King Philip II of Spain &
Queen Elizabeth I of England
King Philip II of Spain
• Charles V
– ruled over Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, the colonies in the Americas
& the Holy Roman Empire
– poor leadership, so he abdicated the throne, to live in a monastery
– his son Philip received Spain etc. & his brother, the Holy Roman Empire
• Philip II 1556-1598
– Spanish greatness: politically & culturally
– defeated the Turkish Navy at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571
– Crusader for Roman Catholicism: “Most Catholic King”
• leader of the Counter Reformation
• Belgium & the Netherlands (mostly Calvinist): part of Philip II’s
Spanish Empire
– Philip II tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands
– William the Silent, Prince of the House of Orange, led the resistance
– 1609 truce: northern states free → United Provinces of the Netherlands
• Greatest part of the Spanish Empire: Central & South America,
with some influence in North America
Queen Elizabeth I of England
• Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558-1603)
– head of State/Church
– Church of England = Protestant, but moderate (Anglican →
Episcopalian)
• supported the weaker country (France/Spain) to keep
the balance of power in Europe
• King Philip II of Spain wanted take over England &
end Protestantism (tried marriage & did not work) →
Spanish Armada: fleet of warships
• 1588 England won naval battles vs. Spanish Armada:
a storm sent the Armada off-course & destroyed most
of their ships, off coast of Scotland (“Protestant wind”)
• internal threats: Mary, Queen of Scots (her cousin)
• no heir: Mary’s son, James, becomes king!
Spanish Armada
Mary: Queen of Scots
Queen Elizabeth I vs. King Phillip II
& the Spanish Armada
• Queen Elizabeth's Confrontation: Spanish
Ambassador
• Queen Elizabeth’s Battle Speech: Spanish Armada
• The Battle of Gravelines vs. Spanish Armada
(1588 Storm)
Revolutions in England
• James IV of Scotland: new king of England
upon Elizabeth’s death (James I of England)
• divine right of kings: kings receive power from
God & are only responsible to God for actions
• conflict with Parliament: king/queen &
Parliament ruled together
• Puritans: wanted the Church of England to be
more Protestant (purify the Church)
– conflict with the King, led to fleeing to the Americas
(i.e. the Pilgrims)
James I
English Civil War
• Charles I fought Parliament & Puritans (arrested
dissenters for treason)
– 1642 Oliver Cromwell leads Parliamentary war vs. king
– Roundheads (Cromwell) defeated Cavaliers (King)
– Charles I executed January 30, 1649 (scared Europe!)
• Cromwell: military dictator until death 1658
• Restoration of Parliament & the King (Charles II)
• 3 children of Charles II: Catholic son (James II) & 2
Protestant daughters (Mary & Anne)
• Parliament wanted to get rid of James II
– invited his sister, Mary & her husband, William of Orange
(…of Holland) to “invade” England
English Civil War
Glorious Revolution
• William & Mary “invaded”
– James II & his family fled
• “Glorious Revolution”: almost NO bloodshed
• 1689 William & Mary officially King/Queen after
signing English Bill of Rights:
– Parliament makes laws, sets taxes & consents to military acts
– citizens: bear arms, jury trials & habeas corpus
– sets foundation for limited/constitutional monarchy
• Thomas Hobbes: horrified by revolutions
– wrote Leviathan: humans obsessed with self-preservation &
thus societies need strong governments to protect citizens
– saw life as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
Glorious Revolution
In Review…
• Succession of English monarchs:
– Elizabeth I (Tudor): NO heir (ends Tudor line)
– James I (Stuart): Elizabeth’s nephew
– Charles I (Stuart): James I’s son CIVIL WAR
– Oliver Cromwell
– Charles II (Stuart): Charles I’s son RESTORATION
– James II (Stuart): Charles II’s son
– William & Mary (of Orange): Charles II’s daughter
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
– Anne: Charles II’s daughter & Mary’s younger sister
Stuart line ends with NO heirs.
House of Hanover (from German provinces) begins!
Henry
IV
Philip II
of Spain
Elizabeth
I of
England
James I
& sons
Political
Achievements
became king
of England,
from
Scotland
Religious
Policy
-conflict with
Puritans
-Divine right
of kings
Military
success
or failure
failure of
Charles I
against
Roundheads
Domestic
policy
-conflict with
Parliament
-divine right
of kings
Foreign
policy
closer ties to
France
Innovations
Charles I:
first king to
be tried &
killed by
people
Kingdom
at
monarch’
s death
divided
William
& Mary
Louis
XIV of
France
Frederick
William of
Prussia
Peter the
Great of
Russia
Closure #1
• Explain the reasoning for the:
1. English Civil War
2. Restoration of the Stuarts on the English throne
3. Glorious Revolution with William & Mary
Epitaph for Absolutists
Create an epitaph for an
absolute monarch!
Include:
-Name
-Date they ruled or lived
-Country
-Catchy sentences with at
least 3 facts about the
person & what they did.
Must be in color.
Must draw the actual headstone or
gravestone.
Must be attractive & accurate.
Will be hung outside…so make them
NICE!
Homework
• Chapter Review: pgs. 562- 563
– Complete all of the respective questions.
– Exclude the internet question!