CPR RECOGNIZING
EMERGENCIES
• Emergencies can often be recognized because of
unusual sights, appearances or behaviors, odors,
and noises.
• It may be challenging to recognize an emergency
because signals are not always obvious or easy to
identify.
*a victim may deny anything is wrong
*if you think something is wrong, check the
victim.
CPR EMERGENCIES CONT.
• Once an emergency has been recognized, be
calm and follow the emergency action steps:
CHECK-CALL-CARE.
• CHECK- The scene for safety, see how
many victims, see what happened. Check
victim for consciousness.
• CALL-Call 911 or workplace emergency #
• CARE-For life threatening conditions.
WHEN TO CALL 911
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Unconsciousness
Trouble breathing
Not breathing
No signs of circulation
Persistent chest pain
Severe bleeding that does not stop
Pain in abdomen that does not go away
Vomiting blood
Seizures
Injury to head
ADULT VICTIM
PRIORITIZING CARE FOR
CONSCIOUS VICTIM
• Ask the victim questions*What happened?
*Do you feel pain?
*Do you have any allergies?
*Do you have any medical conditions or are
you taking any medications?
*When did you last eat or drink?
PRIORITIZING CARE CONT
• CHECK VICTIM FROM HEAD TO TOE
*Begin checking top of head, face, ears,
nose, and mouth. Look for cuts, bruises,
bump, depressions, bleeding, or fluid.
*Look at the color of victim’s face and lips
*Notice how the skin looks and feels.
*Look over the body to see if any bleeding
or bones sticking out.
PRIORITIZING CARE CONT
• Watch victim for signs of pain and listen for
sounds of pain.
• Watch for changes in consciousness and
breathing.
• When the check is complete, if the victim
can move without any pain and there are no
other signs of injury, have the victim rest
comfortably.
PRIORITIZING CARE CONT
• CARING FOR SHOCK
PRIORITIZING CARE FOR
SHOCK CONT
• The signs of shock are*Restlessness
*Nausea and vomiting
*Altered level of consciousness
*Pale or ashen, cool, moist skin.
*Blue tinge to lips and nailbeds.
*Rapid breathing and rapid pulse
Caring for shock
• STEPS TO MINIMIZE SHOCK
Minimizing Shock
• Make sure 911 or workplace emergency # has
been called.
• Continue to monitor the victim’s airway,
breathing, and circulation (ABCs)
• Control any external bleeding.
• Keep th12e victim from getting chilled or
overheated.
• Elevate the legs about 12 inches if a head, neck, or
back injury or broken bones in the hips or legs are
not suspected.
• Comfort and reassure victim until advanced help
CARING FOR HEART ATTACK
• HEART ATTACK OCCURS WHEN HEART
MUSCLE IS DEPRIVED OF OXYGEN RICH
BLOOD AND NUTRIENTS.
• DURING A HEART ATTACK, A CORONARY
ARTERY BECOMES BLOCKED, THUS NO
OXYGEN IS NOURISHING THE CARDIAC
MUSCLE AND THE HEART MUSCLE BEGINS
TO DIE.
SIGNS OF HEART ATTACK
• CHEST DISCOMFORT-Lasts more than 3-5 min.
Pain may spread to jaw, shoulder, neck or back,
and down left arm.
• DIZZINESS
• SWEATING
• FAINTING
• NAUSEA,VOMITING
• SHORTNESS OF BREATH
• PALE OR GRAY SKIN COLOR
• GENERAL WEAKNESS
CARING FOR HEART ATTACK
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CALL 911
CHECK ABC’S PROVIDE CPR IF NECESSARY
HELP PATIENT TO LEAST PAINFUL POSITION
LOOSEN RESTRICTIVE CLOTHING-NECKTIE
STAY CALM
ASK PATIENT IF HAS HEART DISEASE? ANY
MEDICATIONS?
• IF TAKE NITROGLYCERIN, ALLOW HIM TO TAKE
IT.(MAKE SURE LIE DOWN AFTER B/C IT LOWERS
B/P
CARING FOR STROKE
• STROKE INVOLVES THE BRAIN.
• ARTERY SUPPLYING BLOOD TO
BRAIN IS BLOCKED AND CUTS OF
OXYGEN SUPPLY OR A BLOOD
VESSEL IN BRAIN RUPTURES AND
BLEEDS INTO THE BRAIN.
SIGNS OF STROKE
• SUDDEN NUMBNESS OR WEAKNESS OF
FACE, ARM, OR LEG ESP ON ONE SIDE OF
BODY
• FACIAL DROOP
• SUDDEN CONFUSION
• DIFFICULTY SPEAKING OR
UNDERSTANDING
• VISION PROBLEMS
• DIZZINESS, LOSS OF BALANCE
• A SUDDEN SEVERE HEADACHE
CARING FOR STROKE
• CALL 911
• CHECK ABC’S PROVIDE CPR IF NECESSARY
• IF PATIENT HAS NOT FALLEN, HELP HIM LIE
DOWN. ELEVATE HEAD AND SHOULDERS
• LOOSEN CONSTRICTIVE CLOTHING
• COMFORT PT
• IF UNRESPONSIVE BUT BREATHING-RECOVERY
POSITION
• KEEP ARIWAY OPEN.
MINOR WOUND CARE
• WASH MINOR WOUNDS WITH SOAP AND WATER
• IF BLEEDING RESTARTSAPPLY DIRECT PRESSURE USING CLEAN CLOTH
DO NOT USE IODINE, PEROXIDE OR ALCOHOL
UNLESS DIRECTED BY PHYSICIAN.
APPLY DRY DRESSING
HAVE PT WATCH FOR S/S OF INFECTION (REDNESS,
DRAINAGE, SWELLING, TENDERNESS
CONTROLLING BLEEDING
• TYPES OF BLEEDING:
• ARTERIAL BLEEDING-Most SERIOUS.
Recognized by blood spurting. If uncontrolled can
lead to shock and death. Least likely to clot.
• VENOUS BLEEDING-Does not spurt-flows
steadily.
• CAPILLARY BLEEDING-Most common. Blood
oozes. Usually bright right where venous is dark
red.
CONTROLLING EXTERNAL
BLEEDING
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ASSESS SCENE FOR HAZARDS
GATHER EQUIPMENT
CALL 911 IF NECESSARY
PUT ON GLOVES-USE PLASTIC WRAP, T-SHIRT, GROCERY BAGS, ETC. CAN ASK PT TO
HOLD PRESSURE TO SITE.
PLACE STERILE GAUZE OR CLEAN CLOTH OVER BLEEDING SITE
APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE TO THE SITE USING YOUR FINGERS AND PALM OF HAND.DO
NOT APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE TO EYE INJURY OR IF OBJECT IS STICKING OUT.
HOLD PRESSURE 5-10 MIN
ELEVATE INJURED ARM OR LEG ABOVE LEVEL OF HEART IF NO SUSPECTED NECK OR
BACK INJURIES OR BROKEN BONES.
CONTINUE HOLDING PRESSURE. IF BLEEDING COMES THROUGH BANDAGE, APPLY
MORE DRESSINGS ON TOP OF OLD BANDAGE. DO NOT REMOVE
APPLY PRESSURE BANDAGE
CHECK PULSE AFTER PRESSURE BANDAGE APPLIED. LOOK AT SKIN COLOR
ASSESS FOR SHOCK
CONTROLLING INTERNAL
BLEEDING
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TRAUMA TO AN INTERNAL ORGAN
DIFFICULTY TO RECOGNIZE
PAINFUL, RIGID, BRUISED ABDOMEN
VOMITING, COUGHING, BLOOD
EITHER BR RED OR COFFEE
GROUNDS
• TARRY BLACK STOOLS
CARING INTERNAL BLEEDING
• CHECK SCENE FOR SAFETY
• CALL 911
• CHECK ABC’S –CPR IF NECESSARY. CONTROL ALL
MAJOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING
• IF NO HEAD, NECK OR BACK INJURY, PLACE PT
ON LEFT SIDE AND ELEVATE LEGS 8-12 INCHES
• COVER PATIENT WITH BLANKETS OR COATS TO
MAINTAIN BODY HEAT
• KEEP PATIENT CALM
• MONITOR ABC’S UNTIL HELP ARRIVES
CARING FOR ANAPHYLAXIS
• ANAPHYLAXIS IS A TYPE OF SHOCK
THAT OCCURS IN MINUTES. PATIENT
IS EXPOSED TO ALLERGEN. BEE
STINGS, STRAWBERRIES, SHRIMP,
PEANUTS, ASPIRIN, PCN.
• OCCURS WITHIN MINUTES UP TO
HOURS AFTER EXPOSURE
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
ANAPHYLAXIS
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DIFFICULTY BREATHING-TIGHTNESS IN CHEST
SNEEZING, COUGHING, WHEEZING
HOARSENESS, LOSS OF VOICE
RAPID BREATHING
HIVES
FLUSHING OF SKIN
SWELLING OF FACE, EYES, LIPS, NECK, HANDS, FEET, AND
TOUNGE
INCREASED HEART RATE
HEADACHE
RUNNY NOSE
NAUSEA/VOMITING
FEELING OF IMPENDING DOOM
ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
CARING FOR ANAPHYLAXIS
• CHECK SCENE FOR SAFETY
• CALL 911
• CHECK ABC’S-PROVIDE CPR IF
NECESSARY
• IF PT HAS EPI-KIT- ADM
IMMEDIATELY
• STAY WITH PATIENT UNTIL HELP
ARRIVES
CARING FOR BURNS
• TYPES OF BURNS
• THERMAL-Overexposure to sun, hot water or
liquids, steam curling irons
• CHEMICAL-Skin comes in contact with
household, commercial, or industrial products
such as tile cleaners, battery acid, toilet bowl
cleaners.-flush with water 20 minutes. Damage
depends on length of chemical on skin.
• ELECTRICAL-Lightning, exposed to electrical
current.
BURNS
• FIRST DEGREE- Superficial. Involve outer layer
of skin (Epidermis) Red, mildly swollen, tender,
and painful
• SECOND DEGREE-Effects epidermis and
dermis. Red with blisters, swell, drain fluid, very
painful
• THIRD DEGREE-Extend into fat and muscle.
Skin looks waxy, leathery, and sometimes charred.
CARING FOR BURNS
• CHECK SCENE
• CALL 911
• IF PT IS ON FIRE-STOP, DROP, ROLL.
COVER THEM WITH BLANKET. IF
ELECTRICAL-TURN POWER OFF.
• CHECK ABC’S-PROVIDE CPR IF
NECESSARY
CARING FOR BURNS
• FIRST DEGREE THERMAL BURN
• IMMERSE BURN IN COOL WATER TO
RELIEVE PAIN
• KEEP SITE ELEVATED
• DO NOT APPLY BUTTER, GREASE,
ETC. SEAL IN HEAT AND CAUSE
FURTHER DAMAGE
SECOND DEGREE THERMAL
BURN
• IMMERSE BURN IN COOL TAP WATER
• COVER BURN WITH DRY
NONADHESIVE STERIL DRESSING
• KEEP BURN DRY
• ASSESS FOR SIGNS OF INFECTION
THIRD DEGREE THERMAL
BURN
• COVER BURN WITH DRY
NONADHESIVE STERILE DRESSING
OR CLEAN CLOTH
• TREAT PATIENT FOR SHOCK
• COMFORT PATIENT
CHEMICAL BURN
• FLUS SITE WITH WATER FOR 20
MINUTES. REMOVE CONTAMINATED
JEWELRY OR CLOTHING
• COVER WITH STERILE DRESSING OR
DRY CLEAN CLOTH
ELECTRICAL BURN
• UNPLUG OR DISCONNECT
ELECTRICAL DEVICE
• CALL 911
• KEEP AIRWAY OPEN
• TREAT PATIENT FOR SHOCK
• DETERMINE SEVERITY OF BURNMOST HAVE TO BE TREATED IN
HOSPITAL.
INJURIES TO BONES JOINTS
MUSCLE
• WE’LL DISCUSS LATER WHEN WE
HAVE OUR LAB PRACTICE.
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
• HYPOGLYCEMIA-When blood sugar drops because of too much
insulin, exercise, too little food, or too much alcohol. Can become
unconscious and even die.
• SYMPTOMS• SUDDEN IRRITABILITY
• CONFUSION
• SHAKING
• DIZZINESS
• SWEATING
• PALE
• WEAKNESS
• POOR COORDINATION
• UNCONSCIOUSNESS
DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
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HYPERGLYCEMIA-When a diabetic’s blood sugar level is too high because
of too little insulin, too much food, illness, or stress. Can lead to dehydration,
kidney problems, unconsciousness
SYMPTOMSEXTREME THIRST
DRY SKIN
FREQUENT URINATION
EXCESSIVE HUNGER
N/V
BLURRED VISION
FRUITY ODOR ON BREATH
HEAVY BREATHING
DROWSINESS
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
CARING FOR DIABETIC
EMERGENCIES
• CHECK ABC’S-PROVIDE CPR IF
NECESSARY
• LOW BLOOD SUGAR-GIVE OJ, SODA,
HARD CANDY-IF KNOW DIABETIC
• IF NOT SURE IF DIABETIC-GIVE
SUGAR
CARING FOR SEIZURES
• GRAND MAL SEIZURE:
• LOSS OF CONSCIOUSSNESS
• STIFFENING OF BODY FOLLOWED BY
SHAKING OF ARMS AND LEGS
• LOSS OF BODY TONE
• CLENCHING OF TEETH
• LOSS OF BLADDER CONTROL
• PERIOD OF DROWSINESS AND CONFUSION
AFTER SEIZURE.
CARING FOR SEIZURES
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PETIT MAL SEIZURES:
LAST ONLY A FEW SECONDS
MAY STARE INTO SPACE
CALL 911 IF
LASTS MORE THAN 5 MINUTES
A SECOND SEIZURE OCCURS
THE PATIENT IS PREGNANT
THERE ARE SIGNS OF INJURY
CARING FOR SEIZURES
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LOWER PATIENT TO FLOOR
CUSHION HEAD
LOOSEN TIGHT CLOTHING
MOVE FURNITURE
LOOK FOR APPROPRIATE MEDICAL ID
TURN PT ON LT SIDE
TIME SEIZURE
DO NOT RESTRIC MOVEMENT
STAY WITH PT UNTIL SEIZURE ENDS
HEAT EMERGENCIES
• HEAT STROKE-When inner temperature
rises so fast the body cannot cool itself. 105
or higher
• Usually occurs during summer and usually
effects elderly, obese, alcoholic, and
chronically ill. Can also effect athletes and
construction workers.
Heat stroke
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S/S
CONFUSION
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
STRONG RAPID PULSE
EXTREME FATIGUE
BODY TEMP 105 OR HIGHER
NO SWEATING
DRY RED SKIN
HEAT CRAMPS
• PAINFUL SPASMS OF BACK LEG MUSCLES
OR ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
• ASSOCIATED WITH LACK OF FLUIDS, HIGH
TEMPERATURES, LACK OF PHYSICAL
CONDITIONING.
• NOT LIFE THREATENING
• GIVE SPORTS DRINK
• REST FOR A FEW HOURS
• STRETCH CRAMPING MUSCLE
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO
EXCESSIVE HEAT CAUSES THE BODY
TO PERSPIRE AND LOSE FLUIDS AND
ELECTROLYTES.
• EFFECTS ATHLETES, CONSTRUCTION
WORKERS, ROOFERS, AND OTHERS
WHO WORK IN EXTREME HEAT
CONDITIONS.
SYMPTOMS HEAT
EXHAUSTION
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ANXIETY
COOL MOIST SKIN
DIZZINESS
FATIGUE
H/A
HEAVY SWEATING
IMPAIRED JUDGEMENT
THIRSTY
LOSS OF APPETITE
LOSS OF COORDINATION
NAUSE
RAPID WEAK PULSE
TREATMENT OF HEAT
EXHAUSTION AND HEAT
STROKE
• HEAT EXHAUSTION
• LOSSEN CLOTHING
• LAY ON BACK WITH LEGS ELEVATED 8-12
INCHES
• SPONGE PT WITH COOL WATER
• IF CONSCIOUS GIVE WATER TO DRINK
• IF NO IMPROVEMENT 15 MIN SEEK
MEDICAL ATTENTION
TREATMENT OF HEAT STROKE
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CALL 911
REMOVE ALL NONCOTTON CLOTHING
SOAK PT WITH WATER ESPECIALLY HEAD AND
NECK
FAN PT TO INCREASE RATE OF EVAPORATION
USE ICE PACKS ON NECK, UNDER ARMS AND ON
GROIN-DON’T LET PT SHIVER
KEEP PT LYING DOWN WITH FEET ELEVATED
MASSAGE EXTREMETIES TO ENCOURAGE
RETURN OF COOLER BLOOD TO HEART
COLD RELATED EMERGENCIES
• HYPOTHERMIA-The body loses more heat than
it produces and the temp drops below 95. If drops
below 80-usually death occurs.
• Usually cause of being immersed into cold water
• Infants, elderly, alcoholics most vulnerable
• Symptoms
• Alteration in mental status
• Shivering
• Cool abdomen
CARING FOR HYPOTHERMIA
• HANDLE WITH EXTREME CARE
• ADD INSULATION ABOVE AND
BELOW PAT USING BLANKETS,
TOWELS, ETC
• KEEP PT FLAT AND STILL
• CALL 911
FROST NIP
• AFFECTS AREAS EXPOSED TO COLD SUCH
AS CHEEKS, NOSE, EARS, FINGERS, AND
TOES LEAVING THEM NUMB AND WHITE.
• EASILY TREATED
• BRING INSIDE OR COVER FINGERS WITH
ARMPITS AND COVER FACE WITH GLOVED
HAND
• REMOVE WET CLOTHING
• IMMERSE CHILLED BODY PARTS INTO
WARM(NOT HOT) WATER
FROST BITE
• FREEZING OF SKIN AND TISSUES
UNDER SKIN.
• CAUSES DAMAGE TO BLOOD
VESSELS AND RESULTS IN BLOOD
CLOTTING AND LACK OF OXYGEN
TO AFFECTED AREA.
• WHITE, WAXY SKIN THAT FEELS
NUMB AND HARD
CARING FOR FROST BITE
• REMOVE WET CLOTHING AND REPLACE WITH DRY
COVERING
• CALL 911 OR TAKE PT TO ER
• IMMERSE FROZEN PART IN WARM WATER
• DO NOT USE DIRECT HEAT SUCH AS HEATING PAD. DO NOT
RUB FROSTBITTEN SKIN OR RUB SNOW ON AREA.
• DO NOT BREAK ANY BLISTERS
• REWARMING TAKES UP TO 40 MIN AND PT WILL COMPLAIN
OF BURNING SENSATION. SKIN MAY TURN RED, BLUE, OR
PURPLE AND MAY HAVE BLISTERS. THAWED SKIN IS PINK
AND NO LONGER NUMB
• APPLY STERILE DRESSING TO THAWED AREA AND DO NOT
MOVE AFFECTED BODY PART
CARING FOR POISONING
• INHALED POISONS- CARBON
MONOXIDE AMMONIA, CHLORINE
GAS
• GET PT OUT OF POISONOUS ENV AND
INTO OPEN FRESH AIR
• CALL 911
• PLACE ON LT SIDE IF NAUSEATED OR
UNRESPONSIVE
POISONS
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CARBON MONOXIDE
CAR EXHAUST, GAS LOG BURNERS, WOOD BURNING FIREPLACES,
KEROSENE HEATERS, BBQ GRILLS, GAS WATER HEATERS OR
DRYERS, GAS STOVES.
S/S
ALTERED MENTAL STATUS
BREATHING PROBLEMS
CHEST PAIN
DIZZINESS
H/A
MUSCLE WEAKNESS
N/V
RAPID HEART BEAT
TREAT SAME AS INHALED POISONING
ABSORBED POISON
• POISONS THAT ARE TAKEN INTO BODY
THROUGH SKIN
• PLANTS
• INSECTICIDES OR PESTICIDES
• TREATMENT
• WASH SKIN WITH SOAP AND WATER
• IF WITH CHEMICAL-WASH WITH WATER 20
MIN
• IF NOT BREATHING-RESCUE BREATHING
• CALL 911
INGESTED POISON
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HOUSELHOLD CHEMICALS, MEDICAITONS,
BURNS OR ODORS AROUND MOUTH
BOTTLES OR CONTAINERS NEAR PT
NAUSEA/VOMITING
ABD PAIN
DROWSINESS
CALL POISON CONTROL IMMEDIATELY
IF UNRESPONSIVE CALL 911 THEN POISON CONTROL
GIVE POISON CONTROL AGE AND WEIGHT IF CHILD
NAME OF POISON
AMOUNT OF POISON
FOLLOW POISON CONTROL DIRECTIONS
SAVE ALL CONTAINERS