Diversity Programs
• Oversimplification
• Helpful or harmful?
The Challenge
• To create justice and respect between
groups of people and between individuals at
a time when global migrations have
intensified and new community situations
have emerged.
Objectives
• Address issues of labor market discrimination
• Examine the economic and societal impacts of
differential treatment
• Address views from individual, organizational,
and societal levels
• Evaluate public policies created to “help” these
societal problems
Definition of Diversity
Changing Demographics of
Population
By the year 2050
–
–
–
–
–
52%
25%
13%
8%
1%
Diversity Facts
• Minorities now account for _____ for the
net growth of the nation’s labor force
• Women now comprise _____ of the labor
force
Facts Continued…
• Over the next 20 years the US population
will grow by 42 million people
–
–
–
–
47%
22%
18%
13%
Diversity…Not a new trend
• Miami is 2/3 ____________
• San Francisco is 1/3 _____________
• _______________ has minority majority
standing
Cultural Lenses
• Rigid Lenses
• Open Lenses
• “An individual may assume they understand
another person’s culture, but these
assumptions are usually what keep the two
apart”
Development of Multiculturalism
• Canadians
• Switzerland
Why do we need diversity
training?
Why study diversity?
• Increasing immigration patterns
• More women in the workforce
• Changes in civil rights legislation
Does it make a difference?
• “Diverse teams are more effective and
creative in an increasingly competitive
economy” Honoring Diversity in the Workplace
• “Development of the future workforce is a
critical issue for high tech companies. We
must find ways to remain creative and
innovative, and diversity of thought is
fundamental to creativity.”Rich Templeton,
Texas Instruments
Questions to address
• Why has the composition of the labor force
been changing so rapidly?
• What are the major diversity issues?
• How can we deal with these issues on a
professional level?
Examining the Intersection of
Gender and Work
Powell ix-xx
Women and Work
• Labor Force participation of women has
been expanding over the last several
decades.
• 1970 study
Female Labor Force Participation
Rates
• Definition:
• ________ in the 1970s
• ________ in 1998
• Male labor force participation rates decreased
from _________ during that same period.
• Why the change? Are men getting lazy???
Women are becoming more
numerous in what used to be
labeled “male jobs”
•Examples…
•How does this impact society?
The “Female Occupation Formula”
• Occupations which employ _______
women almost always have in common
certain characteristics that women seem to
find desirable
What are these characteristics??
Women may be in “male jobs”
but their wages are less then a
comparable male’s wage
WHY???
Discrimination
• By employer
• By other employees
• By the customer
Why women’s wages are less
cont.
Sex vs. Gender
Sex and Gender is not the whole
story
• Also must include
• Adds serious complications
Gender typecasts occupations
• Influences ________
• Influences _________ about that job and
the person within the job
Quarter Overview
• Gender’s impact on interviews
• Gender’s impact on job evaluations and
promotions
• Environmental changes due to changes in gender
composition
• Sexuality in the workplace
– Welcome, i.e. relationships
– Unwelcome, i.e. sexual harassment
– Same sex relationships
• Affirmative Action
Common Sense about the
“Other” (Essed p. 6-13)
• Who is the “other”?
• What is racism?
• What part did racism play in our society in
the past?
• What part does it play today?
Old vs. New Ideology
• Old: Not like because
• New: Not like because
How is racism transmitted?
What causes the problems in
society?
• Prejudice
• Discrimination
• Segregation
Prejudice
Two types of Prejudice
• Stereotypes
• Social distance
Discrimination
Four types of Discrimination
• Individual
• Direct Institutional
• Statistical
• Structural
Two ways discrimination can
take place
• Indirect
• Direct
Segregation
Men & Women’s Roles in
Society are Changing
• Past
Who has the power?
• Men and Women do have Physiological and
Psychological differences but why are
women seen as inferior?
• Ernestine Fried (anthropologist)
• Other Scientists
Men-Women Relationships
Through Time
Past to present
(Blau p 12-29)
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Horticultural Societies
Pastoral Societies
Agriculture Societies
Industrialization
Early “Traditional Family”
Early “Traditional Family” Cont.
• Woman working was seen by society as:
Why would people marry under
these circumstances?
• Gary Becker’s _________________
Comparative Advantage
• What is opportunity cost???
• Males – comparative advantage in???
• Females – comparative advantage in???
Producing and trading
• Two people: Elizabeth
and Brian
• Each produce two
goods: Bread and
Apples
• Elizabeth  10 loaves
of bread and 10 apples
• Brian  5 loaves of
bread and 15 apples
Elizabeth
Apples
Elizabeth
Bread
Brian Apples
Brian Bread
Comparative Advantage
• Should both produce apples and bread or should
they specialize?
• What does specialize mean?
– Looks at opportunity cost
• What was that?
What are the opportunity costs?
• Elizabeth
– If give up 10 apples how
much more bread can she
produce?
– If give up 10 loaves of
bread how many more
apples can she produce?
Elizabeth
Apples
Elizabeth
Bread
20
0
10
10
0
20
• Opportunity Costs
What are the opportunity costs?
• Brian
– If give up 15 apples how
much more bread can he
produce?
– If give up 5 loaves of bread
how many more apples can
he produce?
Brian
Apples
Brian
Bread
0
10
15
5
30
0
• Opportunity Costs
Should we specialize?
• Elizabeth

• Brian
• Who produces apples cheaper?
• Who produces bread cheaper?
Here is the deal
• Elizabeth produces only
• Brian produces only
• Trade 8 loaves of bread for 12 apples
• Breakdown of end result
– Elizabeth Bread?
– Elizabeth Apples?
• Brian Bread
• Brian Apples
• Are they better off??
Are they better off??
No
Specialization
or Trade
Elizabeth
Bread
Elizabeth
Apples
Brian Bread
Brian Apples
Specialization
and Trade
Gains from
trade
Why don’t marriages stay
together as much as in the past?
Divorce Rates of Selected
Countries
Country
Divorce Rate
U.S.
62%
Russia
34%
Canada
25%
China
8%
Japan
4%
Why did women begin devoting
more time to working after 1960?
Changes in Society overtime
• Marriage Bar (late 1800s until mid 1900s)
• Labor Force Participation of women has
consistently been increasing
• How have these changes impacted the
workforce?
II. Gender
and Other Identities
Powell pages 3-16
Remember: Sex vs. Gender
• Sex =
• Gender =
General Theory
• Men and women differ in nature so should
their roles in society
• Comes from:
Question
• If general theory is correct, how do men and
women differ beyond child bearing?
• Should humans of the male (female) sex
(biological) be forced to “act” as the male
(female) gender (psychological)?
– Time Magazine “His name is Aurora” 09/19/00
How do we examine gender?
• Examination?
• Questions?
• Set up a Model of gender…
Model
• What is this?
Uni-dimensional Model of
Gender
Problems with “simple” model
Earliest references to Male vs.
Female Worth
Biodimensional Model
(Sandra Bem pages 155-162)
Bio-dimensional Model cont.
Gender-Role Identity
• A person with both male and female traits is
said to be ________________
• Remember --- PSYCHOLOGICAL NOT
PHYSICAL
How measure?
Your Personal Qualities
• “The measure of psychological androgyny”
– Sandra Bem
• BSRI includes both male and female
characteristics based on society’s standards
of desirable behavior for men/women.
Your personal qualities cont.
• Measure is a function of the difference
between the endorsement of the masculine
and feminine characteristics
• Score determines the gender type
orientation of the individual
Findings
Is the Bio-dimensional model
broad enough?
• Many researches argue ____________
Are the definitions of male and
female gender correct?
• Some argue definition is ______________
• Why?
Do more positive things happen
to men?
• Research has shown more positive
outcomes are associated with being male
and ______________________
• Less distinction is made with
______________________________
Are we clear
on
Sex and Gender?
When do we use Sex vs. Gender?
• Sex –
• Gender –
Now want to expand this
understanding to other races and
cultures
• Gender is easy to examine
• People differ within genders as well as
within races and cultures
• Research on “other races” are
predominately on white/black differences
Is Race and Gender really
important?
• Much emphasis within society on treating
people equal
• Is all this hype helping or increasing the
problem?
Advertisements
• Advertisements convey
___________________________________
___________________________________
• Several stereotypes of women’s roles occur
regularly
Advertisements cont.
• Men have stereotypes as well
• Women’s jeans advertisements emphasize
____________________________
• Men’s jeans advertisements emphasize
________________________________
Advertisement cont.
• Why the difference?
• What about the addition of race and culture?
Subtle stereotyping
•
•
•
•
•
Functional ranking
Relative size
Subordination
Feminine touch
Family
How does the media contribute?
Findings
• Where do stereotypes come from?
Adding in Race, Culture and
Ethnicity (Powell 17-36)
What is the definition of
minority?
• Anyone except white men???
• People differ not only within genders but
within races
• Most research is on white/black differences
Race
• What is your race?
• What is my race?
• How did you make this assessment?
Race cont.
• Although physical markers combined with
ancestry are used as the base for assigning
race, scientists have concluded that there is
NO basis for the use of race as
____________________________
• IQ tests
IQ tests
• Indicates?
• Average is ___________
• Average difference between whites and
blacks is ____________ points
• Measures __________________
Problems
• How much you know depends on your
_________________________
• If control the ________________ IQ
differences between the races decreases to
___________________
• Race is ___________________
IQ tests continued…
• The cops have put Tony, Uncle Junior, Silvio, Paulie
Walnuts, and Livia in a lineup, standing in spots numbered
1 through 6 from left to right. There’s one empty space.
Livia is the third person from the left. Tony is to Uncle
Junior’s immediate left. If Paulie Walnuts stands in space
6 with no one beside him, where is Silvio?
• Seven years ago Jack was three times as old as Jill. If Jack
is now five years older than Jill, how old is he?
– (a) 12-1/2 (b) 13 (c) 13-1/2 (d) 14-1/2 (e) 15
STANDARDIZED TESTS:
Do They Measure Minorities Fairly?
SAT is a ____________ that has come
under fire for being _________ in ways
that preclude many minority students from
achieving high scores.
Standardized test have been used to measure:
INTELLIGENCE DEFINED
R. J. Sternberg defined intelligence as
consisting of
____________________________________
_____________________________
(Sternberg, 1984)
Intelligence Defined...
Sternberg identified three types of
intelligence:
P.M. Greenfield in her Model of the Variability in
Human Intelligence made two points:
•
RACISTS ORIGINS
_____________ first devised the IQ Test in
____________to identify children with low
academic aptitudes that may need special
schooling.
He specifically stated
_______________________________________
Racist Origins...
Members of the ______________ societies
______________Binet’s intention and
claimed that scores on the instrument
provided ___________________________
Eugenics
• The study of hereditary improvement especially
human improvement by ___________________
• Believe in _____________
– Why???
Racist Origins...
Therefore, the eugenicists said, the test
could identify
___________________________________
Racist Origins...
In 1912, Henry Goddard used the standardized
test to “scientifically prove” that:
• ______ of Jews
• ______ of Hungarians
• ______ of Italians
• ______ of Russian”
Were ____________ (Fallows, 1980)
Racist Origins...
In 1914, R.A. Ross and other eugenicists
used the statistics provided by mental testing
to campaign against integration of:
Racist Origins...
Carl Bringham, designer and developer of the
SAT, articulated the following:
“The army mental test has proven
beyond any scientific doubt that, like
the American Negroes, the Italians,
and the Jews are ineducable. It would
be a waste of good money even to
attempt to try to give these born
morons and imbeciles a good AngloSaxon education, let alone admit them
into our fine medical, law, and
engineering graduate schools. (Kamin,
1974).
DOES THE SAT MEASURE
MINORITIES FAIRLY?
African Americans tend to score
____________________ Whites on
intelligence tests.
A furious debate over the meaning of these
discrepancies has scientist examining the
scores to determine the differences
between the races.
HEREDITARIAN STANCE
The hereditarians strongly argue for
•
Some site __________
• Others maintain ______________
• Propagates idea _______________
• Researchers conclude ___________________
African Americans and European Americans
ENVIRONMENTAL STANCE
In direct opposition to hereditarians,
environmentalists argue that the discrepancy
between scores is __________________
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
The Importance of Education on Intelligence Testing
THE EVIDENCE
Waco School District
Given a white failure rate of 37 percent
what can we expect for the failure
rates of blacks?
SAT Scores vs. Income
Test scores go up with ____________
They also improve with _________________
Both trends are observed within all ethnic and
racial groups.
But before you blame ________________ status
for test score gaps consider this:
SAT Scores vs. Parental Education
Some argue that social position, access to libraries,
and the opportunity to take vacations may cause the
gap in scores. However, consider this:
ECONOMIC COSTS
Are the tests biased??
Should we stop the SATs?
• University of California says __________
• Question: What does it measure???
• Biased against _____________________
Changes in IQ
Country
IQ
United States
Increased 24 points since
1919
Britain
Increased 27 points since
1942
Argentina
Increased 22 points since
1964
What is causing these increases??
• Twin study
• Environmental influence on genetics accounts
for the rest
Is Race Psychological or
Biological?
Now add Race and Gender…
• Story becomes more complex
Wage differentials between men
and women
White
40%
Asian
22%
Hispanic
15%
African
American
11%
Interaction of Race and Gender
• Additive effects
• Interactive effect
• Both additive and interactive
Double Jeopardy
Now add in culture
• How do you define a person’s culture?
• Is this accurate?
Race, culture, and ethnicity
• Each is a distinct part of an individual
• Within society many use these terms
interchangeably
• Can you define the three distinctly?
Race, culture, ethnicity
• Race:
• Culture:
• Ethnicity:
Differences???
• Culture has ___________________
• Everyone (minority or majority) has
___________________
Ethnicity can change views
• Men and women views
• If didn’t look at ethnicity
_________________________-
Ethnicity actually highlights
the problems with generalizing
across groups
**These generalizations can lead to important
facts about the society being studied being
missed**
To better understand discrimination and
workplace issues we NEED to consider
GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY AND
CULTURE!
Do we need diversity??
(Daly p. 88-102)
• Society keeps telling us ___________
• What is diversity?
Diversity refers to…
•
•
•
•
•
Ethnicity
Racial origin
Sexual orientation
Gender
But also…
What does the firm want to
achieve?
• Does diversity increase this?
• Example: Do women run the airlines??
The changing organization
The changing organization cont.
• Middle management cut out
• Workplace is now a community
• Is the airline industry a community?
Benefits of the “Community”
feeling
Problems with lack of diversity
• Public welfare
• Need for evaluation and accountability
• Stereotyping professions
Why doesn’t everyone diversify?
Changes in the Labor Market in
the past 30 years
Gender Equity Versus Equality
• Equality
• Equity
Impacts of changing workplace
• Women are seen as flexible in their working
lives
• Women are seen as more attractive
employees
Changing view of management
• Past:
• Present/Future:
Division of Labor between work
and household responsibilities
• Old ideology:
• Problems:
Gender Gap in Earnings
• Since 1955 earnings has been tracked to see
if there is a “__________________”
Important Points
• If gender gap = 64%
• Must be ___________________
How calculate???
Example
• Female wage = 24561
• Male wage = 32472
• Gender earnings ratio?
• Gender wage gap?
How has the earnings ratio
changed?
• Relatively constant at __________
• Early 1980s decreased to ________
• Increased steadily since then to _______ in
1994
• 1999 the gap was calculated as _______
Important things to remember
• Increases in the the gender earning ratio
could also mean ______________-
Why the variation?
How does wage vary with…
• Education?
• Age?
Earnings ratio and Age
Why the difference?
How vary by race?
• Same basic pattern as white workers exists
for Hispanic and Asian workers
• Education influences differ by gender
within the race
Goal
• See what is
• Evaluate why they are there
Remember
• Female-Male earnings ratio must be
between two __________ people with
____________ to say anything about the
number
• Why?
If compare OVERALL male and
female wages…
• Gap looks bigger than it actually is
• Why??
%female
Managers
31.8
Earnings
ratio
60
Physicians
20.7
51.5
Insurance
Salesmen
35.1
56.7
What appears true…
% female
Earnings
ratio
Registered
nurses
94.4
88.2
Librarians
80.3
81.3
Secretaries
98.7
90
So what is the deal??
• BUT…labor force participation of women
has been increasing, so why hasn’t the
earnings ratio increased faster?
Men??
• Why do these types of jobs have a higher
pay scale?
• How are wages determined??
The Labor Market
• Who demands labor?
• Who supplies labor?
Law of Demand
Labor Demand Curve
• Graphical representation of the labor
demand schedule
• Why type of relationship do you expect
wage and number of workers to have?
Wage
40
30
20
10
DL
10
20
30 40
Number of Workers
Law of Supply
Labor Supply Curve
• What type of relationship do we have
between wage and number of workers?
SL
Wage
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
Number of Workers
Auction
Model
But…
• There is only one price where SL=DL
• This is called the _______________
• The market is always working towards this
wage
Scissors and economics?
• Alfred Marshall compared Supply and
demand to a pair of scissors
What determines the wage?
Wage
SL
DL
Number of Workers
Equilibrium
• Also called the market clearing wage
At Disequilibrium can have…
• Shortage
• Surplus
Wage
Moving to Equilibrium
SL
DL
Number of Workers
Moving to Equilibrium
• If we have a surplus, wage must _______ to
get to equilibrium.
• If we have a shortage, wage must _______
to get to equilibrium.
What about earnings ratios in other
countries?
Australia
Earnings ratio Earnings ratio
1975
1994
80
86
Denmark
83
83
Korea
47
52
Japan
49
43
Why the difference?
• Labor force structure
• Occupation sex structure
• Degree of modernization
• Gender ideology
What can explain the differences?
• Two theories…
• Individualist theory
Types of Individualist Theories
• Neoclassical Theory
Does work effort by men and
women differ on average?
So…why are women are in the “low
wage” occupations??
• Remember the female occupation formula??
Atrophy
• How many of you took 5th grade math?
• It was claimed that the shepherd was the shepherd of
2000 sheep. The shepherd exclaimed, "I am not the
shepherd of two thousand sheep!" Pointing to his
flock, he added, "If I had that many sheep plus
another flock as large as that, then again half as
many as I have out there, I would be the shepherd of
two thousand sheep." How many sheep were in the
shepherd's flock?
Second Individualist theory
• Status Attainment
If true…
• Why is the gender gap decreasing???
• Are women now making different (better)
choices?
Institutionalist Theory
Types of Institutionalist theories
• Labor market segmenting theories
Second type
• Occupation Segregation
Wage
Ls
Wage
Ls
W1
W1
Ld
1
# workers
Firm Discriminates
Ld
1
# workers
Firm does not Discriminate
Third type of Institutionalist
theory
• Statistical discrimination
Recent
developments
in the labor market
Blau (pages 235-242)
What has changed the wage gap?
Real vs. Nominal Prices
•
How convert??
• Looks at how a cost of a ___________
purchased in some _________ changes over
time
• Percent changes in the CPI measure
________
• How do you calculate a percent change?
Example
• 1970 CPI = 38.8
• 1999 CPI = 167
• Was there a little or much inflation??
• Milk prices were $1.05 in 1999 and $0.65 in
1970
• Was milk more expensive in 1999?
CPI
* PRICE
CPI
• What is 1999 milk in 1970 dollars?
• What was 1970 milk in 1999 dollars?
• What is a real wage?
• What is a wage?
What is a ECONOMIC reason
for the wage gap?
• Would you expect an editor to get paid
$100,000? A neurosurgeon?
• What is the difference?
Human Capital
• How does it relate to skill level?
• How does it relate to wage?
How does HC relate to women
and wage gap?
• Why isn’t wage gap closer to zero?
Losses to men are gains to
women
• Wage gap decreased when middle
management began to be cut out
Averages are deceptive
• 4 student’s exam grades: 100,75,73,69
• Throw out 100
What makes up the wage gap??
Are differences in wages due
SOLEY to discrimination?
Lifetime Labor Force
Participation
What is payment for HC??
Important Points
• If only look at return to HC
______________________________
• If look at ________________ see CHOICE
brings about return differences
What types of choices come out
of this?
• If you don’t expect to work as many years
do you get as much HC?
• Atrophy
• How do these decision affect wages?
Atrophy
Uncle Henry was driving to Halifax when he spotted a big
green gorilla on the side of the road. He screeched to a
stop, jumped out of his car. He saw the outline of a
number on the gorilla. He couldn't quite see the number,
but he knew it was a 4 digit number. And:
1) He remembered seeing a number 1.
2) In the hundred's place he remembers the number is 3
times the number in the thousand's place.
3) He said the number in the one's place is 4 times the
number in the ten's place.
4) Finally he said the number 2 is sitting in the thousand's
place.
What is the number?
So…
• Wage gap is greater because of
_______________between men and women
NOT ________________
• Second reason…
Now…
Differences in Occupations and
Earnings
Where does gender difference in
earnings come from?
• We will deal with the less subjective one
first
Why might men’s and women’s
tastes for occupations differ?
• Reasons?
• How do these reasons affect wage?
• What are some problems with trying to
identify differences in “tastes” between men
and women?
• What about innate ability?
Are differences due to choice or
societal discrimination?
• What is societal discrimination?
• How does it shape actions and ideals?
More direct way to look at
differences…
• Human Capital
• How does physical capital differ from
human capital?
Physical vs Human Capital cont.
• Why does the government give so much
money to students???
• Why don’t banks readily give students
money for college??
Why do men and women gain
different amount of education?
• Men and women equally likely to finish high school
• Men are more likely to go to college
• Men are most likely to complete all four years of
college in sequence
Table
• Differences small (1-3%) at High
School Level
• 4-6% at the college level
• Less high school drop outs in 1995
than 1970
• Higher probability of attending at
least some college in 1995 than 1970
Differences by Race
• Overall pattern similar to white trend
• Blacks and Hispanics vs. white
Attainment is only half the story
• Beginning in high school…
• Girls…less natural science and mathematics
• 1972 – girls took 20% fewer semesters in
these subjects than boys
• 1992 – girls took 98% as many as boys
Trends
1965-66
1992-93
% women
% women
Engineering
0.4
15.8
Economics
9.8
29.8
Business
8.5
47.2
Architecture
4
35.2
So…
• Gap appears to be closing
• Men and women appear to be choosing
similar disciplines but earnings differentials
still exist
Why does education increase
wage?
• Where does the productivity come from?
• What “types” of productivity?
• So does education act as a signal to your
potential employer?
• What types of signals?
How do employers “choose”
employees?
• Use a screening device
• Problem is ______________
• Resume and References
Review…
• Men and women differ as to investment in
human capital and major area of study
Socialization
Children’s games and movies
• Do stereotypes still exist???
• Videos
• Barbie and GI Joe
Barbie in the 60’s
Barbie in the 70’s
and 80’s
Barbie in the 90’s
GI Joe in the 80’s and 90’s
GI Joe in 2001
Social Influences
• May not be explicit but influential in
shaping behavior
– Examples?
• Shapes our ideas of what masculine and
feminine traits “should” be
What does this influence?
• Male or female?
• If you expect a certain type of person and
get the opposite your experience may be
changed (+ or –)
So isn’t this discrimination?
• Title IX of the Educational Amendments (to
the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
• What does it do?
• Why is the government able to DICTATE this
type of provision in this area?
• Provision excludes
Applies to all educational
institutions
•
•
•
•
Higher education –
Exempt are single sex school
Major impact on ___________
Virginia Military Institute and Citadel
On the Job Training (OJT)
• Formal
• Informal
• Job Specific
• General
How differ between the genders?
• Male’s OJT __________ Women’s OJT
• Why?
• Women have less experience than men
• 1966 women averaged 3.45 years less than men
• 1991 women averaged 2.23 years less than men
• Difference but narrowing
Sex Segregation of Occupations
•
•
•
•
•
Second reason for the wage gap
What was the first??
Basic “male jobs”
Basic “female jobs”
Not all people in these professions are Male
(Female) but a large % --- Why??
Why do we see this segregation?
Three aspects of sex segregation
How do we break up
occupations?
• How you break up can skew the number
and the interpretation
• Example:
Findings
• Male jobs –
• Female jobs –
• Management
Recent trends
• 1997 – __________ of women would have
had to change occupations to be distributed
in the same manner of men
• Index of Segregation was ___________
• Even though women have been breaking
into “male jobs” we still have inequality
Question
If we rid sex segregation will we have
gender equality in earnings??
How compare to other countries?
• Japan
• Sweden
So…
• __________ can play a role in occupational
choice
• Occupational segregation seems to be
decreasing
– New problem:
• Table
Gender
Bias in
Interview
Evaluation
Men and women are in different
levels of the same job
•
•
•
•
What was that called?
Is it differences in HC?
Is it discrimination at the hiring level?
Questions to address:
– To what extent does gender bias occur?
– What variables moderate the effect of applicants gender
on interviewers judgments?
– How does this discrimination take place?
– How does research methods affect findings?
Extent of problem
• Subjective research so extent of problem is
not agreed upon
• 0-4% of gender difference
• What is the gender bias?
Variables
• Applicant characteristics
• Recruiter characteristics
• Situational factors
How does discrimination take
place?
• Questions posed to candidates
• Do you plan on having children?
• Are you married?
Research Methodology
• Real interviewer information vs. case study
interviewer
• Simulated Applicants
• 20 methods used in an attempt to see how
discriminatory the interview process can be
• Why so little agreement???
What characteristics are looked at?
• Attractiveness
• Weight
• Dress
• Sexual orientation
• Communication Skills
Recruiter Characteristics
• Demographic similarity
• Conservative vs. liberal
Situational Factors
• Higher probability of being hired if
• Interviewer has “ideal” prototype in mind
Gender qualities
• Feminine
• Masculine
Studies
• Hiring in restaurants
• Hispanic males vs. Anglo with similar labor
market qualifications
Findings
• Anglo more likely to be successful
• Hard to access if the discrimination is on
the employer, employee, or customer level
• Employer is carrying out the discrimination,
but the motive is unclear
Gender Group
Composition
And
Work Group
Relations
How does the workforce change
when the composition changes?
• What could happen if employees are not
happy (satisfied) with their job?
• Look at how the environment changes if the
percentages of females (males) in the
workplace changes
Abstract way to look at
workforce
• Asking “what if”…
• Look at variables such as:
Which shape you find most appealing.
Consider both form and color?
Personality Types
• Type A
• Type B
Free and spontaneous life; thrive on change
Take charge type of person; put little faith in luck
And more in your own deeds
What could be the outcome of this team?
Free and spontaneous life; thrive on change
Willing to accept risks for interesting and varied
Work. Routine has a paralyzing effect on you
What could be the outcome of this team?
Does Personality Matter?
• Dealing with Productivity
• Men and women have different personalities
• Different proportions of men and women will
alter the environments of the workplace….but
how???
• 5 theories
Similarity-Attraction Behavior
Social Contact Perspective
Limitations
• Focus:
Two aspects of social
differentiation
Does size help environment?
• Problem
Findings
Group Competition Perspective
Two types of relationships
Economic Resources cont.
• Why??
• What would be considered success?
• Economic term for ultimate outcome of
success??
• But…if not successful what happens once
minority group grows?
Political Power
Political Power cont.
• What would happen to discrimination as
minority size increases?
• Does this discrimination ever decrease as
size of minority group increases?
• Alliance
With Group Competition…
• Minority group
• Dominate Group towards minority group
Social Identity Perspective
Self Interest
• Goal:
• What feeling are towards members of your
group?
• Members of other groups?
Application
• Small number of women
• As number of women increase
Relative Deprivation Perspective
Who is the comparison group?
• Depends on the group composition
• High % of men?
• High % of women?
Summary
Students
• More female teachers
• Less female teachers
Which approach is correct?
Now…
Homosexual and Bisexual
Individuals
What part of the population is
homosexual or bisexual?
•
•
•
•
Population =
Homosexual or Bisexual population =
Or about _______
Very unlikely that you will never come in
contact with a person from this group
• Will you know???
Statistics
• 1992
• 1996
– Why is there still verbal and physical violence
then?
– Why does a homosexual relationship not
receive the same benefits as a heterosexual
relationship?
Why does sexual identity have
such a large impact?
• This is just ONE characteristic of a person.
• Normal perception ________________
• Slang terms…
Why are people heterosexual?
• Biological or Societal??
• Four stages of the “gay process”
Challenges faced by homosexual
and bisexual individuals
• Homophobia
• Invisibility
• Discrimination
Homophobia
• Four types
Homophobia cont.
• Tied to culturally appropriate and
sanctioned gender and sexual identities
• Homophobia is towards anyone who
violates these culturally sanctioned norms
even if not homosexual
• May result in sexual harassment
Workplace
• Provides setting for all four types of
homophobia
• Why??
• How??
What does homophobia result in?
Impacts on homosexual
• Remain “in the closet” (at least in the
workplace)
• Why?
Does concealing lead to
problems?
Problem
• Two sides of workplace policies
How does discrimination take
place?
So…
• Double Jeopardy again
• Double with…
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gender
Race
HIV status
Disability
Ethnicity
Culture
Protection Legislation
• Federal Legislation was attempted
– What was the aim?
– Why did it fail?
• 25% of Fortune 1000 companies have some
policy that prohibits homosexual
discrimination
Is Legislation Fair?
• Homosexuals must sign affidavit
Sexual
Harassment
Powell 263-280
and
Essed 46-56
Is this really a problem?
• Estimates
• Recent issues
– Anita Hill vs. Clarence Thomas
– Paula Jones vs. Bill Clinton
Two part
• Objective
• Subjective
Legal side
• Person must ____________ he/she was
treated adversely
• Problem – Sexual harassment means
different things to different people
• What is the definition of reasonable?
What is Sexual Harassment?
• Can be answered in from three views
Individual
Conceptual (behavioral)
Conceptual (behavioral )cont.
• When does sexual harassment become a
problem?
Legal
U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
legal definition
•
Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for
sexual favors and other verbal or physical
conduct of a sexual nature is sexual
harassment if:
1. Explicit or implicit term or condition for
employment
2. Yes or no influences important decisions
3. Conduct interferes with work performance
creating a hostile, intimidating or offensive
working condition
Two types
What “causes” Sexual
Harassment?
• Individual perspective
– What causes an action to be labeled as sexual
harassment?
Organization of firm can also
play a role…
Why are men usually the
initiators?
How do courts prove sexual
harassment?
How do people (the firm)
respond to sexual
harassment??
Immediate or Overtime?
How many actually report?
• ________________
• Why so low??
What should be the response of
firm?
Consequences of Sexual
Harassment
• Three types
Same Sex Sexual Harassment
• Normal Assumption
• Same Sex Sexual Harassment
How do these differ?
• Workplace romance
• Sexual Harassment
• Which do you think comes first?
How are race and ethnicity
influenced by Sexual Harassment?
• Why is there an influence?
“To know what is not acceptable
one must first know what is
acceptable given the
circumstances”
Examples
• Denise
– 25 year old African-American woman
• Angela
– 28 year old Hispanic woman
• Is there a racial and gender undertone going on??
• Are some races more prone to sexual harassment?
Identification of Sexual
Harassment
Romantic
Relationships in
Organizations
Where have you seen depictions
of romances in the workplace???
Good or Bad???
Questions???
• Why do we crave this information?
• Why is there little research on workplace
romances??
• Why should (if they should) organizations
be talking about it???
Why should it not be allowed?
Examples of banning
relationships
• Wal-Mart
• U.S. armed forces
• Air Force
What may these relationships
cause?
Why is this problem growing?
Romantic vs. Other Relationships
• Romantic
• Other types
Main difference
• No argument that organizational
relationships should exist
• Many arguments that romantic relationships
shouldn’t exist
Qualifications for a Romantic
Relationship
What leads to romantic
relationships?
• Intimacy
• Passion
• Decision/commitment
Three stages of workplace
relationships
Proximity
• Two types
What influences whether or not
to begin relationship?
What do individuals receive from
relationship?
• Job motives
• Ego motives
• Love motives
What are the risks?
Change in participants
How should firm respond?
• Three ways to respond
• Conservative firm
Important question…
If firm is not affected explicitly by
relationship should we intervene?
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

  


 
The Government and Equal
Opportunity
What does equal mean?
• Definition
• Are all workers the same???
• Do we rather want fair treatment?
• Definition of fair
Why do we attempt legislation to
promote equal opportunity?
Drawbacks of Equal Opportunity
Legislation
Equal Pay Act of 1963
• What is equal work?
Title VII of the Civil Right Act
(1965)
• Original
• Amendments
• Who does it cover?
• Who oversees actions?
Affirmative Action (a preview)
Translations of Title VII have
changed overtime
• Beginnings
• Current
Two Types of Discrimination
• Disparate Treatment
• Disparate Impact
Disparate Impact is Illegal even if
not intentional
• Beginnings
• Current (1989)
How effective are the policies?
• Equal Pay Act
• Title VII
Affirmative Action
• Goal
• Refers to
Important points
Two Views
What is the Government’s role?
Problems
Who are the target groups
• African Americans
• Hispanic Americans
• Asian Americans
• Native Americans
• White Women
How does it differ from other
anti-discrimination policies?
Is Affirmative Action in other
Countries?
• Japan
• Russia
• Belgium
What are the effects?
Ramifications?