HOW THE BODY IS STRUCTURED
ACOS 3
Organ Systems -- Mr. Anderson
Describe how tissues, organs, and
organ systems are related
• Read p.580-583
• How are tissues, organs, and organ systems
related?
• Cells make tissues, that make organs, that make
organ systems.
• What are the four kinds of tissues?
• Epithelial (skin), Nervous (sends electrical
signals), Muscle (produce movement), and
Connective (protects and supports organs)
The 12 Organ Systems
• Draw figure 3 on page 582-583
• Also, do the math. There is 206 bones in the
human skeleton. The human skull has 22
bones. What percentage of human bones are
skull bones?
• 10.7%
Identify the major parts of the skeletal
system
• Read p. 584-587
• What is the major parts of the skeletal
system?
• Bones, cartilage, and the connective tissue.
• What are the two types of marrow?
• Red marrow that produce red and white blood
cells and yellow marrow that is found in the
bones and stores fat.
4 Functions of Bones
• So, what 4 things does bones do?
• Protection, storage, movement, and blood cell
formation
• How do bones grow?
• As people grow, most of the cartridge that
they start out with is replaced with bones.
3 kinds of joints
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Draw figure 3 on page 586
Define joint.
A place where two or more bones meet
What holds joints together?
Ligaments
Cartridge helps to cushion what area?
Where the bones meet
3 kinds of muscle tissues
• Read p.588-591
• What is a muscular system?
• The organ system whose primary function is
movement and flexibility
• Draw figure 1 on p.588 about the three kinds of
muscles
• How do muscles work in pairs?
• 1 muscle, the flexor, bends part of the body, while
the extensor, straightens part of the body
• Types of Muscles
Compare aerobic and resistance
exercise
• What is the difference between resistance and
aerobic exercise?
• Resistance used weights or resistance of an
object to strengthen their skeletal system.
Aerobic helps to strengthen the heart and
increases endurance.
The Heart of the Matter
• Read 606-611
• What are the 4 main parts of the cardiovascular
system and describe them?
• The heart, which pumps blood through blood
vessels. Then there are 3 types of blood vessels.
The arteries carry blood away from the body.
The capillaries allow an exchange between blood
and cells in other tissues. Then veins carry blood
back to the heart.
Problems of the heart
• Name 4 cardiovascular problems and describe
them.
• Atherosclerosis – cholesterol blocks up blood
vessels. High Blood Pressure – this can cause
heart attacks and strokes. Heart Attacks – this
is when heart cells die, usually caused by loss
of blood flow. Heart Failure – when the heart
cannot pump enough blood to meet the
needs of the body.
Components of Blood
• Read p.612-615
• What are the four main components of blood?
• Plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white
blood cells.
• Why is plasma important?
• They are a mixture of water, minerals,
nutrients, sugars, and proteins. It helps
transport these all ove the body.
Blood Types
• Copy figure 4 on page 614.
• Copy table 1 on page 615.
• Why are people with type O blood called
universal donors?
• Because they have no A or B antigens, so O
blood will not react with any other type of
blood.
Lymphatic System
• Read p.616-619
• What is the lymphatic system?
• Collection of organs whose primary function is
to collect extra cellular fluid and return it to
the blood.
• Why is it a secondary circulatory system?
• Because it collects fluid and particles from
between the cells and returns them to the
cardiovascular system.
Parts of the Lymphatic System
• What are the six parts of the lymphatic
system?
• Vessels, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes, Thymus,
Spleen, Tonsils.
• Draw figure 2 on page 617
• Interstitial Fluid
Breathing
• Read p.620-623
• What is respiration?
• The process by which a body gets and uses
oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water.
• Circulatory System -- Mr. Anderson
Breathing
• Name and describe the 7 parts of the Respiratory
System.
• Nose – main passageway. Pharynx – passage way
from mouth to larynx. Larynx – area of throat
with vocal cords. Trachea – Tube that connects
larynx to lungs. Bronchus – One of two tubes
that connect the lungs with the trachea. Alveoli –
tiny sacs where gases are exchanged. Diaphragm
– muscle that expands so lungs can fill.
• Crash Course -- Circulatory and Respiratory
Cellular Respiration
• What is cellular respiration?
• The process inside a cell in which oxygen is
used to release energy stored in molecules of
glucose. Water and Carbon Dioxide are
released during the process.
• Draw figure 1 and 2 on pages 620 and 621
Digestion
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Read p. 634-635
What is chemical digestion?
Large molecules are broken down into nutrients
What is mechanical digestion?
The breaking, crushing, and mashing of food
Draw figure 1 on page 634
Digestion -- Mr. Anderson
Crash Course -- Digestion
What happens in digestion?
• Read p.636-641
• Describe digestion.
• You put food in mouth. You chew food with teeth
as it mixes with saliva. It leaves the mouth going
down the esophagus. It is forced into the
stomach, where it is broken down into a soupy
mixture called chyme. It leaves the stomach
going into the small intestine, where nutrients
are absorbed. Then it goes to the large intestine
to be forced out the rectum. That is the end of
the line.
Urine and You
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Read p. 642-645
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
To produce, store, and eliminate urine.
What does your kidneys constantly do?
Clean the blood
What is a nephron?
The unit in the kidney that filters blood
Urine and You
• Draw the figure on p.643
• How does your body keep the balance of
fluids?
• By using chemical messengers called
hormones.
• What is ADH?
• It is antidiuretic hormone, it tells your kidneys
to take water from nephrons. This is a
reaction to you being thirsty.
Problems
• What are 3 urinary system problems?
• Bacterial infections, kidney stones, and kidney
disease.
Communication and Control
• Read 656-657
• What is the difference between the CNS and
the PNS?
• The CNS (central nervous system) is the brain
and the spinal cord. The PNS (peripheral
nervous system) is all of the parts of the
nervous system except the brain and the
spinal cord.
Communication and Control
• What is a neuron?
• A cell that has a cell body and a nucleus. A
neuron also has dendrites that receive signals
from other neurons and axons that send
signals to other neurons.
Communication and Control
• Read p. 658-659
• What does the autonomic nervous system do?
• It controls body functions that you do not
think about.
• Copy table 1 from page 659
• The Nervous System -- Crash Course
Communication and Control
• Read p.660-662
• What does the cerebrum do?
• This is where you think and most memories are
stored. It controls voluntary movements and
allows you to sense touch, light, sound, odors,
taste, pain, heat, and cold.
Communication and Control
• What does the cerebellum do?
• It processes sensory information from your
body. It helps your body make adjustments so
that you can stand upright.
• What does the medulla do?
• It controls involuntary movement, such as
heart rate and blood pressure.
Actions
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What is a voluntary action?
An action that you can control in your body.
What is an involuntary action?
An action that you cannot control.
Feedback
• Read p. 664-665
• What are the 4 sensations detected by
receptors in the skin?
• Pressure, temperature, pain, or vibration
• Explain a feedback mechanism.
• It is a cycle of events in which information
from one step controls or affects a previous
step.
Can you make sense out of this.
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Read p.666-669
What are the five senses?
Sight, hearing, taste, smell, tough.
Copy these to your notebook.
Figure 6 page 661
Figure 1 page 664
Figure 4 page 667
Figure 5 page 668
Endocrine System
• Read 670-673
• Define the endocrine system.
• A collection of glands and groups of cells that
secrete hormones that regulate growth,
development, and homeostasis.
• Define gland
• A group of cells that make special chemicals for
the body
• Endocrine System -- Mr. Anderson
Endocrine System
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Copy figure 2 on page 671
Copy figure 3 on page 672
What is diabetes mellitus?
The condition that your body does not
produce enough insulin or use it properly.
• What is a hormone imbalance?
• It is when your body creates too much or too
little of a hormone.
Reproduction
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Read 684-687
What are the 2 types of reproduction?
Asexual and sexual reproduction
What is asexual reproduction?
Reproduction that does not need the union of
sex cells. So, you only need one parent to
have offspring.
Reproduction
• What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?
• Budding -- when a parent organism pinches
off and forms a new organism
• Fragmentation – a part breaks off and then
develops into a new organism
• Regeneration – losing a body part that may
develop into an entirely new organism
Reproduction
• What is sexual reproduction?
• Reproduction in which sex cells from two
parents unite to produce offspring that share
traits from both parents.
• What are the two sex cells?
• Sperm --- Male Egg --- Female
Reproduction
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What are the 2 types of sexual reproduction?
Internal and external fertilization
What is internal fertilization?
The union of sex cells inside the female body
What is external fertilization?
The union of sex cells outside the bodies of
the parents.
Reproduction
• What are the 3 ways that mammals
reproduce?
• Monotreme – egg layers
• Marsupial – give birth to partially developed
live young (kangaroo)
• Placental Mammal – They stay inside their
mother until developed. (humans)
Reproduction
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Read p.688-691
Draw figure 1 on page 688
Draw figure 2 on page 689
Copy table 1 on page 690
Reproduction
• What are some reproductive problems?
• STD’s – sexually transmitted diseases
• Cancer – they can develop in reproductive
organs
• Infertility – This means they are unable to
produce children because they cannot
produce enough healthy sperm or ovulate
normally.
Reproduction
• Read p. 692
• Describe the process of fertilization and
implantation.
• Fertilization happened when the nucleus of a
sperm unites with the nucleus of an egg.
Implantation happens after the fertilized egg
travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus
and embeds itself in the wall of the uterus.
Reproduction
• Draw figure 1 on page 692
• Draw figure 2 on page 693
• Draw figure 3 on page 695
Birth to death
• Make an outline of events that happen from birth to
death.
• A baby is born around the 42 week of being inside
the mother.
• Infancy happens until 2. Quick growth
• Childhood from 2 till puberty. Teeth and muscles
• Adolescence – Puberty to around 20. Reproductive
system matures.
• Adulthood – 20 till death. 20 to 40 is peak
physically. Aging begins around 40. You become
weaker as you age after 40 or so. The health you are
in determines how long you live.