NETCARE CRUISES
2014 & 2016
Our access to the ship
NETCARE contributes 500,000$ over 5 years
This gives us:
4 berths for atmospheric scientists for a full 42-d leg in 2014 and 2016.
4 days to conduct NETCARE-specific work at the ice-edge (in coordination
with POLAR 6 flights in 2014).
ArcticNET 2013
EXPEDITION
+ 42 days
+ 16 days
ARCTIC SOLAS
DMS peak concentrations in August 2013
11 nM
5 nM
3 nM
Gourdal, pers. com.
Potential partners for the 2014 cruise
Why finding partners?
Cover more of the cost of the ship time and by doing so departing earlier
in June.
Potential partners for an Arctic spring bloom study
GREEN-EDGE PROGRAM (Marcel Babin, CERC and UMI TAKUVIK)
ARCTICNET ICEBERG PROGRAM (Jean-Éric Tremblay)
To be discussed during the ArcticNET Annual Meeting , Halifax, Dec 9-13, 2013
2014 ArcticNET cruise planning meeting : end of February usually in Montreal
but planning will begin soon (Keith Levesque)
NETCARE 2014
EXPEDITION ?
19 July
27 June
POLAR 6
18 June to July 9
6 June
1
8
=
NETCARE 2014
EXPEDITION ?
19 July
27 June
POLAR 6
18 June to July 9
6 June
Activity III Key questions
1. What are the sources of DMS at the ice edge in
spring/summer and what is controlling the strength of these
sources ?
Ice edge
Leads
Melt pounds
Microlayer
9
ICE EDGE LOCATION ON JULY 20, 2002
10
Position of the fast-ice edge in mid-May
Adapted from Environment Canada
http://www.ec.gc.ca/glaces-ice/?lang=En&n=6C4EAFE9-1
11
Position of the fast-ice edge in mid-May
1983
1986
1985
1980
Adapted from Environment Canada
http://www.ec.gc.ca/glaces-ice/?lang=En&n=6C4EAFE9-1
12
Surface water circulation and sea ice distribution in Baffin Bay
13
Potentially interesting transects in and out the ice pack
100 km
14
QUESTIONS, CHALLENGES AND MEASUREMENTS
Ice-edge phytoplankton
Sub-ice algal mats
Bottom ice algae
Leads
25 Melt pond
Deep
chlorophyll
maximum
Under-ice melt dome
Under-ice phytoplankton bloom
Levasseur 2013
Main participants
Michel Gosselin
Lisa Miller
Jennifer Murphy
Ann-Lise Norman
Allan Bertam
Jon Abbatt
Key question 4
What oceanic and atmospheric conditions favour particle nucleation and
growth arising from oceanic emissions?
Contact: Abbatt, Bertram, Leaitch, Levasseur, Liggio, Murphy, Norman, Prather
This question will be addressed during the Amundsen cruises. Instrumentation:
Particle sizes and numbers: SMPS, APS, CPC
Particle Hygroscopicity: CCNc, filters for subsequent IN analysis, microlayer samples for
subsequent analysis
Particle composition: AIM-IC (soluble ions, PM2.5), MOUDI for S isotopes
Gas phase composition: CIMS (H3O+ and ?acetate), AIM-IC, CO2, GC for off-line samples
Note: We have decided to not do on-board aerosol generation experiments in 2014, but
we will collect SML samples and do seawater bubbling experiments.
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Questions
1. What drives new particle formation and growth events in the summertime Arctic?
Observations of aerosol size distributions (SMPS), gas phase DMS (GC, CIMS), NH3, SO2,
amines (AIM-IC and CIMS), other gases (GC, CIMS) and particle composition
(ammonium, MSA, sulfate; AIM-IC).
We are not measuring H2SO4.
2. Can we examine local heterogeneity in aerosol numbers or size distributions by deploying
particle counting instruments out on the ice or near melt ponds?
We need to secure these instruments still.
3. Can we measure DMS in these ice or melt pond environments, by collection on cartridges
and off-line GC analysis?
Do we have the ability to do this? What do we need?
4. What is the aerosol composition, what is its degree of acidity neutralization, and can we
derive its sources, in particular the biogenic vs fossil fuel fraction of the sulfur
component? AIM-IC measurements of aerosol and sulfur isotope work.
We are not measuring organic aerosol components aside from, perhaps, oxalate.
5. Do well do we understand the partitioning of sulfur species between the different
components in this Arctic environment, e.g. DMS, DMSO, SO2, MSA, sulfate. (CIMS,
AIM-IC)
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We are not measuring H2SO4.
6. What is the aerosol hygroscopicity? (CCNc)
We do not have aerosol composition at the 100 nm size.
7. What can we infer about sources and sinks of gases with respect to the ocean, e.g.
acetone, DMS, methanol, ? DMSO, ? alkyl halides, ? NH3. We can compare measured
mixing ratios in the atmosphere to values measured by degassing seawater.
We are not measuring fluxes.
8. What are the immersion IN levels in the ambient central Arctic? (Collect filters with
subsequent analysis after the cruise.)
Do we need biological (or other) analyses of the particles on the filters? How stable are
the samples on the filters?
9. Does the sea-surface microlayer harbour IN? (Collect SML samples with subsequent
analysis after the cruise.)
Do we need biological (or other) analyses of the particles on the filters?
10. Is there evidence of organic gas phase chemistry occurring driven by oceanic
emissions? Measurements of isoprene, terpenes, organic acids, MVK/MACR. (CIMS)
We are not measuring organic aerosol components aside from, perhaps, oxalate.
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NETCARE STAFF ON THE AMUNDSEN
Water column and sea ice measurements
Leg 1
Levasseur
Lizotte, U Laval (DMS dynamics)
Gourdal
Gosselin, UQAR (sea ice ecology, marine biology)
+Student
Tremblay, U Laval (marine biogeochemistry)
+Tech
Gratton, INRS-ETE (physical oceanography)
Miller, DFO (microlayer and sea ice biogeochemistry
Atmospheric measurements
Abbatt, UofT (aerosol and trace gas measurements)
Murphy, UofT (aerosol and trace gas measurements)
Norman, U Calgary (atmospheric DMS, SO42- and biogenic aerosol measurements)
+ Bertram, UBC (IN measurements, no person on board)
+ Liggio, EC (trace gas measurements, to be decided for 2014)
+ Prather (aerosol generation experiments, perhaps in 2016?)
Ocean-atmosphere fluxes measurements
Papakyriakou, U Manitoba (sea ice and sea surface gas fluxes)
Staebler, EC (ocean-atmosphere flux measurements)
NETCARE CRUISES
2014 & 2016
OPEN DISCUSSION
Some other questions to consider:
1. Biological analyses of filter samples, e.g. of bacteria? Is this even possible? How do we
interpret the IN measurements without complementary analyses?
2. Is it possible to measure H2SO4 by CIMS?
3. Is it possible to assess fluxes in some way? Need to be in touch with Tim P about what
he is doing with DMS fluxes.
4. Is it necessary to try to get MOUDI samples of aerosol composition to support the
hygroscopicity measurements?
5. How well can we measure dissolved species in seawater with CIMS?
6. Is there any way that we can do organic aerosol better? Is there any reason to do this?
7. What else can CIMS and GC measure, such as DMSO, other S species, and alkyl halides?
22
23
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DMS AT STATION 101
Gourdal, pers. com.
Profile Station 10115/08/2013
0
5
DMS (nM)
10
15
20
0
Station 101
DMS diel variations
10.00
20
8.00
6.00
Profondeur (m)
40
4.00
2.00
60
0.00
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
80
100
120
25
ARCTIC SOLAS
DMS peak concentrations in September 2008
1.8 nM
0.5 nM
4.8 nM
Motard-Côté et al. 2012
What is the fate of this DMSP and DMS?
(Observations from Allen Bay , 2011)
ice
Under-ice bloom
Galindo et al. submitted
27