1. Pareto Analysis
2. Fish Diagram
3. Gantt Chart
4. PERT Diagram
5. Job/Worksite Analysis Guide
Pareto Diagram
When is it used and what results will be obtained?
Please refer to the table on next slide for the usage and
benefits of a Pareto diagram. It is mainly used to prioritize
matters, and because of its easiness of use, the diagram is used
in a wide variety of fields.
Pareto Diagram
Method
Usage
Used to identify and
prioritize a problem.
Pareto Diagram Used to review the effects of
(No. of Occurrences)
an action taken.
Used to prioritize
actions.(Used during
phases to monitor the
situation, analyze causes,
and review effectiveness
of an action.)
Result
Allows clarification of
important tasks.
Allows identification of
a starting point (which
task to start with).
Allows projection of the
effects of a measure to
be taken
Cause & Effect Diagram
1. What is Cause & effect Diagram ?
A cause and effect diagram is “a fish-bone diagram that presents a
systematic representation of the relationship between the effect (result)
and affecting factors (causes).”
Solving a problem in a scientific manner requires clarification of a cause
and effect relationship, where the effect (e.g., the result of work) varies
according to factors (e.g., facilities and machines used, method of
work, workers, and materials and parts used). To obtain a good work
result, we must identify the effects of various factors and develop
measures to improve the result accordingly.
Cause & Effect Diagram
When is it used and what results will be obtained?
A cause and effect diagram is mainly used to study
the cause of a certain matter. As mentioned above,
the use of a cause and effect diagram allows
clarification of causal relation for efficient problem
solving. It is also effective in assessing measures
developed and can be applied to other fields
according to your needs.
Cause & Effect Diagram
Method
Usage
Cause and Effect
Diagram
Man
Effect
Machine
Material
Cause (4M’s)
Used when
clarifying a cause
and effect
relationship.[Used
during a phase to
analyze causes.]
Method
Result
(Controlled State)
 Used to develop
countermeasures.
[Used during a phase to
plan countermeasures.]
Result
Can obtain a clear
overall picture of
causal relation. (A
change in the cause
triggers a variation in
the result.)○
Can clarify
the cause and effect
relationship.
Can list up all
causes to identify
important causes.
Can determine the
direction of action
(countermeasure).
Cause & Effect Diagram
Smudges on the
copied surface
Internal devices not
working smoothly
Quality of
Copying Paper
Malfunction of
the roller
Printing too
lightly
Running out
of stock
Too thin
Dampened
Folded
Deterioration of
Error in
performance due
placement of
to high
paper (setting
temperatures
its face up)
Keyboard handling
error
Error in selecting a
scale of reduction
User
Error in
selecting
shading
Nicotinestained
Dirt on the
glass
surface
Dust
Surrounding
Environment
8
Many Copying Errors!
Mechanism of
Copying Machine

Gantt Charts
› Useful for depicting simple projects or
parts of large projects
› Show start and completion dates for
individual tasks

PERT Charts
› PERT = Program Evaluation Review
Technique
› Show order of activities or
dependencies between activities
TE = 11
TE = 20
2
6
TE = 5
1
5
5
TE = 14
TE = 23
8
1
6
4
TE = 12
3
2
TE = 19
TE = 22
6
7
5
3
Task. A project has been defined to contain the following list of activities along
with their required times for completion:
Activity
No
Activity
Expected
completion time
1.
Requirements collection
5
-
2.
Screen design
6
1
3.
Report design
7
1
4.
Database design
2
2,3
5.
User documentation
6
4
6.
Programming
5
4
7.
Testing
3
6
8.
Installation
1
5,7
a. Draw a PERT chart for the activities.
b. Calculate the earliest expected completion time.
c. Show the critical path.
Dependency
12
a.
Draw a PERT chart for the activities.
Using information from the table, show the sequence of activities.
2
1
5
8
4
3
6
7
b. Calculate the earliest expected completion time.
1. Using information from the table, indicate expected completion time for each activity.
TE = 11
TE = 20
2
6
TE = 5
1
5
5
TE = 14
TE = 23
8
1
6
4
TE = 12
2
TE = 19
TE = 22
3
6
7
7
5
3
2. Calculate earliest expected completion time for each activity (TE) and the entire project.
Hint: the earliest expected completion time for a given activity is determined by summing the
expected completion time of this activity and the earliest expected completion time of the
immediate predecessor.
Rule: if two or more activities precede an activity, the one with the largest TE is used in
calculation (e.g., for activity 4, we will use TE of activity 3 but not 2 since 12 > 11).
c. Show the critical path.
TE = 11
TE = 20
2
6
TE = 5
1
5
5
TE = 14
TE = 23
8
1
6
4
TE = 12
3
2
TE = 19
TE = 22
6
7
5
3
The critical path represents the shortest time, in which a project can be completed. Any activity
on the critical path that is delayed in completion, delays the entire project. Activities not on the
critical path contain slack time and allow the project manager some flexibility in scheduling.
15
1. Operation Process Chart (OPC)
2. Flow Process Chart
3. Flow Diagram
Operations Process Chart
By superimposing the route
sheets and the assembly chart,
a chart results that gives an
overview of the flow within the
facility. This chart is operations
process chart.
Flow Process Chart
This chart uses circles for
operations, arrows for
transports, squares for
inspections, triangles for
storage, and the letter D for
delays. Vertical lines connect
these symbols in the
sequence they are
performed.
Flow Diagram
It depicts the probable
movement of materials in
the floor plant. The
movement is represented
by a line in the plant
drawing.