Towards a Standard for Carbon
Accounting: a view from CIBSE
Hywel Davies
CIBSE Technical Director
and Stuart Macpherson
Irons Foulner Consulting Engineers
Current Standards Activity
BSI, CEN and ISO are working on standards
related to carbon emissions from buildings and
their component materials and systems
• BS PAS 2050 – measurement of embodied
greenhouse gases in products and services
• CEN - Sustainability of construction works
• CEN – Strategic energy management forum
• ISO – sustainable construction standards
PAS 2050
• Being developed jointly by Carbon Trust,
Defra and BSI
• Aims to “develop an agreed method for
measuring embodied GHG emissions
which can be applied across a wide range
of product and service categories …to
enable companies to measure the GHG
related impacts of their products and
reduce them.”
• Carbon and GHG specific
Directives
• The EPBD
• Scottish Building Standards
• Energy Assessors in Scotland
Carbon Accounting?
Its not just about counting carbon,
but controlling it
Thank you for listening – Any questions?
Westminster carbon counting conference,
ICE, 24 January 2008
JOINING THINGS UP
FOR BUILDINGS
Bill Bordass
the Usable Buildings Trust
www.usablebuildings.co.uk
Wider implications
Benchmarking needs:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Better data quality
Sharper standards
Segmental carbon reporting
Identification and reporting on normalisation factors
Avoiding carbon reductionism
Activity-specific metrics
Activity/sector-specific reporting standards
• Collaborative sector/activity projects to define the above
We need to save real carbon,
not virtual carbon
The
Credibility
for a green building award winner
Gap
Saving energy and CO2 in a hurry,
using the multiplier effect
Reduced demands standards, passive measures
x 0.5?
50 %
Increased efficiency
better technology, lower
resistances
x 0.5?
25 %
Waste avoidance
better control, management,
behaviour?
Less 20%? (it could easily be more)
20 %
Low-carbon energy supplies
on and off-site
Halve the carbon content of the supplies? 10%
To get rapid and cost-effective change,
Use renewable supplies AND
make buildings efficient in use
Making Performance Visible
with building energy certificates
Ambitions of Europrosper
research project 2000-04:
Display energy certs based
on actual energy use.
Achieved
• Transparency between
expectations and
outcomes. Incomplete
• Multiple performance
indicators Incomplete
• We now need voluntary
supporting measures
Passing on carbon + energy
BPF Landlord’s statement
• Improves transparency
• Includes multiple performance indicators
• Allows individual tenants to add the energy they
purchase directly and prepare Display Energy
Certificates on same basis as whole buildings.
• Avoids double handling if it allows the transfer of
carbon from landlord to tenant for the purpose of
the Carbon Reduction Commitment.
• Interest being shown by other sectors (business
centres, retail, industrial
Passing on carbon + energy
BPF Landlord’s statement
Drilling down further
to assign realistic priorities
Drilling down even further:
actual versus predicted for lighting
Comparing corporate
performance on climate
change – what metrics?
Dr. Craig Mackenzie
Director, Carbon Benchmarking Project
University of Edinburgh Business School
The scope for low cost
reductions
Source: Vattenfal
Breakdown of the Tesco
footprint
Add note on fridge energy?
Refrigeration
Tesco CSR Report 2007
Direct CO2e emissions
Total UK Carbon Emissions
2,500,000
Tonnes CO2e
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
No
Data
0
Somerfield
Cooperative
Waitrose
Marks &
Spencer
Sainsburys
Morrisons
Asda
Tesco
Relative carbon intensity?
Carbon intensity (tonnes CO2e/£turnover)
120
CO2e/£turnover
100
80
60
40
20
No
Data
0
Somerfield
Sainsburys
Marks &
Spencer
Tesco
Cooperative
Waitrose
Asda
Morrisons
NB: this slide does not give an accurate comparison of performance
Meaningful comparison?
Food
Data
processing
estimated
business
Use of
Carbon intensity
(CO2e/£tunover)
biodiesel
120
Food Green tariff
electricity
non-food
split
Green tariff
CO2e/£turnover
100
80
Data
incomplete
60
electricity
Foodnon-food
split
Food
non-food
split
40
20
No
Data
0
Somerfield
Sainsburys
Marks &
Spencer
Tesco
Cooperative
Waitrose
Asda
Morrisons
NB: this slide does not give an accurate comparison of performance
An alternative strategy
Diesel litres/pallet delivered
Add note on fridge energy?
Average store
energy rating
% f-gas
leakage pa
Refrigeration
Tesco CSR Report 2007
KWh/linear meter
of refrigeration
% electricity from renewables
weighted for additionality
Carbon Counting for Neighbourhoods and Cities
Westminster Carbon
Counting Conference
24 January 2008, London
Dr Rajat Gupta
Department of Architecture
rgupta@brookes.ac.uk
Core methodologies used in DECoRuM
Methodology used
Details of methodology
Building Research
Establishment Domestic
Energy Model (BREDEM)
–12
Industry standard to calculate
energy use for different dwelling
types in UK.
Outputs
Annual energy use
(GJ/year)
Annual CO2 emissions
(kg/year)
Estimates annual energy
requirement for space heating,
water heating, lights & appliances Running costs (£s/year)
and cooking
Requires 95 input parameters
Standard Assessment
Procedure (SAP) 2001
Government’s recommended
system for home energy rating
based on energy costs for space
and water heating.
SAP rating (scale of 1-120)
Net annual cost method
Used by BRE to asses costeffectiveness of energy efficiency
measures.
Net annual cost/tonne of
CO2 saved
Underlying
physicallybased
energy
models:
BREDEM –
12 linked to
SAP 2001.
Carbon Index (scale of 110)
Cost-benefit
analysis
approach
Outputs from DECoRuM
Outputs
Energy use
Total annual energy use
Annual energy use by end use
CO2 emissions
Total annual CO2 emissions
Expressed as
kWh/year
kWh/m2/year
kWh/year
Annual CO2 emissions by end use
kgCO2/year
kgCO2/m2/year
kgCO2/year
Fuel costs
Total annual running (fuel) costs
Annual running (fuel) costs by end use
£/year
£/year
Energy rating
SAP rating
Carbon Index
Scale of 1 to 120
Scale of 1 to 10
Framework for baseline predictions
DECoRuM baseline energy model estimates energy consumption and CO2 emissions of
individual dwellings as the basic component for calculation, and then aggregates these to
an urban scale.
Oxford case study: DECoRuM baseline energy & CO2 model
© Rajat Gupta,
Oxford Brookes
University,
Oxford, UK.
In conclusion
Top down approaches
Are they complementary to each other?
What do we need to adopt for cities to be able
to estimate baseline emissions, predict
potential emission reductions, and take action?
Bottom-up models
Stern indicates the London Plan targets
will not be sufficient
Carbon dioxide emissions (MtCO2)
50
40
15%
30
Draft London
Plan targets
20%
25% 30%
20
60%
New
evidence?
10
60%
90%
1990
2000
2010
Today
(+0.7° C already)
2020
2030
2025
2040
2050
London:
Where emissions come from:
Emissions from London
Ground-based
Transport
Domestic
22%
7%
38%
7%
Industrial
21%
33%
Commercial (inc.
public sector)
Responsibility for Delivering
30% CO2 Cuts by 2025
50
•GLA family (~10%) City
•Boroughs (~10%)
•National government
(~30%)
•Million tonnes of CO2 per
annum
40
•Private sector (~40%)
•Individuals (~10%)
30
20
10
0
2006
Source: LECI; GLA analysis
2025
Solar Cities: 2nd International Conference 2006
LOW CARBON WOLVERCOTE
Principles of carbon counting for
buildings in use
THE KEY STEPS
The five key steps in counting the impact on the outside world are:
1
2
Define the boundary of the premises. Boundaries should be where they make
practical sense in terms of where the energy can be counted (e.g. the area fed
by the meters) and how the area is run (a tenancy, a building, a site; or even a
district or a city). One may look at more than one boundary, e.g. for a university
the campus, specific buildings, and individual departments; and for a rented
building the whole building, and each tenancy.
Measure the flows of each energy supply across the defined boundary.
Normally this will be annual totals by fuel, though details of load profiles could
sometimes be included.
3
Define carbon dioxide factors for each energy supply, as discussed below
4
Multiply each energy flow by the appropriate carbon dioxide factor, to get the
emissions associated with each fuel
5
Add them up. to get the annual total of CO2 emissions.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions will include: (Source:Robert Cohen)
Probably the most ‘correct’ approach is to split the scores into four categories:
- Direct and measurable
- Indirect, pro-rated on the bases of purchases
- Indirect, not pro-rated and attributed to the industrial sectors
- Fixed infrastructure, not pro-rated and attributable to government policy.
Peter Harper, Centre for Alternative technology
DIRECT EMISSIONS 34%
HOUSE ENERGY 19.5%
TRANSPORT ENERGY 14.5%
INDIRECT PRO RATA EMISSONS 51%
INDIRECT INFRASTRUCTURAL EMISSONS 15%
Making Business Sense of Climate Change
www.thecarbontrust.co.uk
DECARBONISING BUILDINGS
CASE STUDY: The Sports Hall
The proposed sports halls is:
- 36 x 40mx 7m high,
- floor area of around 1440m2.
- The currently preferred design includes:
- 15 Sprung Sports Floor
- Lighting should be Multi-Corso set between the badminton courts
- Heating system is a Continuous Black Tube radiant heating system.
- 160m2 sports storage equipment
- Full height glazed screen between corridor and sports hall
- Range of fixed equipment including basket ball goals, netball &
badminton posts
- Side walls to be green or blue to meet badminton requirements
-Top 3m of the 3 external walls are designed to include Kalwall
Transluscent
- cladding, an insulating, diffuse, light transmitting system that eliminates
glare hot spots and shadows.
Recommendations:
•
High the thermal efficiency of the structure of the sports hall through the use of
good levels of insulation in north, south and east walls, elimination of airinfiltration through the building envelope and robust construction.
•
Optimised use of natural lighting in the sports hall so reducing the need for
high levels of artificial lighting.
•
Naturally ventilated sports hall, eliminating the need for mechanical cooling
and provision of fresh air.
•
Replacement of the proposed high level, high temperature, gas fired, air blown
heating system with an under-floor, low temperature heating system powered
at least in part by a ground source heat pump system and a wind turbine
situated in the school grounds.
•
Install a roof mounted solar hot water system to provide part of the high
temperature water supply needed for the changing room facilities.
The what works palette of RENs
Source: njsolar
Wind – It works and is available on site
220kW turbine
Electricity provision: 85 houses
or 5 primary schools
Height: 36m
Cost: £550-700k
1.5MW turbine
Electricity provision: 1200
houses or 75 primary schools
6kW turbine
Electricity provision: 3.5 houses or
20% of a primary school
Height: 9m
Cost: £15-18k
400W turbine
Electricity provision: 20% of a
household
Height: 2m
Cost: £1500-2000
House height 8m
Height: 65m
Cost: £1-1.5 million
RENEWABLE ENERGY GRANTS:
The Low Carbon Buildings Programme Stream 2B.
(www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/ ).
•
•
•
•
•
Solar photovoltaics 50%
Biomass 35%
Ground source heat pumps 35%
Wind turbines 30%
Solar thermal 30%
CALCULATING THE COST BENEFITS OF THE SAVINGS:
Recommendation 3: Naturally ventilate the sports hall and eliminate the need for
mechanical cooling and provision of fresh air. Removal of central ventilation
plant and fans.
Electricity cost savings
34 kWh/m2/a saved by removal of mechanical ventilation
system.
= 1440 x 34 = 48960 kWh/a
CO2 savings
21.053 tonnes annum
cost savings
1440 x 34 x 5.5 = £2693 annum
Cost of measure
removes c. -£15,000 from plant cost and adds the same for
the opening Kalwal windows at the upper level.
Payback
0 years
Recommendation 4: Under floor heating with GSHP power in part with a wind
turbine
Replace all air blown sports hall heating system with under-floor heating from a ground
source heat pump with wind turbine giving zero energy heating for the hall.
Heating gas saved 307 kWh/m2/a = 1440 x 307 = 442080 kWh/a
CO2 savings
83.995 tonnes annum
cost savings
442080 x 2.7 = £11,936 annum
Cost of measure
£100,000
Payback
8.38years
Key recomendations:
Estimated Annual Savings
Financial
Savings
CO2 Savings
Energy Savings
Estimated
Cost of
Measur
e
Payback
period
(years)
Recommendations and Key Actions
£
tonnes
kWh
£
high thermal efficiency of sports hall
1,400
9.9
51,840
5,000
3.57
Optimisation of the natural day lighting of the
hall
3,564
12.3
64,800
2,000
0.56
Natural ventilation of the sports hall
2,693
21
48,960
0
-
Under floor heating with GSHP and wind
turbine
11,936
84
442,080
100,000
3.58
985
6.9
36,500
35,000
35.53
Solar hot water systems
TOTAL
20,578
134
644,180
142,000
Guy Hudson, Convenor
“International
network for Carbon
Accounting Reporting, and
Reduction in the Built
environment “
ICT Workgroup
ICARB
• Positioning: a clear need – to ensure
consistent and therefore comparable
carbon accounting
• At a formative stage
ICARB
Questions
• What does this mean applied to ICT?
• How do we achieve the objective?
Pushing at an open door
• ISO/BSI, the Carbon Trust and the supply
chain
Industry initiatives PAS2050
• Solving the E-Waste Problem [StEP]
• Green Grid
• Climate Savers Computing Initiative [CSCI]
• The Information Age Partnership [IAP]
• Market Transformation Programme [MTP]
• Saving the climate @ the speed of light
[SC@SoL]
ICARB
Consistent carbon accounting
• Scope is very large
• Deep but very narrow
Divided up into – 10? workgroups
The world according to ICARB
2 Dimensions of the problem
Government
Scope
Cities
Communities
Footprinting
Individuals
Buildings
ICT
Sectors
3rd Dimensions of the problem
For each sector. Each
application level identify parameters
Boundaries
Datasets
Units, Metrics, Factors
(organisations and projects considered in the sector subcommittees)
The ICT Workgroup?
Scope
Steering Committee
Sectors
The solution will involve:
Open source, Standards –based
• Methodologies open and available to all
– Bookshelf technology
• Using current standards for CO2 and CO2e
calculations
– GHG
– Carbon Trust/DEFRA - PAS2050
– ITIL
=> Meta standard: practical – defining the grey areas
Each workgroup
• Position paper at the October conference
• Gather data for standards and initiatives in
the industry
• Collaborate with other workgroups to
define boundaries, share information on
useful datasets etc.
Sue Roaf
Professor of Architectural Engineering
Heriot Watt University
Edinburgh
s.roaf@btinternet.com