ASSALAMU’ALAIK
UM
DIRECT SPEECH AND
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Direct and Indirect Speech
When we change the direct speech into indirect sentences ,
there are some things that are changing them changes in
sentence structure, tense , pronouns ( personal pronouns ) ,
description of time and place ( Adverbs of time and place ) .
Before going further into sub - discussion above , it is good
there is also understood what was meant Reporting Speech and
Reported Speech .
Reporting Speech is part of the sentence in direct speech is
marked by quotation marks ( " ) and at the end by a quotation
mark ( " ) .
He said , " I have a present for you in my bag . "
He asked me , " why do you come late ?. "
While Reported Speech is part the beginning of a sentence
direct speech .
1 . Structure change of sentence
If we look at the direct speech sentence , there are characteristics
that are identical quotation marks ( " ) . Marks learned is a way that
is often used to distinguish which are direct or indirect .
When the changed climates of direct speech into indirect speech
sentence , the quotation marks were removed or replaced with the
word "that " or " to " ( for command line ) . for example :
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
He said, "I have a present for
you in my bag."
He said that he had a present
for me in his bag.
2.
He asked me, "why do you come
He asked me why I came late.
late."
3.
He ordered me, "don't bring a He ordered me to didn't bring
bag."
a bag.
Sentence structure changes also occur if the direct speech using
interrogative sentence , it will be converted into an affirmative
sentence ( news ) .
For the use of direct speech sentence interrogative sentence " yes -no
question " it will be changed to if / Whether . For example :
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
They asked me , " Do you want to
join us to play football ? "
They asked me if / Whether I want to
join them to play football .
2.
He asked me , " Does she want to
mary me ? "
He asked me if / Whether she wants to
mary her .
For direct speech sentences using 5W1H question ( Why , Who , What
, When , Where , How ) , it will be converted into an affirmative
sentence in the following way :
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
He asked me, "why do you
come late?"
He asked me why you came late.
2. He asked me, "what does she
eat?"
3.
4.
5.
He asked me what she ate.
He asked me, "when did you
come?"
He asked me when I came.
He asked me, "who are you?"
He asked me who I was.
He asked me, "who is she?"
He asked me who she was.
As explained upfront , the changed from direct to indirect
also affects the tense used . Most students difficult to
understand change this one .
Below is a table of tenses change direct speech into indirect
speech .
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
Simple Present
Simple Past
2.
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
3.
Present Future
Past Future
4.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
5.
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
6.
Simple Past
Past Perfect
7.
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Or it could be made easier with the
following table below, namely :
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
V1
V2
2.
V2
Had + V3
3.
Am/is/are
Was/were
4.
Do/does
Did
5.
Do/does not
Did not
6.
Did not
Had not + V3
7.
Was/were
Had been
8.
Am/is/are + V-ing
Was/were + V-ing
9.
Was/were +V-ing
Had been + V-ing
10.
Has/have + V3
Had + V3
11.
Will/shall/can/may/must
Would/should/could/might/had to
12.
Could/might/should/would + V1/be
Could/might/should/would + have+
V3/been
3. Pronoun changes
And possessive pronouns change depending on subjects and objects
used in direct speech ( sentences directly ) that would affect the
change pronouns in indirect speech ( sentences not directly ) .
*First person pronouns ( I and We ) on speech reporting ( see
explanation in the beginning ) change according to the subject that is
in reproted speech .
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, ‘I am busy.’
He said that he was busy.
02
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
She said that she was unwell.
03
I said, ‘I will be late.’
I said that I would be late.
04
They said, ‘We will not permit
this.’
They said that they would not
permit that.
05
We said, ‘We need to buy some
clothes.’
We said that we needed to buy
some clothes.
* The second person pronoun (
You) in reporting speech in direct
speech changes according to
object to reported speech .
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
He said to me, ‘You have to come
with me.’
He told me that I had to go with him.
2.
She said to me, ‘You can go.’
She told me that I could go.
3.
She said to him, ‘You can go.’
She told him that he could go.
*Third person pronoun ( He, she , it
and they ) in direct speech did not
change when changed into indirect
speech .
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, ‘She is a good girl.’
He said that she was a good girl.
02
She said, ‘They have invited us.’
She said that they had invited
them.
03
They said, ‘He does not have
the necessary qualifications.’
They said that he did not have
the necessary qualifications.
Not only that , the changes from direct speech to
indirect speech also affects especially adverbs adverb
of time ( time information ) and adverb of place (
description of place ) . For that you must understand
the table below .
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
Now
Then
02
To day
That day
03
Tomorrow
The next day
The day after
The following day
A day later
04
Next ...
The ... after
The following ...
05
Last ...
The ... before
The Previous ...
06
... ago
... before
... earlier
07
Yesterday
The day before
The previous day
The preceeding day
08
The day before yesterday
Two day before
09
Here
There
10
This
That
11
These
Those
Below are examples of direct and indirect speech to increase
the understanding of the above explanation .
(+)
(-)
(?)
(?)
(!)
(!)
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.
here”
He said that he had a present for me in his bag
there.
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my
bag”
He said that he did not have a present for me in
his bag.
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my
bag?”
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me
in his bag.
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a
present for you in my bag?
He asked me why he had to have a present for me
in his bag.
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there
now!”
then.
He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
He ordered me not to bring my bag there.
II.
Command
I.
Statement
III.
Question
Direct and
Indirect
Speech
consists of 3
types:
I. STATEMENT
In the Indirect Statement we use that word ( that ) as a liaison between
the introductory sentence ( introduce phrases ) and words that reported
(reported words ) . Introductory sentences in indirect statement is :
Example :
a. My sister said to me " I do not like tennis "
⬄My sister said to me that she did not like tennis .
b. Father said " I am going out of town tomorrow "
⬄ Father said that he was going out of town the following day .
If the introductory sentence in the form of the Simple Present Tense ,
the sentence which reported no change .
Example :
a. John says "I will go to London tomorrow "
⬄John says that he will go to London tomorrow
b. Mary says " I have seen that movie "
⬄Mary says that she has seen that movie
II . COMMAND
Command was divided into two (2 ) parts:
1 . positive Command
In the command we add to positive in front of the command line
, as a liaison between the introductory sentence and orders
were reported . Introductory sentences in this type are :
to + Infinitive
Example:
a. He asked me " Open your book "
⬄He asked me to open my book .
b. The teacher said to the students " Be quiet while I am talking
"
⬄The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking
.
2 . Negative Command
In negative commands us not to add the
commands were reported.
Example :
a. Mary told John " Do not wait for me"
⬄Mary told John not to wait for her .
b. Ira asked Tom " Do not come to my house
again"
⬄Ira asked tom not to come to her house again
.
c. Mothers asked John " Do not smoke too
much"
⬄Mother asked John not to smoke too much .
Not to + Infinitive
III . QUESTION
When the question directly (direct question) use
question words such as Where , When , Why , What ,
Who , How , etc. , then the words are used as
intermediaries in reported Speech .
Example :
a. The man asked me : " Where do you live ? "
⬄The man asked me where I lived .
b. John asked Mary : " Why do you get angry with me ? "
⬄John asked Mary why she got angry with him .
c. I asked him : " When did you get back from your trip
?"
⬄I asked him when he had got back from his trip .
When the question was not directly asked to use words ,
and only the question in the form of " Yes and No
Question " , then we use the words if , Whether as a
relation between the introductory sentences and
questions were reported .
Example :
a. The boy asked John : " Does Mary live near here ? "
⬄The boy asked John if Mary lived near there .
b. The teacher asked her : " Have you finished your
homework ? "
⬄The teacher asked her if he had finished her
homework .
c. We asked them : " Will you go to the movies with us
tonight ? "
⬄We asked them Whether they would go to the movie
with us that night .
If the questions and statements are incorporated
into Reported Speech then we use the word as (
because ) as a connector on the sentence statement
reported . In this case the sentence statement
reported later .
Example:
a. She asked me : " What is the time ? " , my watch
has stopped .
⬄She asked me what the time was as her watch had
stopped .
b. Ira asked John : " what is the matter with you ? "
You do not look well .
⬄Ira asked John what the matter was with him as
he did not look well .
c.I asked her : " How long have you been studying
English ? " Your accent is very good .
When the direct question along with the answer Yes and No ,
then we use the word but as relation to answer No and words
and as a relation to answer Yes .
Example :
a. He asked me : " Will you go out with me ? " No , I will not .
⬄He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I would
not .
b. Mother asked John : " Have you had lunch ? " No , I have
not .
⬄Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he had
not .
c. I asked her : " Do you like vegetables ? " Yes , I do .
⬄I asked her if she liked vegetables and she said she did .
d. Mary asked John : " Did you phone me last night ? " Yes , I
did .
⬄Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before
and he said he had .