obj
Stage clips
Diaphram
Light source
stage
Course
adjustment
Fine
adjustment
Base
Microscope Lab
Virtual Microscope Lab
The Biosphere
Made up of ALL the living things AND all the places they are found:
LIVING THINGS
PLACES
Bacteria
Deserts
Protist
Grasslands
Fungus
Saltwater
Plants
Freshwater
Animals
The variety of life across the
biosphere.
Biodiversity generally
increases from the Earth’s
poles to the equator.
EQUATOR
Earth’s Rainforest
(Greatest variety and Highest
population of living organisms)
•
•
Consistent warm temperatures
Constant precipitation
More species can survive
in warm areas that offer
a larger and more
consistent food supply.
Species: A particular type of
living thing that can reproduce
by interbreeding among
themselves
•
•
•
•
•
•
GROW
__________
REPRODUCE
__________
R MADE OF CELLS
__________
METABOLIZE
__________
__________
EVOLVE
RESPOND
to ENVIRONMENT
__________
not only in size, but in development
essential for survival
smallest unit of life
breathing, eating, digestion, excretion
adapt and change with environment
to light, sound, temp, etc.
“GROMER”
Growth refers to an increase in some quantity over time.
The quantity can be physical (e.g., growth in height)
or abstract (e.g., a system becoming more complex,
an organism becoming more mature).
Members of a species must have the ability to
produce new individuals, (reproduce).
Through reproduction, organisms pass on their
genetic material
___________________,
(DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
egg
sperm and __________;
Combining of _______
DNA from ___
2 parents
Combination of ______
___________
One cell
from one parent divides into
identical
two cells. New cells have _____________
DNA
______ as original parent
SYSTEM
ORGAN
CELL
TISSUE
ORGANISM
All living things are made up of one or more cells
ENERGY
All organisms need a source of __________________
for
their life processes.
The form of energy that all organisms use is
CHEMICAL ENERGY
___________________________
SUNLIGHT
_______________
____________
FOOD
CHANGE IN LIVING THINGS OVER TIME
Evolution is the ________________________________;
GENETIC MAKEUP of a population of species.)
(Change in the _____________
How are the mouths of pythons adapted
to finding prey and swallowing large prey?
Besides having stiff spines that stick out from their bodies
and help protect them, these animals also have loose skin
under those spines and powerful back muscles. Why?
REACT
All organisms must _______________
to their
ENVIRONMENT
SURVIVE
__________________
to __________________.
LIGHT
__________________
TEMPERATURE
__________________
__________________
TOUCH
Describe biodiversity in terms of species
Describe the relationship between cells and organisms.
Cells are the smallest part of organisms.
(They make up organisms)
What characteristics are shared by all living things?
GROMER
Growth, Reproduction, Cells, Metabolize, Evolve, Reproduction
How does biodiversity depend on a species’ ability to reproduce?
Homeostasis
Literal Meaning: “Same Status/Condition”
Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.
Examples of conditions that require homeostasis:
TEMPERATURE
BLOOD SUGAR
ACIDITY
HYDRATION LEVELS
Why is homeostasis essential for living things?
What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection?
How is the process of natural selection involved in evolution?
STUDENTS DO NOT RETAIN THE INFORMATION
PRESENTED / TAUGHT IN CLASS
_________________________________________________
IF STUDENTS ATTACH SPECIFIC MEANING OR
ASSOCIATIONS WITH TERMS, THEN THEY WILL LEARN
THE INFORMATION
___________________________________________________
HAVE STUDENTS COPY A LIST OF 10 WORDS LABELED
___________________________________________________
“A” AND “B”. THE STUDENTS HAVE TO WRITE THE “A”
___________________________________________________
WORDS TWO TIMES WHILE FOR THE ‘B’ WORDS THEY
FIRST WRITE A WORD THAT THEY ASSOCIATE WITH
___________________________________________________
THE TERM AND THEN WRITE THE WORD ITSELF ONCE.
___________________________________________________
_____ TOTAL STUDENTS RECALLED ______ TOTAL
WORDS: ______ ‘A’ WORDS AND _____ ‘B’ WORDS
___________________________________________________
STUDENTS DO LEARN BETTER IF THEY MAKE
___________________________________________________
ASSOCIATIONS AND OR CONNECTIONS TO NEW
INFORMATION PRESENTED TO THEM
___________________________________________________
CONSTANT GROUP
1. Control group: ___________________
or the ‘thing’ that does not
change
a. _________________________________________
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
2. Variable: the “_______________________”
group or the “thing” that
changes
a. _________________________________________
1.
State the _______________
PROBLEM
observations
a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________,
(using ones senses to study the world)
2.
Create a ___________________(educated
guess)
HYPOTHESIS
a. A hypothesis is a ____________________________
for a
Proposed answer
scientific question
b. Should be an ___________
/ ___________
statement
IF
THEN
indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that
are anticipated
3.
4.
HYPOTHESIS
Test the ___________________
(experiment)
DATA
Evaluate ______________(results)
a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data
CONCLUSION
5.
Make a ____________________
a.
Hypotheses can be__________________
accepted
or _______________
rejected
in
the conclusion
Experiments are always ______________.
ONGOING
___________________
are developed once experiments have been
THEORIES
tested several times and end with the same _________________
Conclusion
What role do hypotheses play in scientific inquiry?
What is the difference between and independent variable and a
dependent variable?
How are hypotheses and theories related?
Give examples of different ways in which observations are used in
scientific inquiry.
Tools of biology
• Microscope
–
–
Compound
Light
Function
Magnifies up to…
1000X
_______ microscope
uses light.
__________
Stereo
_______microscope
light cannot pass.
40X
__________
dissection
(Also called “____________”microscope)
500,000X
–
Electron
________microscope
uses electrons
__________
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
eyepiece
Body Tube
Turrett
Arm
Focus Objective
Low Objective
Stage
High Power Objective
Stage Clips
Course Adjustment
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment
Light Source
Base
WORD BANK
Eyepiece
Fine adjustment
Ocular tube
Course adjustment
High power objective
Revolving nosepiece (“turret”)
Low power objective
Diaphragm
Focus objective
Light source
Stage
Base
Stage clips
Arm
4X
The focus objective focuses __________
10X
The low power objective focuses __________
40X
The high power objective focuses __________
.
10X
Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE that focuses __________
Therefore if you were using the high powered objective,
what would the total magnification be? ______________
Eyepiece X
10
________
X
High Objective
40
_________
= total magnification
400
= __________
times
That your body cells have
specialized functions?
Muscle cells: contract and relax
10,000 new species are discovered
each year.
However, it is estimated that over
50,000 species become extinct every
year
Stomach cells: Secrete digestive
enzymes
Brain cells: interpret sensory
information
That the lining of your nose is
actually a habitat for bacteria and
fungus. This means the lining of
your nose is part of the biosphere!
How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?
Viruses are smaller than cells. What types of microscopes could be used
to study them? Explain.
Provide and example of how technology has helped biologists gain a
better understanding of life.