Elizabethan Foreign Policy & The
European Wars of Religion
Early Foreign Policy
Houses of Valois & Habsburg
England’s Position
The Outbreak of Confessional
Conflict
Wars in France & The Netherlands
The Protestant Cause
The Escalation of English Involvement
Anti-Catholicism; Philip II
War in the New World
The Polarization of Religio-Politics
Nonsuch
Open War with Spain
The Enterprise of England
Armada Portrait, by George Gower, c.
1588
Woburn Abbey
Early Foreign Policy
Houses of Valois & Habsburg
War for Dominion in Italy, 1550s
Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559
Spanish Power in Italy
France Retains Lands North, East
England’s Position
Second-Rank Power to France/Spain
Embarrassed by Loss of Calais
Elizabethan Settlement
Strong Protestant Stance
Catholic Hegemony on Mainland
Reformation in Scotland, ‘59/60
Anglo-Scots Alliance vs. France
Knox’s Famously Ill-Timed Treatise
The Outbreak of Confessional Conflict
Wars in France
Factions & Regency
Guise, Bourbon/Montmorency
1562: Massacre of Vassy
English Aid in ‘62/3
The Netherlands
1566: Beeldenstorm
Nationalism or Protestantism?
Alba’s Arrival, 10k Troops
William of Orange to Saxony
1568: Orange, German, French
The Eighty Years War
Beeldenstorm in een Kerk, Dirck van Delen,
1630
The Protestant Cause
Confessional Solidarity
Domestic Stability; International Involvement
The Escalation of English Involvement
Anti-Catholicism; Anti-Protestantism
At Core of Elizabethan Identity
Papal Deposition of ER, ‘70
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, ’72
Anglo-German Cooperation
English Volunteers (Religious Motives)
Philip II’s Vision of Empire
A Child of Charles V, HRE
King-Consort of England
Interest in Naval Powers; Portugal, 1580
The New World
Spanish Treasure, Bullion
English Privateers, Sir Francis Drake
1577-80, Circumnavigation, Loot
1585 Raids on Spanish Ports, in N.W.
La Saint-Barthélemy, by François
Dubois, c. 1572-84; Musée cantonal
des Beaux-Arts de Lausanne
The Polarization of Religio-Politics
The Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585
Assassination of William of Orange,
‘84
Treaty of Joinville, ‘84 (Guise-Spain)
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
Governor General, Military Man
Sustained English Involvement
Open War with Spain
Netherlands a Spanish Territory
Justify Rebellion or Aid Brethren?
Pan-European Wars
Portugal, Italy, L.C.: Philip II
France, Scotland: Guise & Mary
HRE: Emperor & Bavaria
England: Domestic & Internt’l Plots
William of Orange, 1555, by Antonis
Mor; Staatliche Museen, Kassel
The “Enterprise of England”: Grand
Armada
Lengthy Preparation
Height of Spanish Naval Power
Massive Influx of Bullion
From Early 1586; Late July 1588
Drake’s Raids of Iberian Coast, 1587
“The Worst Kept Secret in Europe”
About 122 Ships; 30k Men
Duke of Medina Sidonia
To Meet with Parma’s 30k Men
Crescent of Massive Vessels
The English Fleet and Victory
Admiral Howard, V-Ad. Drake
Faster, Lighter Ships
Fire Ships, A Providential Wind
4 Ships Sunk; Dozens Ran Aground
From the History Department of the
U.S. Military Academy at West
The Armada Medal
“Flavit Jehovah et dissipati svnt”
“God Blew and they were scattered”
“Allidor non Laedor”
“I am Attacked, [but] I am not wounded”
After the Armada
Security of Dutch Protestants
Consolidation & Stability
Chaos in France
Guise Brothers, Dec. ‘88
Henri III, July ‘89
Henri IV Defending Huguenots
Anglo-German Aid
Conversion to Cath., ‘93
Returning Spanish Armadas
War of Attrition (£)
Triple Alliance vs. Spain
Broadside depicting the assassination of Henri
III, King of France, by the monk, Jacques
Clément, August 2, 1589. In the papers of
Christian, Elector of Saxony, HStA Dresden,
GR, Loc. 9304/7, fol. 336r.
Irish Rebellion, 1593-1603
English Settlements; Spanish Aid
Continued Catholic Threat