Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Clovis
SECTION 2 Charles the Hammer
SECTION 3 Charlemagne
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
3
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Overview
• Chapter 18 discusses the Franks and the
first strong kingdom in medieval Europe. 
– Section 1 discusses the goals of Clovis
and the role of the Catholic Church in
the political affairs of the Franks. 
– Section 2 describes the rule of Charles
Martel and the Battle of Tours. 
– Section 3 explains important
developments during the reign of
Charlemagne.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• explain how Clovis united the Franks under
Christianity. 
• describe how Charles Martel’s defeat of
the Arabs kept western Europe Christian. 
• discuss how Charlemagne brought all of
western Europe under his rule. 
• characterize what life was like in
Charlemagne’s empire. 
• summarize why Charlemagne’s
empire collapsed.
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Read to Discover
• How Clovis united the Franks and brought
them Christianity 
• How Charles Martel’s defeat of the
Arabs kept western Europe Christian 
• How Charlemagne brought all of
western Europe under his rule 
• What life was like in Charlemagne’s
empire 
• Why Charlemagne’s empire collapsed
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 275 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
• converted 
• anointed 
• counts 
• lords 
• serfs 
• minstrels 
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People to Know
• Clovis 
• Charles Martel 
• Pepin 
• Charlemagne 
• Roland 
• Louis the Pious 
Places to Locate
• Paris 
• Tours 
• Aachen
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Why It’s Important
The decline of the Roman Empire lead to
disorder everywhere in western Europe.
Many of the Germanic invaders were too
weak to govern well. As a result, towns and
villages fell into ruin. Roads and bridges
were not repaired. Robbers roamed the
countryside, making it unsafe for travelers.
Trading and business slowed down, and
there were shortages of food and other
goods. People were no longer interested in
learning, and many books and works of art
were damaged or lost.
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Clovis
• During this period, a Germanic people
called Franks, who lived along the Rhine
River, began to build a new civilization. 
• The Franks were divided and without a
common ruler until 481, when one
Frankish group chose Clovis as king. 
• Clovis brought all the Franks under one
rule, and part of his kingdom later became
France, which took its name from
the Franks.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 275 of your textbook.
Clovis (cont.)
• Clovis was the first Germanic king to accept
the Catholic religion when, after a battle
victory, he and 3,000 of his soldiers
converted, or changed religion, to
Christianity. 
• Before long, all the people in Clovis's
kingdom practiced the same religion, spoke
the same language, and felt united. 
• Clovis extended his rule over what is now
France and western Germany and set up
his capital in Paris.
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Section Assessment
What modern nations developed
out of the civilization built by the
Franks?
France and western Germany were
developed out of this civilization.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why were the Franks more
successful at governing than
other Germanic peoples?
They were more successful because
the area in which they lived was
close to their homeland, and they felt
fairly secure; also, they became
farmers instead of just fighting
and ruling.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing a Conclusion Why was it
important for Clovis to have the
Pope’s blessing and the support
of the Church?
Answers will vary. Through this
support he would also have gained a
certain level of support from the
Romans in his kingdom.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 277 of
your textbook, and use it to show
the cause and effects of Clovis’s
conversion to Christianity.
Possible answers include: causes–
unhappy with Frankish gods, decided to
convert if defeated enemy in next battle,
won battle and converted; effects–gained
support of Romans within kingdom, began
speaking a form of Latin, promoted unity
through use of same language and
religion, won support of Pope and church
officials, extended rule.
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Charles the Hammer
• The Frankish kings who followed Clovis
were weak rulers who divided the kingdom
among their sons. 
• The sons lost much of their power to local
nobles, and the Franks began to accept
the leadership of a government official
known as the “Mayor of the Palace.” 
• Charles Martel, known as “The Hammer”
because of his victory at Tours, was the
most powerful Mayor, and he had the
support of the Church.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 277 of your textbook.
Charles the Hammer (cont.)
• When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin
became Mayor of the Palace. 
• Pepin was the first Frankish king to be
anointed, or blessed with holy oil, by
the Pope. 
• Pepin helped the Pope by leading an army
into Italy when he was threatened by a
group of Germans known as Lombards. 
• Pepin defeated the Lombards and gave the
land they held in central Italy to the Pope,
making him the political ruler of much of the
Italian Peninsula.
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Section Assessment
Why was the Battle of Tours a
turning point in history?
It enabled Christianity to survive in
western Europe.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
How did Pepin help the Pope?
He led an army into Italy, defeated
the Lombards, and gave the land
they held in central Italy to the Pope.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences What might
western Europe have been like if the
Arabs and Berbers had won the
Battle of Tours?
Answers will vary. If this had occurred
it might have meant the end of
Christianity in western Europe.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 279
of your textbook, and use it to
compare the accomplishments of
Charles Martel and his son Pepin.
Possible comparisons include: Martel–
stopped the spread of Islam to Europe,
united Frankish nobles; Pepin–
removed the king and started a new
dynasty; helped make the Pope the
political ruler of much of Italy by
defeating the Lombards and giving the
Pope a gift of land.
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Charlemagne
• When Pepin died in 768, his kingdom was
divided between his two sons. 
• His son Carloman died within a few years;
the other son, Charles, better known as
Charlemagne (“Charles the Great”),
became king of the Franks. 
• One key warrior in Charlemagne’s army
was a soldier called Roland. 
• By 800, Charlemagne had created a large
empire.
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the information. Section 3 begins on page 279 of your textbook.
Charlemagne (cont.)
• This empire included most of the Germanic
peoples who had settled in Europe since
the early 400s.
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A Christian Empire
• Both Charlemagne and the Pope wanted a
new Christian Roman Empire in
western Europe. 
• On Christmas day in 800, the Pope
declared Charlemagne as the new
Roman emperor. 
• Charlemagne was a wise and just ruler
who issued many laws and chose officials
called counts to run the courts, stop
feuds, protect the poor and weak, and
raise armies for Charlemagne.
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A Christian Empire (cont.)
• Charlemagne ruled his empire from Aachen,
but he often journeyed throughout the
empire with his advisers and servants. 
• Such visits ensured the loyalty of local
officials and people to Charlemagne’s
government.
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Education
• Charlemagne appreciated learning,
believed in education, and was proud of his
own ability to read Latin. 
• As Charlemagne wanted his people to be
educated, he encouraged churches and
monasteries to found schools. 
• One of the many tasks of the scholars
was to copy manuscripts which led to the
model for the lowercase letters
used today.
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Estate Life
• Descendents of Frankish warriors and
Roman landowners known as lords, or
nobles, were the most powerful people in
Charlemagne's empire. 
• Farmers lived in simple wooden houses
on the estates and worked in the fields
owned by the lords or on small pieces of
land the lords had given them. 
• The farmers gradually did more for the
nobles and less for themselves, becoming
serfs, or people bound to the land.
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Estate Life (cont.)
• Neither the nobles nor the farmers had
much time to learn to read or write or to
think about religion daily. 
• Both groups accepted Christianity, but the
new religion had little to do with their daily
lives. 
• Yet, on religious holidays, both rich and
poor sang, danced, feasted, and listened
to traveling musicians called minstrels.
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The Collapse of the Empire
• The glory of the empire did not last long
after Charlemagne's death in 814. 
• Many counts and lords refused to obey
Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son.
• Louis the Pious weakened the empire
further when he divided it among his
three sons. 
• In 843, the brothers agreed to the Treaty of
Verdun.
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The Collapse of the Empire (cont.)
• The brothers were weak rulers who allowed
the counts and nobles to have most of the
power and divided Europe again into
smaller territories.
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Section Assessment
Why did Charlemagne object to
the Pope crowning him
emperor?
It seemed the emperor’s right to rule
came from the Pope rather than
from God.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What did Charlemagne do to
encourage learning?
He encouraged churches and
monasteries to found schools, and
had Alcuin teach the children of
government officials.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Identifying Alternatives What
might have prevented the
collapse of Charlemagne’s
government?
Answers will vary. Chalemagne might
have planned on who was to succeed
him after his death.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page
286 of your textbook, and use it
to summarize Charlemagne’s
political, educational, and
cultural accomplishments.
High points in Charlemagne’s rule
included the creation of courts and
closely supervised counts to manage
local affairs (political), spread of
literacy through the establishment of
schools (education), and flourishing
of religious art and popular art such
as minstrels (cultural).
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• During the late 400s, the Franks began to
build a civilization that would later develop
into the modern nations of France
and Germany. 
• Clovis united the Franks and was the first
Germanic king to accept the Catholic
religion. 
• Clovis gained the support of the Romans in
his kingdom and made Latin the official
language of the royal court.
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the information.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• A series of weak kings followed Clovis, and
leadership gradually came into the hands of
a government official known as the “Mayor
of the Palace.” 
• In 732, a Mayor of the Palace named
Charles Martel defeated the Muslim army at
the Battle of Tours. This kept western
Europe Christian. 
• Charles Martel’s son Pepin started a new
dynasty and became the first Germanic king
to be anointed by the Pope.
39
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the information.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Pepin’s son Charlemagne brought all of
western Europe under his control. 
• In 800, the Pope crowned him the new
Roman emperor. 
• Charlemagne was a wise and just ruler who
wrote new laws. 
• Charlemagne was very interested in learning
and encouraged the founding of schools in
his empire.
40
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• During the rule of Charlemagne, powerful
lords grew wealthy from goods grown or
made on their estates. 
• Louis the Pious divided the Frankish Empire
among his three sons, which led to its
final collapse.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to western Europe
after the decline of the Roman
Empire?
There was disorder, towns and roads
fell into ruin, the countryside was
unsafe, trading slowed, and there
were shortages of food.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did Clovis help people within
his empire feel united?
They all had the same religion and
language.
44
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What was the relationship between
the Church and Clovis?
The Pope and other Church officials
supported Clovis’s government. In
return, Clovis was expected to
protect the Church.
45
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Mayor of the Palace
become important?
He became important because he
took over many of the king’s duties.
46
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What were Charlemagne’s main
goals when he became king of the
Franks?
His main goals were to rule all of
western Europe and to have all
Germanic peoples become Christian.
47
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did Frankish farmers become
serfs?
They began to work more for the
nobles on estates.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to western Europe
after Charlemagne’s heirs came to
power?
It was divided into smaller territories.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Do you think that Charlemagne’s
traveling all over the empire was a
wise idea? Why or why not?
Answers will vary. It was wise
because it made him appear strong
and in control.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Why was the title “the Great” good
for Charlemagne? What other title
might have been better? Why?
Answers will vary. Charlemagne
unified his empire.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What parts of life in Charlemagne’s
empire would you have liked? What
parts would you have disliked?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What do you think Louis the Pious
could have done with the Frankish
Empire instead of dividing it among
his three sons?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Geography in History
Place Refer to the map on page 284 of
your textbook and compare the locations
of Saragossa, Paris, and Rome. Each of
these was an important city in the
Frankish Empire. What geographic
similarities and differences can you see
in these places?
Paris and Saragossa are both located
on rivers; all three cities lie on flat lands
somewhat near a seacoast; Paris is
centrally located while Saragossa and
Rome are not.
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the answer.
A historian has incorrectly
reported several facts. What
are they?
Scholars from Europe and the
.
Americas
came to teach in
Charlemagne’s school. Most
people could not read or write.
Religion, however, was not taught.
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Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
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481 A.D.
Clovis is chosen
king of the Franks
58
732 A.D.
843 A.D.
Battle of Tours
Treaty of Verdun
711 A.D.
800 A.D.
Arab Muslims
conquer Spain
Charlemagne
crowned emperor
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Charlemagne
c. 742 A.D.– 814 A.D.
Christian Emperor
Charlemagne continued the German
warrior tradition, spreading the
Christian religion at the tip of a sword.
In building his empire, he brought
together the German, Roman, and
Christian cultures that became the
basis for European civilization.
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Mounted Knights
Charles Martel could not follow up his
victory at Tours because he had too
few mounted soldiers. From then on,
he required every landowner to provide
him with at least one fully outfitted
knight. Over time, mounted knights
became the core of the Frankish army.
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Frankish Officials
Deep Sleep
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Frankish Officials
Officials in Charlemagne’s court had specific
duties. His chaplain advised the emperor on
matters of conscience and supervised official
documents. The count of the palace judged
court cases not handled by Charlemagne and
managed the palace in the emperor’s
absence. The chamberlain took care of the
royal bedroom and treasury. The seneschal
kept the palace supplied with food, wine, and
servants. The constable cared for the horses.
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Deep Sleep
Many legends spread about
Charlemagne. According to one
legend, he did not die but was only
sleeping, and would awaken at the
hour of his country’s need.
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Understanding Inset
Maps
• Sometimes, there is not enough space on a
map for information to be shown clearly. 
• Mapmakers have solved this problem by
using inset maps, or small maps that are
set within larger ones. 
• Often placed in a corner of the main map,
inset maps may have their own scales
and legends.
Continued on next slide.
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Understanding Inset
Maps
• Inset maps are used for two reasons. 
• One is to show parts of the main map
enlarged and in greater detail. 
• Maps of countries or states often include
inset maps showing individual cities. 
• Another reason inset maps are used is to
show in a different way an area on the
main map.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Understanding Inset
Maps
• For example, on the map on page 284 of
your textbook, the main map shows the
Frankish Empire from Clovis through
Charlemagne. 
• The inset map in the upper right shows what
happened to the same territory after the
death of Charlemagne.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Understanding Inset
Maps
Study the map on page 284 of your textbook
showing “The Frankish Empire.” Then answer the
questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Understanding Inset
Maps
What two cities were in the kingdom
of Charles?
Paris and Tours
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Understanding Inset
Maps
Who controlled Rome after the
Treaty of Verdun?
Lothair
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Understanding Inset
Maps
Through which kingdom did the
Danube River flow?
Kingdom of Louis
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the answer.
Developing Multimedia
Presentations
• You want to present a research report to
your class, and you want to really hold their
attention. How do you do it? 
• Your presentation can be exciting if you use
various forms of media. 
• At its most basic, a multimedia presentation
involves using several types of media.
Continued on next slide.
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Developing Multimedia
Presentations
• To discuss life under the Frankish kings, for
example, you might show photographs of
historic paintings. 
• You could also record selections from The
Song of Roland or ballads sung by
minstrels. 
• Or you might present a video of
Charlemagne’s life.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Developing Multimedia
Presentations
• You can also develop a multimedia
presentation on a computer. 
• Multimedia as it relates to computer
technology is the combination of text, video,
audio, and animation in an interactive
computer program. 
• In order to create multimedia productions or
presentations on a computer, you need to
have certain tools.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Developing Multimedia
Presentations
• These may include traditional computer
graphic tools and draw programs,
animation programs that make still images
move, and authoring systems that tie
everything together. 
• Your computer manual will tell you what
tools your computer can support. 
• This chapter focuses on the growth of the
Frankish empire in the early Middle Ages.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Developing Multimedia
Presentations
Ask yourself questions like the following to
create a multimedia presentation on the
cultural and political developments of
that era: 
• Which forms of media do I want to include?
Video? Sound? Animation? Photographs?
Graphics? Other? 
• Which of these media forms does my
computer support?
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Developing Multimedia
Presentations
• What kind of software programs or
systems do I need? A paint program? A
draw program? A program to create
interactive, or two-way, communication?
An authoring system that will allow me
to change images, sound, and motion? 
• Is there a “do-it-all” program I can use to
develop the kind of presentation I want?
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Developing Multimedia
Presentations
Keeping in mind the four guidelines given on the
previous slides, write a plan describing a
multimedia presentation you would like to develop.
Indicate what tools you will need and what steps
you must take to make the presentation a reality.
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