Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)
•Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
•Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French
•Almost allied with England and went to war with France
to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
•Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
•Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of
Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to
put into practice in a “realistic world”.
President Jefferson’s
1st Term
•
•
•
•
•
Judiciary Act of 1801
Tripolitan War 1801-1805
Treaty of San Ildefonso
Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark
Essex Junto (Northern Confederacy)
Significance of case???
• This case established the principle of judicial
review
▫ The Supreme Court is the sole interpreter of the
Constitution
▫ It can declare laws unconstitutional
• This greatly expands the power of the Supreme
Court (Judicial Branch)
• Helps establish the judicial branch as an equal
branch to legislative and executive branches
Who is John Marshall?
• Chief Justice that presided over case
▫ Served 34 years (1801 – 1835)
• Ideas to remember with John Marshall
▫ He helped increase the power of the Federal
Government
▫ Decisions helped promote business and the
economy
▫ Federal Government became more powerful at the
expense of the state governments
Barbary raids
1801: Pasha of Tripoli
was not happy with his
share of dollars
Informally declared war
on US.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched
navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom
for American sailors.
Small gunboats used with some
success in Tripoli
Jefferson interested in their cost
savings.
“Mosquito fleet” of 200 small
gunboats constructed.
War of 1812: these boats would prove to
be ineffective.
Expansion of the United States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45
•1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
•Because of pressure from the west and national security
threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
•Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans
•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England
•Since Napoleon was at war with
Great Britain he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for $15
million
•Needed the money for his war with
Great Britain
•Jefferson purchased Louisiana
Territory for $15 million, about 3
cents an acre
•Doubled the size of the US
•Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood
shed.
•Butttttt… was it Constitutional…
Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal
secretary Meriwether Lewis and army
officer William Clark to explore north
Louisiana
Corp of Discovery: 28 men who
accompanied Lewis/Clark.
Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of
Indians, overland trail to Pacific
President Jefferson wanted to find the
Northwest Passage
United States’ claim to the Pacific
Northwest
4.3.I.A
Secretly forming a political pact
with some radical New England
Federalists.
Burr planned to win the
governorship of New York in 1804.
Unite that state with the New
England states, and then lead this
group of states to secede from the
nation
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in
opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
Angered by an insulting
remark attributed to
Hamilton,
Burr challenged the
Federalist leader to a duel
and fatally shot him
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the
Federalists of their last great leader and earned
Burr the enmity of many
In 1806, Burr planned to
take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with
Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the
conspiracy and ordered
Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on
Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr
Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):
These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping
and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated
the Continental System, which closed European ports to
ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree
authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping
vessels trying to trade at British ports.
Orders-in-council
British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-incouncil passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of
sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports
from which Britain was excluded unless they first went
to Britain and traded for British goods.
Impressment
An act of kidnapping
a ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your navy
1806: England closed ports
under French control to
foreign shipping (incl. US),
seized US ships & impressed
Americans.
Napoleon ordered seizure of
all merchant ships that
entered British ports.
•1806, Chesapeake was a
US merchant ship 10 miles
off the coast of Virginia. A
British ship in the region
ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the
Chesapeake before it
surrendered
•3 Americans were killed,
18 wounded and 4 sailors
impressed
Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion
was to go to war with the British.
•Jefferson’s
response to the
Chesapeake Affair
was the Embargo
Act of 1807….
•Short of war,
Jefferson
attempted to
defend our
neutrality by
stopping all
American exports
to the world.
President James Madison
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the
Embargo, which forbade American trade with all
foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France
and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or
French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced
by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
1810 - Opened trade with all nations, including Britain
and France. If France or Britain agreed to respect our
rights as a neutral, then we would close trade with the
other country.
•Freedom of the seas
•Impressment
•Defend our self interest
-British forts
-Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
-Desire for Canada
-No respect from British
Madison brought the US into this war to defend the
neutrality of the US.
Would this be a violation of President Washington’s
policy of keeping the US out of war and neutral?
•US unprepared for
war.
•Failed invasion into
Canada.
•Blockade hurt US
economy…
Naval Battles


Almost rented Portugal’s Navy
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval
battle of the war



After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We
have met the enemy and they are ours”
Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain
which resulted in a British retreat
US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812
Dolly Madison escaped
from White House and
took many pieces of
art, furniture from the
White House before the
Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of British destroyed it.
August 1814 … freak hurricane saves the day
U.S. Flag which flew
over Fort McHenry to
inspire Francis Scott
Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner.
September 13th, 1814
•Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
•Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
•Andrew Jackson
becomes the next big
war hero.
•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S.
The Treaty of Ghent



War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814
Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of
peace
 A halt to the fighting
 The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders
 Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and
the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
4.3.II.B
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances
& find solutions to their problems:
•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong
enemy
•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade
was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade
around the Atlantic coastline of US
•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the
war
•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
“Era of Good Feelings”
UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
•Born in Virginia in 1758,
•Attended the College of William and Mary,
•Fought with Continental Army
•Practiced law in Virginia.
•Elected United States Senator
•Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.
•Elected President in 1816 and served from
1817 to 1825.
•Era of Good Feelings
•Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe •Boston Manufacturing Co. (4.2.I.A)
•Samuel Slater
•Lowell and Waltham (4.2.I.A)
Spirit of Nationalism in US
patriotism or national oneness
Country is united, confident, and growing
1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican party… not the
current one
Respect from Europe
Monroe first president to visit all states.
Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good
Feelings” had began.
But, time period was not free of problems.



Cultural Nationalism
 Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society
from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah
Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
Economic Nationalism
 Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political
movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy-------AMERICAN SYSTEM
Political Nationalism
 Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court decisions
support the concept of national government over the states.
(4.3.III.A)
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana
Purchase to apply for statehood

Threatened balance of power in Congress



11 free states
11 slave states
The Tallmadge amendment




prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri
All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state
would be freed at the age of 25.
Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
The North controlled the House, and the South had enough
power to block it in the Senate.
After months of heated
debate in Congress,
Henry Clay won majority
support for 3 bills that
represented a
compromise



Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
Maine was to be admitted as a free state
In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude
3630', slavery was prohibited
Election of 1820
Monroe 2nd Term
• Pushes the American
System (4.2.III)
p Tariff of 1816
p Second Bank of the
U. S.
p Internal improvements
at federal expense.
- National Road
Henry Clay’s
American System
“Despite some governmental and private efforts to
create a unified national economy, most notably the
AMERICAN SYSTEM, the shift to market production
linked the North and Midwest more closely than
either was linked to the South.” (4.2.II.B)
Congress’s attempt to unite the US
•National transportation system of
roads, canals, steamships and rivers.
Provide economic growth
•Americans buying American goods
•American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry
•Tariff of 1816
2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy
•Rechartered in 1816
The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by
authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a
minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West
demanded transportation
•Help unite the
country as well
as improve the
economy and
the infant
industry….
•Because of the
British
blockade
during the War
of 1812, it was
essential for
internal
transportation
improvements.
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense
Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President
Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led the US
to declare the Americas off-limits to
Europe
US recognized
existing European
Colonies
US will stay out of
European affairs
Monroe
Doctrine
US protector of new
democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
No European
Colonization in the
Americas
NORTHEAST
•Business and
Economy Manufacturing
Leader
Daniel Webster
____________
__________
•Wanted Tariffs
Role of
•Backed
internal
Government improvements
•Wanted end to
(4.2.II.A)
cheap public
land
(4.2.III.C)
•Increasingly
(4.2.III.E)
nationalistic
•Against Slavery
and believed the
U.S. Govt. must
abolish it.
SOUTH
•Cotton growing
Economy
•John C.
Leader
Calhoun
__________ _____________
•Opposed tariffs
Role of
and government
spending on
Government
American
System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any
steps of the U.S.
Govt. to try and
abolish it.
WEST
•Frontier
Economy
agriculture
Leader
•Henry Clay
_____________
__________
•Supported
internal
Role of
improvements
Government •Wanted cheap
land
•Loyal to the
U.S. Govt.
•Against
slavery but
some supported
letting the
people decide
the slavery
issue
(4.1.I.A)
New parties
AFTER ELECTION OF 1824
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Political world changed during the New Democracy. Two new
political parties emerge
NATIONAL REPUBLICANS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Adams, Clay and Webster
strong national govt.
Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal
improvements, industry, public schools
and moral reforms such as prohibition of
liquor and abolition of slavery.
Best/privileged run the govt.
DEMOCRATS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Jackson and Calhoun
Believed in state’s rights and federal
restraint in economic and social affairs.
Favored the liberty of the individual and
were fiercely on guard against the inroads
of privilege into the government.
Protected the common man.
Jackson’s Top Ten
10. Andrew Jackson was the first President
from a state west of the Appalachian
Mountains.
9. Andrew Jackson was the first Tennessean
to serve in the U.S. House of
Representatives.
8. Andrew Jackson was the first territorial
Governor of Florida.
7. Andrew Jackson was the first person to
serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator,
and President.
6. Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power
12 times as President, more than all of his
predecessors combined.
Jackson’s Top Ten
5. Andrew Jackson was the first President to
articulate that as President he represented
all the people and the will of the majority
must govern.
4. Andrew Jackson helped found and was the
first U.S. President to represent the
Democratic Party.
3. Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President
to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The
censure (official criticism) was cancelled in
the last year of his presidency.
Jackson’s Top Ten
2. The first assassination attempt on a sitting U.S.
President occurred on January 30, 1835, when
Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew
Jackson.
1. Andrew Jackson was the only President in
American History to pay off the national debt
and leave office with the country in the black.
Jackson
st
1
term
Jackson vs. Biddle
Other Events
• Jefferson-Jackson
Day Dinner
• King Andrew
• Eaton Affair
•Peggy (O’Neal) Eaton was the wife of
Jackson’s secretary of war (John Eaton)
who was the target of malicious gossip
by other cabinet wives
•Jackson became her “champion” and
stood up for her because of what
happened to his late wife, Rachel….
•When Jackson tried to force the cabinet
wives to accept Eaton socially, most of
the cabinet resigned.
•VP Calhoun resigns and goes back to
South Carolina.
•Jackson creates the “kitchen cabinet”
which were informal advisers, Jackson’s
“good ole boys”.
Webster
Harrison
The Hudson River School
Characteristics of the
Hudson River School
“A new art for a new land.”
Issues/Themes
Addressed by the
Antebellum Artists
►
What is America?
In Nature’s Wonderland
Thomas Doughty, 1835
View of the Catskills, Early Autumn
Thomas Cole, 1837
The Course of Empire: The Arcadian
or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole, 1836
Washington Crossing the Delaware
Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze
Samuel Slater was the
"Father of the American
Factory System."
•Built first textile mill in 1793 in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
•Born in England on June 9, 1768
and worked in British factories.
•Slater came to US to make his
fortune in the textile industry.
•Slatersville Mill was the largest and
most modern industrial cotton mill
of its day
The Lowell Mills (4.2.I.B)
• Americans beat the British at their own
game, made better factories
• Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”)
came over here to build British factories
met up with Boston mechanic, Paul
Moody
– Together they improved the mill and
invented a power loom that revolutionized
textile manufacturing
Women & the Economy
• 1850: 10% of white women working for pay
outside home
– Vast majority of working women were
single
– Left paying jobs upon marriage
• “Cult of domesticity”
– Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker
• Empowers married women
– Increased power & independence of women in
home led to decline in family size
Workers & Wage Slaves
• With industrial revolution, large
impersonal factories surrounded by slums
full of “wage slaves” developed
• Long hours, low wages, unsanitary
conditions, lack of heat, etc.
–Labor unions illegal
• 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were
children under 10
Workers & Wage Slaves
• 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers
•
•
Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions
Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions
• 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher
wages or 10-hour day
•
1837 depression hurt union membership
• Commonwealth v. Hunt
•
Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they
were peaceful
• Helped expand slavery because of the need for
cotton (4.2.II.A)
1. The Second Great
Awakening (4.1.II.A)
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the
Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum &
Penal Reform
Women’s
Rights
Temperance Movement (4.1.II.A)
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
Temperance Movement
• The most significant reform movements of the
period sought not to withdraw from society but
to change it directly
• Temperance Movement — undertook to
eliminate social problems by curbing drinking
– Led largely by clergy, the movement at first focused
on drunkenness and did not oppose moderate
drinking
– In 1826 the American Temperance Society was
founded, taking voluntary abstinence as its goal.
•Lyman Beecher
•Neal Dow
•Lucretia Mott
•Anti-Alcohol movement
•American Temperance Society formed at Boston-----1826
• sign pledges, pamphlets, anti-alcohol tract
10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
•Demon Drink
•stressed temperance and individual will to resist
The Drunkard’s Progress
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
Penitentiary Reform
(4.1.II.A)
Dorothea Dix
(1802-1887)
1821  first
penitentiary founded
in Auburn, NY
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
“Father of
American Education”
The McGuffey Eclectic
Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality,
hard work, sobriety)
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
“Liberation from understanding and
the cultivation of reasoning.”
“Transcend” the limits of intellect
and allow the emotions, the SOUL,
to create an original relationship
with the Universe.
Transcendentalist
Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Nature
(1832)
Self-Reliance
(1841)
“The American
Scholar” (1837)
Henry David
Thoreau
Walden
(1854)
Resistance to Civil
Disobedience
(1849)
Utopians
(4.1.II.A)
Hawthorne
The Oneida Community
New York, 1848
Millenarianism --> the 2nd
coming of Christ had
already occurred.
Humans were no longer
obliged to follow the moral
rules of the past.
• all residents married
John Humphrey Noyes
(1811-1886)
to each other.
• carefully regulated
“free love.”
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
Anti-Slavery Movement
(4.1.II.B)
• American Colonization
Society 1816
– Liberia
• Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad
William Lloyd Garrison
(1801-1879)
e Slavery & Masonry
undermined republican
values.
e Immediate emancipation
with NO compensation.
e Slavery was a moral, not
an economic issue.
e The Liberator-1831
Black Abolitionists
David Walker
(1785-1830)
(4.1.III.C)
1829 --> Appeal to the Coloured
Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than
wait to be set free by whites.
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life
Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”
Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)
“Moses”
e Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
e $40,000 bounty on her head.
e Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
Women’s Movement (4.1.II.A)
“Separate Spheres” Concept
Republican Motherhood evolved into
“Cult of Domesticity” (4.1.III.B)
e A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a
refuge from the cruel world outside).
e Her role was to “civilize” her husband and
family.
e An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman
who gives up that dependence on man to become a
reformer yields the power God has given her for
her protection, and her character becomes
unnatural!
Early 19c Women
1. Unable to vote.
2. Legal status of a minor.
3. Single  could own her own
property.
4. Married  no control over her
property or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.
6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court
without her husband’s permission.
Women’s Rights
• World Anti-Slavery
Convention-1840
• Mott
• Stanton
• Seneca Falls
• Declaration of
Sentiments