Supplementary Table 1: Phyto-constituents detected in C. forskohlii methanolic extracts and their generalized significance
Phytoconstituent
Alkaloids
Amino acids/ Proteins
Anthocyanins
Anthraquinones
Cellulose
Coumarins
Flavonoids
Glycosides
Lignin
Phenols
Phlobatannins
Quinones
Reducing sugars
Importance
Protect plants against herbivory and microbial attack, attract insects for pollination, act as
CNS stimulants/ depressants, analgesics, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-spasmodics, vermifuges,
aphrodisiacs, anti-tumor, immune-modulatory, antioxidants
Involved in virtually all biological processes. Most bio-chemical reactions are catalyzed by
proteins (enzymes), transportation of ions and molecules, possess hormonal activity,
reception and transmission of signals and stimuli, regulation of gene expression, control
growth and differentiation of cells, provide structural support to cells
UV screens, protection against oxidative damage, important components in human nutrition,
upholds balanced physiological status of tissues
Anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, purgative, treatment of gout,
rheumatism, leukemia
Structural component of plant cell wall
Anti-coagulant, anti-tumour, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial,
enzyme-inhibitory
Act as screening pigments, antioxidants, phytoalexins, and allelochemicals defending plants
from herbivores and pathogens, possess anti-viral, anti-allergic, anti-stress, and estrogenic
activity, cardio-protective, reduce platelet aggregation, reduce ischemic damage, antibiotic,
antiallergic, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, and antiinflammatory agents, inhibit lipid peroxidation
Regulate heartbeat via regulation of cardiac muscle contraction, anti-proliferative, antiinflammatory, treatment of lung-, stomach-, rectal-, and colon cancers
Structural component of plant cell walls, serve as mechanical support for the plant, water
transport channel (xylem vessels), defense mechanism against pests and pathogens
Revert brain damage and age-related cognitive disorders, antioxidant, repair DNA radical
anions, involved in plant growth and reproduction, provide resistance to pathogens and
predators, protect crops from disease and pre-harvest seed germination, Anti-angiogenic, anticarcinogenic, reduced risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease
Responsible for wound-healing properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic
antibiotic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-proliferative, and cytotoxic effects
Sources of carbon and energy, signaling molecules, involved in plant defense responses
against biotic and abiotic stresses, regulate plant innate immunity, carbon transport molecules,
References
Tadeusz, 2007
Cozzone, 2002
Olsson et al, 1999; Ross and
Kasum, 2002
Duke, 1985; Cai et al, 2006;
Huang et al, 2007
--------Riverio et al, 2010
Bravo, 1998; Kim et al 2008;
Hernández et al, 2009;
Nambiar et al 2010; Agati et
al, 2012
Mithen, 2006; Denny and
Buttriss, 2007
Boudet, 2000
Ross and Kasum, 2002;
Sperandio et al 2002; Singh et
al, 2008; Willis et al, 2009;
Dai and Mumper 2010
Wadood et al, 2013
Babula et al, 2009
Halford et al, 2011; Bolouri
Moghaddam and Van den
Saponins
sources for the synthesis of other biomolecules (such as proteins and polysaccharides)
Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, anti-tumor and anti-cholesterol activity, antiinflammatory, anti-neoplastic, regulate body immunity, assist in digestion
Steroids
Control membrane fluidity and rigidity, reduce plasma cholesterol levels, anti-cancer agents;
integral components of plant cell membranes responsible for their permeability, fluidity, and
stability; anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and cholesterol-lowering
Tannins
Commonly found combined with alkaloids, polysaccharides and proteins, treatment of skin
bleeding, diarrhea, inflammation, cancer, possess anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties and cause accelerated blood clotting,
reduced blood pressure and reduced serum lipid levels
Fragrance giving compounds, antibacterial, anti-neoplastic, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of
cholesterol synthesis,
Terpenes
Ende, 2012;
Daniel, 2006; GüçlüUstündağ and Mazza, 2007;
Bernhoft, 2010; Man et al,
2010
Piironen et al, 2000; Shi et al,
2004; Delgado-Zamarreño et
al, 2009; Posé et al, 2009;
Woyengo et al, 2009
Chung et al, 1998; Cai et al,
2004; Han et al, 2007
Paduch et al, 2007;
Yamunadevi et al, 2011
Supplementary Table 2: Some pharmacologically important constituents detected via GC-MS analysis of phyto-extracts of control and
s-UV-B treated Coleus forskohlii leaves and roots.
Compound Name
Trimethyl citrate
Lauric acid
Myristic acid
Methyl palmitate
Phthalic acid
Palmitic acid
Methyl stearate
1-Nonadecene
1-Octadecene
Pharmacological Importance/ Medicinal Applications
Antimicrobial, additive in ointments to treat skin damage due to
UV-B, preparation of antibacterial toothpaste
Treatment of giardiasis, antimicrobial, treatment of androgenetic
alopecia (hair loss)
Treatment of androgenetic alopecia (hair loss), derivatives
effective against African trypanosomes
Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, hemolytic, vasodilator (acts as
retina-derived relaxing factor), cytotoxic
Antimicrobial, anti-tumor
Antibacterial, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, prevents
atherosclerosis
Cyto-toxic, anti-diarrheal, anti-proliferative
Anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial
Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial
9-Eicosene
Cembrane
1-Triacontanol
β-Sitosterol acetate
Stearic acid
Behenic alcohol
Podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-ol
Trimethyl trans-aconitate
Oleic Acid
Hydromorphone TMS
derivative
1-Heptacosanol
Antimicrobial, cytotoxic
Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor
Anti-cancer, inhibits cholesterol synthesis
--------Hypocholesterolemic, cardio-protective
Antiviral, antimicrobial
--------Derivatives show anti-fungal activity
Anticancer, lowers blood cholesterol
---------
Prednisone
Treatment of ulcerative colitis
Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, nematicidal
Reference
Raman and Natraj, 1992; Bae and Lee, 2003; Liu,
2004
Nakatsuji et al, 2009;; Mccoy and Ziering, 2012;
Aly et al, 2013
Doering et al, 1994; Mccoy and Ziering, 2012
Lee et al, 2010; Reddy et al, 2013; Basu et al,
2014
Jain et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014
Jain et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014
Kuppuswamy et al, 2013; Reddy et al, 2013
Renukadevi et al, 2011; Kuppuswamy et al, 2013
Lee et al, 2007; Mishra and Sree, 2007; Kumar et
al, 2011
Hsouna et al, 2011; Mulyono et al, 2013
Yang et al, 2012
Singh et al, 2006; Deng et al, 2013
--------Kelly et al, 2001
Gunalan et al, 2014; Ranganathan, 2014
--------Milewska et al, 2012
Rickman, 2004; Win, 2005
--------Renukadevi et al, 2011; Venkata Raman et al,
2012
Mahadevan, 2004;
Dehydroabietic acid
Cyclotetracosane
Dianhydromannitol
Cadina-1,4-diene
Cubenol
Antibacterial
α-amylase inhibitory activity
Antimicrobial
α-Cubebene
Myristaldehyde
7-Hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol
Selina-6-en-4-ol
α-Amorphene
(+)-Ledene
Squalene
Antifungal
δ-Cadinene
β-Cadinene
Calacorene
Calamene
Phloroglucinol
Calarene epoxide
Neophytadiene
Dehydroabietylamine
1-Nonadecene
1-Octadecene
β-Carotene
Cholesteryl myristate
--------Antibacterial, antifungal
--------Mycotoxin
--------Antimicrobial, antioxidant
Oxides have antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities
Antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, chemopreventive,
sunscreen, immunostimulant, lipoxygenase-inhibitor, regulates
cholesterol metabolism
Antimicrobial, cadinene-containing oils induce hepatic P450
enzymes increasing drug metabolism in the liver
------------------------Anti-neoplastic, anti-tumor
Odorous compounds of essential oils
Antifungal, antibacterial
Derivatives have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-cancer
activities
Antifungal, antibiotic
Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial
Singlet oxygen quencher and free radical scavenger, anti-cancer
One of the cholesteryl esters responsible for diseases such as
atherosclerosis and arterial blockage in humans
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH
T0011828/?report=details
Gu et al, 2012
Rosa et al, 2012
Rajeswari et al, 2012
--------Solis et al, 2004; Kordali et al, 2005; Vieira et al,
2009
Siddiqui et al, 2013
--------Glenn, 2007
--------Nayak et al, 2014
Markovic et al, 2008; Zhang et al, 2008
Kelly, 1999; Kadoma et al, 2006; Huang et al,
2009; Thanga Krishna Kumari et al, 2012
Hiroi et al, 1995; Pérez-López et al, 2011
------------------------Biljali et al, 2012; Kwon et al, 2012
Opstaele et al, 2013
Jualang et al, 2013
Wilkerson et al, 1993; González, 2014
Kuppuswamy et al, 2013; Gunalan et al, 2014
Lee et al, 2007; Mishra and Shree, 2007
Young et al, 1997; Krinsky and Johnson, 2005
Janiak et al, 1979
Tetrahydroedulan B
1-Heptacosanol
Odorous compound
Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, nematicidal
Lilial
Fragrance compound, estrogenic activity in human breast cancer
cells
Inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes
Useful in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for cancer,
antimicrobial, muscle-relaxant
--------Antiviral
Antinociceptive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
Antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant
Camazulene
τ-Cadinol
Cadalene
Behenic alcohol
9-Hexacosene
1-Eicosanol
Calcitriol
Methyl oleate
Methyl stearate
Di-N-octyl phthalate
9-Tricosene, (Z)Lignoceric alcohol
1,54-Dibromotetrapentacontane
Methyl behenate
Lupenone
Ferruginol
Seitz, 2012
Lee et al, 2007; Mishra and Shree, 2007; Venkata
Raman et al, 2012
Charles and Darbre, 2009
Treatment of uremic hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure,
inflammatory breast cancer, cervical cancer
Cytotoxic, weak carcinogen
Cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, anti-proliferative
Anti-venom for snake bites, antimicrobial, anti-fouling
Odoriferous compound
--------Antimicrobial, antifungal
Ganzera et al, 2006
Zygmunt et al, 1993; Doughari, 2006; Takei et al,
2006; 2008
--------Paramanantham and Murugesan, 2014
Githinji et al, 2011; 2012
Sombié et al, 2013; Dhanalakshmi and
Manavalan, 2014; Paramanantham and
Murugesan, 2014
Quarles et al, 1988; Borazan et al, 2003; Avila et
al, 2010; Schaefer et al, 2012
Arffmann and Glavind, 1974; Phang et al, 2013
Kuppuswamy et al, 2013; Reddy et al, 2013
Ibrahim et al, 2012; Grover and Patni, 2013
Okwu and Ighodaro, 2009
--------Tambekar et al, 2014
--------Tripanocidal activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-malarial, cardio-protective,
anti-plasmodial, leishmanicidal, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-cancer
--------Prachayasittikul et al, 2010; Jin et al, 2012;
Polanco-Hernández et al, 2013; Xu et al, 2014
Wang et al, 2002; Koch et al, 2006; RodríguezDíaz et al, 2013; González et al, 2014
Supplementary Table 3: Some pharmacologically important constituents detected via GC-MS analysis of essential oil extracted from
control and s-UV-B treated Coleus forskohlii leaves and roots.
Compound name
Tricyclene
α-Pinene
Terpinen-4-ol
Pharmacological Importance/medicinal applications
Responsible for antioxidant activity of oil
Antitusive, expectorant, antioxidant, anticancer, genotoxic, antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, lipophilic, diuretic, immunostimulant, anticonvulsive, sedative, anti-stress, hypoglycaemic, capable of expelling
xenobiotics, anticholinesterase activity
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, reduction of plasma cholesterol, major
constituent of nutmeg oil which is used to treat gastric disorders and as
hypnotic and aphrodisiac
Anti-depressant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
lipophilic, active against osteoclasts, antioxidant, sedative
Blocks metabolic activation of some promutagens, induction of liver
monooxygenases, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative,
muscle relaxant, anti-depressant, affects the permeability of cell
membranes, odoriferous
Dissolves cholesterol-containing gallstones, chemopreventive against
cancers, supports healthy peristalsis, relieves heartburn; anti-angiogenic
Retards peroxidation of linoleic acid
Antidiarrhoeal activity, flavouring compound
Antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, central
and peripheral antinociceptive activity
Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer
Decanal
Antimicrobial, used in fragrances and flavouring
Bornyl acetate
Cubenene
Cyclosativene
α-Copaene
Antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory
--------Antioxidant, antigenotoxic, anticancer,
inflammatory
d-Camphene
β-Pinene
Myrcene
Limonene
γ-terpinene
Nonanal
Borneol
hepatoprotective,
Reference
Neda et al, 2010
Mercier et al, 2009; Gairola et al, 2010;
Aydin et al, 2013
Gill, 1992; Vallianou et al, 2011;
Quintans-Júnior et al, 2013
Mercier et al, 2009; Guzmán-Gutiérrez et
al, 2012
De-Oliveira et al, 1997a, b;
http://www.medicaljane.com/2013/04/13/te
rpenes-terpenoids-what-are-they-what-dothey-do/
Lu et al, 2004; Sun et al, 2007
Foti and Ingold, 2003
Zavala-Sánchez et al, 2002
Shunying et al, 2005; Kumar et al, 2010;
Almeida et al, 2013
Calcabrini et al, 2004; Carson et al, 2006;
Mondello et al, 2006; Loughlin et al, 2008
Bamoniri and Mazoochi, 2009; Mahboubi
and Feizabadi, 2009
Wu et al, 2004; Singh et al, 2011
Lee et al, 2012; Unnithann et al, 2013
--------anti- Turkez et al, 2014
Guaia-1-10, (11)-diene
γ-Gurjunene
N-decyl acetate
Maaliene
α-cis-Bergamotene
β-trans-Bergamotene
Sesquisabinene
α-Humulene
β-Farnesene
Cubebol
β-Bisabolene
Germacrene-B
β-Sesquiphellandrene
Selina-3,7 (11)-diene
β-Guaiene
+/- Trans-nerolidol
(Z)-Valerenyl acetate
8-Propoxycedrane
Epicubenol
Zingiberenol
Muurolol
Intermedeol
τ-Cadinol
Juniper camphor
10,12,14-Nonacosatriyonic
acid
Dibutyl phthalate
Manoyl oxide
Dehydroabietane
Derivatives are tripanocidal
Saeidnia et al, 2013
--------------------------------Sedative
Takemoto et al, 2009
------------------------------------------------Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory
Fernandes et al, 2007; Hadri et al, 2010
Antimicrobial
Simionatto et al, 2007
Flavour providing compound
Velazco et al, 2000
Anticonvulsant
Orellana-Paucar et al, 2012
Antimicrobial, insecticidal
Bamoniri and Mazoochi, 2009
Antiviral
Denyer et al, 1994
--------------------------------Fragrance compound with antitumor, anti-ulcer, antioxidant, anti- Arruda et al, 2005; Campli et al, 2012;
bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-leishmanial, and antischistosomal activities, Mathew and Britto, 2012; Ma et al, 2014;
inhibits the growth of Babesia parasites, treatment of pediculosis
Silva et al, 2014
Antibacterial, antifungal
Nene, 2014
----------------Anti-fungal
Takao et al, 2012
----------------Antimicrobial
Cheng et al, 2004; Okoh et al, 2007
Treatment of leukemia, mosquito repellant
Jeong et al, 2002; Cantrell et al, 2005
Useful in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for cancer, antimicrobial, Zygmunt et al, 1993; Doughari, 2006;
muscle-relaxant
Takei et al, 2006; 2008
--------------------------------Antimicrobial, anti-fouling agent
Rajeswari et al, 2012
Antibacterial
Demetzos et al, 2002
The compound and its derivatives have anti-tumor, antibacterial and anti- González et al, 2010; Fallarero et al, 2013;
Phytol
(11E,13Z)11813-Labdadien8-ol
E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene5,14-diol
1,5,9,9-Tetramethylspiro[3.5]nonan-5-ol
Pentacosane
Retinol
Cholesta-5,7,22-trien-3-β-ol
Ferruginol
Hexacosane
Triacontane
Sabinene
Eucalyptol
Camphor
1-decanol
allergenic activities
Antibacterial, decreases blood cholesterol, anticancer, diuretic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antinociceptive, anti-allergic, immunostimulant,
food-additive, treatment of arthritis
---------
Shuaib et al, 2013
Yoshihiro et al, 2005; Ogunlesi et al, 2009;
Shanthi and Gowri 2012; Sermakkani and
Thangapandian, 2012; Santos et al, 2013;
de Moraes et al, 2014;
---------
---------
---------
---------
---------
----------------Vision, bone growth, reproduction, maintenance of epithelia
E-Siong, 1995
----------------Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-malarial, cardio-protective, anti- Wang et al, 2002; Koch et al, 2006;
plasmodial, leishmanicidal, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-cancer
Rodríguez-Díaz et al, 2013; González et al,
2014
----------------Antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-tumor
Mallick and Dighe, 2014
Antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, Mayekiso et al, 2008; Beikmohammadi,
antioxidant
2012; Arunkumar et al, 2014
Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, insecticidal, muscle- Soares et al, 2005; Sahoo et al, 2011
relaxant, increases percutaneous penetration of drugs, as nasal
decongestant, anti-cough agent, in aromatherapy, in dentistry, treatment
of bronchitis and asthma, bronchodilatory, cardio-protective, vasodilatory
Antitussive, nasal decongestant, expectorant, antiseptic, analgesic, Inoue and Takeuchi, 1969; Koppel et al,
antipruritic, counterirritant, rubefacient, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, 1988; Liebelt and Shannon, 1993;
anti-nociceptive, anticancer, insecticidal, cardio-protective, skin Ellenhorn and Barceloux, 1998;
penetration enhancer, both aphrodisiac and anti-aphrodisiac, allelopathic; Manoguerra et al, 2006; Chen et al, 2013
high concentrations cause convulsions, lethargy, ataxia, severe nausea,
vomiting, coma, congestion of gastrointestinal tract, kidney and brain,
headache, delirium
Bactericidal and membrane-damaging activity
Togashi et al, 2007
Sclareol
Cycloartenol
α-Bulnesene
Cis-ocimene
Selina-4,11-diene
Cedran-8-ol
Copaborneol
9,10-dehydro
cycloisolongifolene
n-Tricosane
Fragrance compound, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal
Anti-spasmodic
Anti-platelet aggregating agent
Fragrance compound with antibacterial and antifungal properties
---------------------------------
Mahaira et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2012
Antioxidant
Marrufo et al, 2013
Gomes et al, 2005
Hsu et al, 2006
Matasyoh et al, 2007; Gundidza et al, 2009
---------------------------------