ADP, ATP and
Cellular
Respiration
VOCABUALRY
2/25 – ATP
2/27 – pigment
I Can……
2/25 – Describe purpose of
cellular respiration.
2/27 – explain why plants
look green.

THE FOOD WEB
2
Living things need energy to
survive and function.
 You get the energy you need
from the food you eat.
 Where does that energy come
from?
 Sun  Plants  You !!!

Making energy!
Use the materials
from our food
ATP
The point
is to make
ATP!
What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
What Is ATP?
A molecule that carries the energy
used by all cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate bonds
Copyright Cmassengale
ATP: Energy Storage
WHAT IS ATP?




Universal Energy
Molecule
The cell’s “Energy
Bank”
Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP)
Consist of



a sugar called ribose
N containing Adenine
Three phosphate
groups
4

Fueling the body’s economy

eat high energy organic molecules


food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Make in CELLULAR RESPIRATION!!
ATP
Whoa!
Hot stuff!
When is ATP Made in the
Body?
During a Process
called Cellular
Respiration that
takes place in
both Plants &
Animals in the
mitochondria
Copyright Cmassengale
How does ATP transfer
energy?
ADP
ATP

O– O– O –
–O P –O
O– P –O
O– P O–
O O O
O–
–O P O – +
O
7.3
energy
ATP  ADP
BONDS ALWAYS CONTAIN ENERGY!!!
WHEN YOU BREAK A BOND ENERGY
IS RELEASED!!
FORMING A BOND TAKES ENERGY!!
How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?
By breaking the
high- energy
bonds between
the last two
phosphates in
ATP


How Does ATP Work?
The bonds between phosphate groups can be
broken by hydrolysis which produces energy!!!
ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond to the
third bond is easily broken. When the third bond
is broken, energy is released. Becomes ADP –
no energy!!
How Does ATP Work?






So what?
Energy is stored in these bonds.
So?
The breaking of the chemical bond releases the
energy
ATP + H2O→ ADP + P + ENERGY
ATP is made in photosynthesis and
respiration!!!
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a a molecule that
carries energy that cells can use.
5
ATP
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
6
When the energy is used the
ATP is converted into ADP
P
P
ADP
ATP
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery
The Bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are VERY
HIGH ENERGY.
When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released
CLIP
What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H 2O
Copyright Cmassengale
How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
Copyright Cmassengale
How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous process
occurs.
Another Enzyme is
used!
ENERGY IS NEEDED
ATP Synthetase
Copyright Cmassengale
The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP
Synthetase
ATP-ase
Copyright Cmassengale
Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
THE SUN: WHY IS IT
IMPORTANT?
Source of light energy
Source of heat energy
Gravitational attraction
Source of radiation
Day and night
Source of all energy(electricity)
Source of food for all organisms!!!!


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
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



Role of SUN in photosynthesis?
Role of photon?
Why are pigments important? JOB?
Name the main pigment – location?
Name of other pigments – Roles?
Why do leaves change color in fall?
What do plants use to start photosynthesis?
Why do plants have different pigments?
Why aren’t plant black?
Why do plants appear green?
What color of the light spectrum do plants use?




Name of all the waves received from the
Sun?
Name of the part that plants use.
Purpose of photosynthesis.
END GOAL?
Light Energy(photons) Harvested by
Plants & Other Photosynthetic
Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6
+ 6 O2
Sunlight & Plants - ??????
Travels in waves.
 Waves contains packages of energy called
photons. Plants traps energy in
pigments.
 Sunlight energy is called electromagnetic
Energy.
Electromagnetic spectrum – full range of
wavelengths received from the Sun.

SUN’S SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum and
Visible Light
Gamma
rays
X-rays
UV
Infrared &
Microwaves
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
Radio waves
Pigment and Light
Sun’s energy travels as light(photon).
We see sunlight as “white light”
(ROYGBIV).
Plant gather the Sun’s energy(photons)
with light-absorbing molecules called
PIGMENTS.
Pigments: photosynthetic organisms
capture energy(photons) using pigments.
WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Plants are absorbing all colors except
green as photons to power
photosynthesis!!!!
Gamma
rays
X-rays
UV
Infrared
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
Microwaves
Radio
waves
Plants are green BECAUSE!!

Chlorophyll a & b absorb all
colors but green in the
thylakoid membrane as
photons to jump start
photosynthesis. They use
all the colors but green.
The feathers of male cardinals
are loaded with carotenoid
pigments. These pigments
absorb some wavelengths of
light and reflect others.
Sunlight minus absorbed
wavelengths or colors
equals the apparent color
of an object.
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE
COLOR NOT ABSORBED

.
Light
Reflected
light
Transmitted
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
Why Not Black?
TOO MUCH ENERGY!!!!!!!
– Chlorophyll a – green pigments in plants and
bacteria MAIN PIGMENT!!!!
Accessory Pigments – pigments that pass photons to
chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b in green algae
– Carotenoids – orange, red, yellow when chloroplast
die in plants. Chlorophyll breaks down first in the fall
so we see these colors.
– Xanthophyll – yellow pigments in diatoms(protists)
Figure 7.7
Why should a plant have a
variety of pigments?
MORE ABSORPTION – but
not TOO much!!!
 Goldilocks effect


MORE PIGMENTS;MORE
ABSORPTION!!!!

.
b
a
19
Different pigments absorb light
differently
Where does
photosynthesis take
place?
12
Where does photosynthesis
occur?


CHLOROPLAST!!
BUT there are different parts of the
choroplasts you must know!
Where are pigments
Located???

The location and structure of chloroplasts
Chloroplast
LEAF CROSS SECTION
MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Granum
Grana
Stroma
Inner
membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
compartment
The Internal Structure of a
Leaf
CO enters through
14
Section 23-4
2
the stomata
Epidermis
Chloroplasts
Stomata
Guard
cells
Goes in
CO2
Leaf Structure
Photosynthesis Location:
The leaves of plants:
stomata – holes
On the bottom of leaves.
Chloroplast
Cell
CO2
Goes in
Stomata
13
Chloroplast
Structure
Chloroplast
Picture
17
Parts of the Chloroplasts
Thylakoids: flat compartments in the
chloroplast that contains plant pigments.
LIGHT DEPEDENT REACTION occurs here
Grana: are stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma: fluid that is all around the grana
inside the chorplast. LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTION occurs here.

Why are Chloroplast Important?
The chloroplasts contain the PIGMENTS
that absorb the Sun’s energy as photons
and use this energy to excite electrons
which power photosynthesis. To break
apart water and carbon dioxide, you must
have energy!!!!
LETS START AT
THE
BEGINNING!!!!!!!
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as
are some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis
– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(c) Euglena
(b) Kelp
(a) Mosses, ferns, and
flowering plants
(d) Cyanobacteria
20
Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants
SUN
CO2 + H2O
Light Energy
SUN
Chloroplast
Glucose & O2
Where does each reactant enter
the plant???
28
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to
make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Glucose
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Oxygen
gas
Overview of Photosynthesis
Step 1 – Light dependent reaction(depends on Light)
Traps the sunlight and energy is moved along
the thylakoid membrane.
Water is broken in to O and H by the electrons tha
are in ATP and NADPH required for dark
reaction.
Oxygen given off as waste.
Photosystem I and photosystem II - pigments
Step 2 – Dark reaction(Calvin Cycle)
Carbon Dioxide now is added to cycle to build
glucose.Uses ATP and electrons from light
reaction to make glucose.
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Occurs in two Steps
Light dependent
Reaction
Produces
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Occurs
(location)
Thylakoid
Membrane
Light
indedenpent/
Calvin Cycle
Produces
Glucose
Occurs
(location)
Stroma
26
Electron transport chains and
photosystems

Photosystems: cluster of chlorophyll and
proteins absorb the sun’s energy and generate
the high energy electrons that are passed to the
electron carrier molecules.

Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH
High Energy Electrons and Molecules
Once the sun’s energy has been trapped and
excited an electron, what happens to it?
Electron Carrier: a molecule that picks up the
electron and uses this energy to break
apart bonds.
Examples of electron carriers: NADP and ATP
NADP captures two electrons of H and
becomes NADPH.
ADP becomes ATP!!!
Electron Transport Chain
When the electrons are excited from the light reaction,
they are passed along the membrane through the
protein pumps. They passed from Photosystem I to
photosystem II.
The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis.
Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction.
Energy captured from Sunlight.
 H2O is split into H+, electrons,




& Oxygen (O2).
The O2 diffuses out
of the Chloroplasts.
MADE: O2 , ATP &
NADPH.
Takes place: Thylakoid
23
Photosynthesis
Step 1 – Light Dependent Reaction
The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy.
Takes place in thylakoid membrane - photosystems.
Photosystem II and electron transport
1. Pigments absorb photons. Splits water.
2. Energy as electrons is moved along the membrane(electron
transport chain)
3. Water is split into H, electrons, and O. O released as waste
through stomata.
4. H is pumped into the membrane to make ATP through ATP
synthase.
Photosynthesis
Photosystem I
1. Electrons from photosytem II is moved
along the membrane to photosystem I.
2. Chlorophyll(pigments) continue to adsorb
sunlight and free electrons.
3. Electrons are added to NADPH which is
the energy carrier for the rest of
photosynthesis.
4. The electrons and H are pumped though a
channel as part of an enzyme ATP
synthase to make ATP.
Plants produce O2 gas by splitting H2O

The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from
the oxygen in water (H+ and e-)
Summary of Light-dependent
Reaction
Energy is captured from sunlight and
transferred to electrons(electron transport
chain).
Water molecule pulled apart to provide H
ions.
The ions are used to make ATP and
NADPH.
Need: sunlight and water
Produce: energy carrying molecules and
oxygen(waste).
Summary—Light Dependent
Reactions
a. Overall input
photons, H2O.
b. Overall output
ATP, NADPH, O2.
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1
Light
Chloroplast
NADP
ADP
+P
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis.
Step 2: Light Independent
Reaction
(CALVIN CYCLE).
–The Chemical Energy Sunlight Water
Stored in ATP and
NADPH is used to make
Glucose using CO2.
–This is a light
independent reaction.
–MADE: Glucose
–Takes place: Stroma
This process is known
as carbon fixation.
ATP
NADPH
Oxygen
Step 1:
Light
Dependent
2
4
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Step 2 – Light Independent Reaction – CALVIN
CYCLE Occurs in the stroma.
• The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide
1.ATP generated by the light reactions provides
the energy for sugar synthesis
2.The NADPH produced by the light reactions
provides the electrons for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to glucose. Carbon Dioxide is
built to make a 6 carbon sugar called glucose.
– END GOAL – to break carbon dioxide down and
combine into glucose!!! Need energy to do
this!! That is why ATP and NADPH was made!!
Light Independent Reaction Overview
1. Carbon dioxide added:Carbon Dioxide enters the
plant from the atmosphere. Bonds with a 5-carbon sugar.
2. Three-carbon molecules formed: ATP and NADPH
use enzymes in the stroma to split the six carbon into 2
3 carbon sugars. Its unstable!!!
3. One Three-carbon molecules exit: to become glucose
4. Other Three-carbon molecules recycled: Energy from ATP
Change 3carbon molecules back into 5 carbon to start the
cycle over again.
IT TAKES 2 CYCLES TO MAKE 1 GLUCOSE!
Overview Calvin Cycle
In put: ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide
Output: GLUCOSE!!
The end goal – Make glucose from the SUN!!
STOMATA

http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Plant_Trans
port.html

Thylakoid
compartm
ent
(high H+)
The production of ATP
Lig
ht
Lig
ht
Thylakoid
membrane
Antenn
a
molecul
es
Stroma
(low H+)
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
CHAIN
PHOTOSYSTEM
PHOTOSYSTE
II
MI
ATP
SYNTHASE
Harvesting Chemical Energy
Energy enters food chains (via autotrophs) we can
look at how organisms use that energy to fuel
their bodies.
 Plants and animals both use products of
photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel
 Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside
sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals
Cellular
Respiration
30
Cellular Respiration Overview:



Plants are producers and make glucose by the
process of photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy.
There are two important ways a cell can harvest
energy from food: fermentation and cellular
respiration.
36
32
Cellular Respiration
 Purpose



1. Converts energy in the bonds of
glucose into ATP.
2. Many steps that allows energy to be
slowly released. OR you would explode!!
3. Slow breakdown of glucose yields 36
or 38 ATPS
31
How Do You Make ATP?
ATP synthase on the membrane of the cristae.
The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport
Chain where they help to make ATP through
ATP synthase.
How do we make ATP?
Just like in photosynthesis. ATP is
made by pumping H across ATP
synthase to attach a P onto ADP.
This is the goal of cellular respiration.
MAKE 38 ATP from each glucose
molecule!!
NAD and FAD – Energy
carriers
* Photosynthesis use the electron carrier – NADP
•Cellular respiration uses – NAD
•FAD – also an energy carrier or electron carrier
Carry to ATP synthenase
THEY CARRY THE H+ TO THE CRISTAE TO
BE PUMPED ACROSS TO MAKE ATP!!
Parts of the Mitochondria
Cristae – Fold of the mitochondria
Location of the ETC that makes ATP.
Folded to make more surface area for more
ATP.
2. Matrix: Space in mitochondria where the
KREB cycle occurs.
1.
Steps 2 & 3 Occur in the Mitochondria
Mitochondria Anatomy
2 membranes
Own ribosomes
Own DNA
35
4 Steps.
Step 1: Glycolysis CYTOPLASM
ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Step 2 – Transition
Step 3: Krebs Cycle- MATRIX
Step 4: ETC - CRISTAE
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis – Occurs before Cell. Resp.
 TRANSITIONAL
 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Glucose
 Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
In the presence of Oxygen:
Step 2: Krebs Cycle
Step 3: Electron Transport
 Happens
in the
Mitochondria
 Starts with Pyruvate.
 Pyruvate moves into
the mitochondria and is
broken down into
CO2,H2O & ATP.
36
Stage
Location
Products
Summary
Glycolysis
cytoplasm Pyruvate
2 ATP
Breaks glucose into 3 C
called pyruvate
Transition
matrix
Acetyl Co -A
Breaks pyruvate into 2
carbon called Acetyl Co
-A
Kreb or
Citric acid
matrix
FADH, NADH, Breaks bonds traps
ATP
energy and electrons
into energy carriers
ETC
Cristae
membrane
36 ATP
Transport H+ protons
across membrane to
create a gradient. H+
pumped across ATP
synthase to make ATP
Section 9-2
Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
+
Water
(H2O)
+
ATP
Glycolysis:
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Step 1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
Glycolysis




Glyco = glucose
Lysis = break down
LOCATION: Occurs in the cytoplasm
This stage occurs in BOTH aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate (2 ATP are
also made)
– Glucose is a 6-carbon sugar
– Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule (there are
two of them)
Section 9-2
Figure 9–6 The Krebs
Cycle
Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
Carbon Oxygen Cycle
Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
The products on one are used for the other to
produce ATP from the Sun!
Creates the Carbon- Oxygen Cycle!!!
With
oxygen
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Go to
Section:
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
36
Cellular Respiration Overview



Transformation of chemical energy in food into
chemical energy cells can use: ATP
These reactions proceed the same way in plants
and animals. Process is called cellular
respiration
Overall Reaction:
–
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Overall Reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Overall this is a three stage process
Glycolysis: before cellular respiration

1.
•
•
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose is broken down
Krebs Cycle
2.
•
•
Breaks down pyruvate into CO2
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
Electron Transport Chain
3.
•
ATP is synthesized - Occurs in mito membrane
Cellular Respiration Overview


Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm:
the liquid matrix inside the cell
After glycolysis, life diverges into two forms and
two pathways
–
–
Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation) No
oxygen
Aerobic cellular respiration I Oxygen needed!!
Step 1: Glycolysis
34
 Means
“Splitting
Glucose”
Glycolysis
starts
with Glucose.
–Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called
Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid ).
–Happens in the Cytoplasm.
–Clip
•Glycolysis does not need
oxygen!
Section 9-2
Figure 9–6 The Krebs
Cycle
Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
Steps of Glycolysis
1.Two ATP molecules are used to energize a
glucose molecule.
2. Glucose is split into 2 3 carbon molecules.
Enzymes rearrange the molecules.
3. Electrons are transferred to NADP. The
carbon molecules are converted to pyurate
which enters cellular respiration.
Glycolysis





Locatiom: Cytoplasm
NO O2 required
Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the
expense of 2 ATP
6-C glucose  TWO 3-C pyruvates
Free e- and H+ combine with organic ion
carriers called NAD+  NADH + H+
(nicotinamide dinucleotide)Used in ETC.
Hydrogen attached to water.
Glycolysis Reactants and Products



Reactants
1 glucose
Enzymes are needed
2 ATP are needed to start



Products
2 Pyruvates (go to next
step)
4 ATP (2 are gained)
2 NADH (go to ETC)
Really 10 steps with 10 different enzymes
involved.
Cellular Respiration
•OXYGEN PRESENT - RELEASES
CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM SUGARS
AND OTHER CARBON-BASED
MOLECULE
* Convert to NADH, FADH, AND ATP
then TO MAKE ATP WHEN OXYGEN IS
PRESENT!!!!
NO OXYGEN – FERMENTATION!!!!
ANAEROBIC VS. AEROBIC
Anaerobic – no oxygen present
fermentation or lactic acid can be formed.
No oxygen then no cellular respiration.
Aerobic –oxygen present. If oxygen is
present , then cellular respiration can
occur. KREB CYCLE & ETC
Krebs Cycle
TRANSITION - Matrix
Pyruvate becomes a 2 carbon molecule called
Acetyl Co-A. It goes to the Kreb Cycle.
Main Goals of Krebs Cycle
Break down Acetyl Co – A into high energy
electrons(NADPH and FADH) to molecules that
can carry them to the electron transport chain.
* Form some ATP molecules.

Krebs Cycle- MATRIX


Acetyl Co – A enters mitochondria. In the
innermost layer of mitochondria or the MATRIX
pyruvic acid are broken down into carbon dioxide
and acetyl CoA molecules.
Acetyl- CoA combines with 4 carbon compounds
forming a 6 carbon molecule citric acid. Energy
is released by breaking and reforming these
bonds.
Kreb Cycle






1. Pyruvate broken down
2. Coenzyme A bonds to 2 carbon molecule
3. Citric Acid formed: 2 carbon bonded to 4
carbon. Coenzyme goes back to step 2.
4. Citric Acid brokendown: into 5 carbon sugar
carbon dioxide and NADH
5. 5 carbon sugar broken down: Into 4 carbon
sugar, NADH, ATP and Carbon dioxide.
6. 4 carbon rearranged by enzymes. Molecules
of NADH, FADH(electron carrier).
Second Step: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs
Cycle)









Where Mitochondrial matrix
Energy Yield 2 ATP and more eAcetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with 4-C to form
6-C CITRIC ACID
Citric Acid (6-C) changed to 5-C then to a 4-C
Gives off a CO2 molecule
NAD+ and FAD pick up the released eFAD becomes FADH2
NAD+ becomes NADH + H+
Cycle ALWAYS reforming a 4-C molecule
Krebs Cycle Reactants and Products

Reactants
2 Acetyl CoA
Products





Remember when you
form a bond energy is
released!! This is the key!!
2 ATP
6 NADH (go to ETC)
2 FADH2 (go to ETC)
4 CO2 (given off as
waste)
Review of Mitochondria
Structure
Smooth outer
Membrane
Folded inner
membrane
Folds called
Cristae
Space inside
cristae called the
Matrix
Copyright Cmassengale
Products of Kreb Cycle





High energy carriers – NADH and FADH – This
is the main goal!!!
Carbon Dioxide
2 ATP molecules
4 carbon molecules to start again
HYDROGEN IONS ARE SENT DOWN THE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN to make ATP.
Diagram of the Process
Occurs
across
Cristae
Occurs in
Cytoplasm
Occurs in
Matrix
Copyright Cmassengale
Electron Transport
ATP synthesis
Electron Transport Chain




Where inner membrane of mitochondria called
cristea.
Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP
O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O
Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular
respiration
Electron Transport - Step 3
1. Proteins inside the membrane of the mito.
Remove electrons from NADPh and FADH.
2. Electrons(hydrogen) are transported down the
chain of the membrane to be pumped across.
3. ATP synthase(enzyme) puts a P on ADP to
make ATP(END GOAL!!).
4. Oxygen enters the cycle to pick up electrons and
hydrogen ions to make water that leaves the
cycle.
Electron Transport Chain



Electron carriers loaded with electrons and
protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this
chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy released
to form a total of 32 ATP – Final Goal!!
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up
electrons and protons and in doing so becomes
water
Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria
Structure
Smooth outer
Membrane
Folded inner
membrane
Folds called
Cristae
Space inside
cristae called the
Matrix
Copyright Cmassengale
Diagram of the Process
Occurs
across
Cristae
Occurs in
Cytoplasm
Occurs in
Matrix
Copyright Cmassengale
Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production
Eukaryote vs Prokaryote
Glycolytic pathways
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic



Anaerobic DOES
NOT require oxygenLactic acid & alcohol
fermentation
–
–
–
Simple
fast
produces smaller
amounts of energy
(ATP)

Aerobic requires
oxygen – cellular
respiration
–
–
Yields large
amounts of energy
What is this energy
molecule?
 ATP, ATP, ATP
Fermentation



Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into
Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation.
Lactic Acid- Muscle cells
Alcohol- Yeast, bacteria
40
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no
oxygen
–



Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds
No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic
Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways
serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick
up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.
End products such as ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi
(yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

41
In the presence of oxygen:
1 Glucose is converted into
36 ATP.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

Without oxygen: Only do glycolysis over and over!!!
1 Glucose is converted into
2 ATP.
Two Types of Fermentation



Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvate converted to
ethyl alcohol and CO2
Carried out by yeast and
some bacteria
Used in producing alcohol
(both consumable and for
ethanol), and for baking



Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate converted to
lactic acid
Carried out by muscles
when working hard
(muscles need ATP but
can’t get O2 )
Causes muscle soreness
and cramps
Alcohol Fermentation

Pyruvate
Alcoholic Fermentation
C6H12O6
(Ethyl Alcohol
or Ethanol)
2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
As a result of Alcoholic
Fermentation,
Glucose is converted into 2
molecules of Ethyl Alcohol and 2
Molecules of Carbon Dioxide.
Importance of Fermentation


Alcohol Industry - almost every society has a
fermented beverage.
Baking Industry - many breads use yeast to
provide bubbles to raise the dough.
Alcoholic Fermentation

Bacteria and fungi (yeast)

Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are
the end products

Process used to form beer, wine, and
other alcoholic beverages
Also used to raise dough, bread

Lactic Acid Fermentation
Uses only Glycolysis.
 Does NOT require O2
 Produces ATP when O2 is not
available.

Lactic Acid Fermentation
Carried out by human muscle cells under
oxygen debt.
 Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes fatigue,
soreness and stiffness in muscles.

Lactic Acid Formation

pyruvate + NADH----- lactic acid + NAD+
Fermentation - Summary


Releases 2 ATP from the breakdown of a
glucose molecule
Provides ATP to a cell even when O2 is
absent.
Energy Tally


36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
–
Glycolysis
2 ATP
–
Kreb’s
2 ATP
–
Electron Transport
32 ATP
36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but
are important for global recycling of carbon