Inference
Roman Republic
World History
Unit 3, Lesson 2
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Inference
• The act or process of deriving logical
conclusions from premises known or
assumed to be true.
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Inference:
The act or process of
deriving logical conclusions
from premises known or
assumed to be true.
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From a historian’s
perspective, what
might this shape
represent?
How might
geography
affect an
emerging
civilization?
Rise of Rome
Roman Republic
Expands: The
Roman Empire
Roman Republic is
Established at
around 509 BC
Early Settlement of Rome
in the Italian Peninsula at
around 700 BC along the
Tiber River
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhisto
ry/romans/city_of_rome/
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Go to Slide:
Roman Empire
Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”
(lasting about 200
years from 27 BC
to 395 AD)
Glencoe p 150
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Early Romans:
• Latin- Early settlers of Rome
• Etruscans- Northern Italy
– Eventually take control of Rome and
build it into a great city.
– Build it on 7 hills for protection.
• 509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans
out.
Click on map to go back to
“Rise of Rome” slide
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Roman Government: Republic
• Republic - a government
with elected representatives
• Twelve Tables
• Patricians
• Plebeians
• Senate
• Consuls
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Roman government
• Patricians- wealthy landowners
that controlled the republic.
• Consuls- two individuals that
directed the daily affairs of
government and led the army.
– One-year terms
- Cincinnatus, p 155
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The Senate
• 300-member council of
patricians that made laws and
served Rome
–Most powerful part
of the Republic
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The Plebeians
• The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)
• Had no say in government
• Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than
the Senate.
• Twelve Tables- 451 BCE
– Plebeians have Roman laws written.
– Gives common people some protection against unfair
patrician decisions.
– Twelve Tables may be found at:
http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html
Click on map to go back to
“Rise of Rome” slide
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ROMAN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT
Monarchical
Aristocratic
Democratic
2 Consuls and
Magistrates
Senate
(Senators)
Assembly of Tribes
(10 Tribunes)
Directed government
Control army
Acted as judges
Could issue edicts
Acted as chief priest
Controlled state
budget
Could pass laws
Approved/rejected
laws; Decided on War
Tribune could veto
actions of magistrate
Acted as final court
Basis of power:
possess imperium,
the right to rule
need for leadership
Basis of power:
members were richest
men in Rome.
Basis of power:
provided most of the
soldiers
Limits on power:
one year term
each could veto
Limits on power:
could not control
army; needed
majority as soldiers.
Limits on power:
Could not suggest laws;
often paid as clients by
the elite
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How might
geography
affect an
emerging
civilization?
Rise of Rome
Roman Republic
Expands: The
Roman Empire
Roman Republic is
Established at
around 509 BC
Early Settlement of Rome
in the Italian Peninsula at
around 700 BC along the
Tiber River
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhisto
ry/romans/city_of_rome/
©2012, TESCCC
Go to Slide:
Roman Empire
Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”
(lasting about 200
years from 27 BC
to 395 AD)
Julius Caesar
•
•
Reforms Rome
1. Reorganized government with him as dictator.
2. Lowered taxes.
3. Makes governors responsible to him.
4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.
March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated
– Stabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”
– Augustus Caesar next ruler
– Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD)
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The Roman Empire
• Rome had a superior army due to its discipline and
organization
• Roman Legions (army units)
• Punic Wars (a series of wars that were fought to expand
the size of Rome)
• Rome expands to North Africa, parts of Europe and
other lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
• Julius Caesar (Roman general becomes Emperor)
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ROMAN LEGION
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The Roman Empire
• Augustus Caesar gains control of the
following:
– Military
• Takes complete control of
• Gives veterans bonuses of land.
– Loyalty to Rome
• Granted citizenship to more conquered
peoples of Europe.
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ROMAN ROADS
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The Roman Achievement
 Aqueducts – Roman
water systems often
carried water to
cities from
mountain streams
hundreds of miles
away. Only a highly
organized
civilization with
advanced
technology could
create such a
system.
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The Roman Achievement
Highly sophisticated
public buildings and
baths.
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TRADE & URBANIZATION
•
Commercial agriculture
– Owners of latifundia focused on production for export
– Commercial agriculture led to economic specialization, integration
– Slavery preferred over labor saving devices and paid labor
•
Mediterranean trade
– Sea-lanes linked ports of the Mediterranean
– Roman navy kept the seas largely free of pirates
– The Mediterranean became a Roman lake
•
The city of Rome
–
–
–
–
–
Wealth of the city fueled its urban development
Statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples, stadiums
First use of concrete as construction material
Rome attracted numerous immigrants
City attractions
• Public baths, swimming pools, gymnasia
• Enormous circuses, stadiums, and amphitheaters
•
Other Cities
– Most large cities were in Eastern part of empire
– Eastern cities largely dominated by Greeks
– Cities include Alexandria, Antioch, Athens, Pergammum, Thessalonika
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ROMAN FAMILY, SOCIETY
•
The pater familias
–
–
–
–
•
A Roman family consisted of all household members living together
Pater familias, or "father of the family," ruled
Women wielded considerable influence within their families
Many women supervised family business and wealthy estates
Wealth and social change
–
–
–
–
–
•
Newly rich classes built palatial houses and threw lavish banquets
Cultivators and urban masses lived at subsistence level
Poor classes became a serious problem in Rome and other cities
No urban policy developed, only "bread and circuses“
Merchants tolerated but not given much social recognition
Slavery
–
–
–
–
–
–
Slaves - 1/3 of Roman population
Chained together in teams, worked on latifundia
Spartacus's uprising in 73 B.C.E.
Working conditions for city slaves were better
Epictetus, an Anatolian slave, became a prominent Stoic philosopher
Urban slaves could hope for manumission
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ROMAN WORLD VIEW
• Veritas and Gravitas
• Roman Polytheism
–
–
–
–
–
Early deities: Jupiter, Mars, Ceres, Janus, Vesta
Newly adapted deities: Juno, Minerva
Borrowed, co-opted foreign deities into pantheon
Religion was agricultural, state oriented, important to family
Very little emotional attachment to gods
• Greek influence
– Stoicism appealed to Roman intellectuals
– Cicero (106-43 B.C.E.) established Stoicism in Rome
• Religions of salvation and Cults
– Flourished in Rome and the Mediterranean basin
– Roman roads served as highways for religious spread
– Mithraism
• Mithras, a god of sun and light in Zoroastrian mythology
• Roman soldiers adapted it, associated it with military value
• Moral teaching of Mithraism, only for men
– Goddess Cybele and goddess Isis were also popular
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The Rise and Fall of Rome
Pax
Romana
500
BC
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476
AD
Why do Empires Fall?
Empire: A major political
unit having a territory of
greater extent or a number
of territories or peoples
under a single sovereign
authority.
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Decline
• Empires too big—costly to defend
the frontiers
• Burden of taxes on the poor, some
flee to evade taxes, as maintaining
the grows more costly—taxes go up,
few new sources of revenue,
religious groups and nobility exempt
• Slavery in Roman so oppressive less
productive, fewer new sources, less
technological development
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Decline (continued)
• Administrative problems
succession—court intrigue, barrack emperors
failing bureaucracies—corruption of examination
system, lack of civic responsibility
Roman—bread and circuses to forestall revolts
• Eroding economies—decline in trade when
roads not repaired or safe
• Religion—Christianity a factor, but not Buddhism
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Decline (continued)
• Plagues—hit both hard, especially in cities
of Roman empire
• Pressure from nomads—Huns, Xiongnu,
Germanic
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Why did the west fall harder?
• More multiethnic Han Chinese—a true nation
that can endure beyond the dynasty, In Roman
empire most live outside Italy
• State and society not bond together with the
same glue—China, Confucianism offers both
order for family, society and state—not true of
Romans
• Better assimilation of “barbarians” by China,
Germanic dismembered Roman empire, while
nomads absorbed by Chinese
• Common language—Latin never really replaced
Greek in much of the empire
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Why western Roman empire and
not eastern?
• Deep, engrained civilization in the east—Greeks and
before
• East less impacted by nomadic invasion—maybe
because many enduring cities, large populations
• Tribes on eastern borders were disorganized and
unmotivated
• After separation of empire, east no longer has to
send any help to West
• Even with changing political structure , little threat to
social, economic or cultural continuity
• No cities in the west
• German soldiers fill the ranks of Roman legions
• When west cut from wealth of East, the tax base
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dwindled
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Fall of Rome
Invasions
Weak military
• Empire was too
large
• Increase use of
slaves put Romans
out of work
• Prices increased
• Corruption
• Decrease in trade
• Invasions: Franks,
Visigoths, Huns,
Vandals, Saxons
Failure to collect
taxes
Bad leadership
476 AD marks the
official fall of Rome
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EARLY CHRISTIANITY
 Jews expelled Christians from Judaism in 70 CE
 Roman repression





Peter and Paul both executed in Rome by Nero in 67 CE
Romans followed very tolerant policy: pay taxes, do not revolt
Christians refused to worship emperor, state gods = treason
Romans worried that Christians were anti-social
Some emperors persecuted Christians to increase patriotism
 Christianity grew rapidly in the empire
– Strong appeal to lower classes, urban population, and women
•
•
•
•
Accorded honor and dignity to lower standing individuals
Provided a sense of spiritual freedom
Taught the spiritual equality of the sexes
Promised future glory for true believers
• Most influential faith in Mediterranean by the 3rd century C.E
– Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece heavily Christian including many aristocrats
– Influence in west limited to cities, especially Africa
– Armenia, Ethiopia, Egypt were first truly Christian countries
• Rome became traditional head of church but not only leader
– Primus inter pares = first among equals
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Petrine Doctrine = Peter the first pope and head of the Church
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The Rise of Christianity
Textbook - page 171-173
Despite Roman persecution
of the early Church, the Pax
Romana and the extensive
Roman transportation
system allowed Christianity
to spread throughout the
Roman empire. The huge
slave population made
Christianity attractive to a
wide section of the
population. By 312 AD,
Emperor Constantine had
decreed Christianity the
official religion of Rome.
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Jesus healing the blind man.
Circle Map – Christianity in Rome
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Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the
Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)
Justinian Code
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the eastern
part of the empire (Byzantine Empire) under
Emperor Justinian clarified roman laws.
Justinian, at around 529 (AD) formed a
committee of ten men to work on this project.
The end product was the Justinian Code of
Laws. Today, much of modern day laws are
based on Roman Law and the Justinian Code
of Laws.
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Roman Influences
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Other helpful links:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanpages.html
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Roman Influences
Draw a graphic organizer on your booklet (last two pages of your booklet). You
may add more extensions to the organizer.
Political
Religious
Roman
Influences
Culture
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