INFSCI 0010
2015 Summer Term
LEC4.ppt
Becoming Skilled at Information
Technology
IS 0010 - Summer 2015
Tentative Schedule
Week of
(Monday)
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
11-May
18-May
25-May
1-Jun
8-Jun
15-Jun
22-Jun
29-Jun
6-Jul
13-Jul
20-Jul
27-Jul
x
x
Memorial Day (no classes)
x
x
Exam (date to be announced)
Presentations (date to be announced)
Final work due
2
Current assignment summary
• Bring an INFSCI article to each class
–
Due: each class … (ref LEC1)
• Start reading the text
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Due: before the exam … (ref LEC1)
• Watch “Code Wars” video
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–
http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/video-podcast-media/video-code-wars-america%E2%80%99scyber-threat
Due: before the exam … (ref LEC1)
• Exam questions assignment
–
Due: one week before the exam … (ref LEC2)
• Extra articles
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–
Net Neutrality due: 6/1/15 … (ref LEC2)
Patriot Act due: 6/8/15 … (ref LEC3)
3
New Code Wars link
• Watch “Code Wars” video
–
http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/video-podcast-media/video-code-wars-america%E2%80%99scyber-threat
• Note: The link to Code Wars that is in LEC1.ppt and LEC2.ppt
changed and no longer points to the full video. Try the above link.
4
Telecom regulation
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•
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1910 – Manns Elkins Act of 1910
– Telephone
1927 - Radio Act of 1927
– Federal Radio Commission replaces Department of Commerce to regulate radio
– Radio licensing
1934 – Communications Act of 1934
– FCC replaces Interstate Commerce Commission (telephone) and Federal Radio
Commission (radio) to regulate wire (telephone) and radio
– Title II – Common Carriers
1996 – Telecommunications Act of 1996
– First major overhaul of American Telecommunications policy in 62 years
2001 – Patriot Act
– “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to
Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001“
2010 – FCC Open Internet Order
http://www.fcc.gov/guides/open-internet-transparency-rule
5
The Communications Act of
1934
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•
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The Communications Act of 1934 is a United States federal law, signed into law by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 19, 1934, and codified as Chapter 5 of Title 47 of the United States
Code, 47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq. The Act replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). It also transferred regulation of interstate telephone services
from the Interstate Commerce Commission to the FCC.
The stated purposes of the Act are "regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication
by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States
a rapid, efficient, nationwide, and worldwide wire and radio communication service with adequate
facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense, and for the purpose of
securing a more effective execution of this policy by centralizing authority theretofore granted by
law to several agencies and by granting additional authority with respect to interstate and foreign
commerce in wire and radio communication, there is hereby created a commission to be known as
the 'Federal Communications Commission', which shall be constituted as hereinafter provided,
and which shall execute and enforce the provisions of this Act."
On January 3, 1996, the 104th Congress of the United States amended or repealed sections of
the Communications Act of 1934 with the new Telecommunications Act of 1996. It was the first
major overhaul of American telecommunications policy in nearly 62 years.
6
Lecture Notes
• You now have:
– LEC1.ppt, LEC2.ppt, LEC3.ppt, LEC4.ppt,
CH1v6.ppt, CH2v6.ppt
7
Current reading list
• Read Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9 (Versions 5 and 6)
• Read Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,11(Old Version 4)
• No assigned due date (reference class discussion)
8
Articles
9
USA F _ E _ D _ _
A_ _
• What is the USA F _ E _ D _ _
(ref Patriot Act assignment)
A_ _?
10
The Patriot Act
6/1/15
• http://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2015/0
5/22/the-patriot-act-explained.cnn
• http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconside
red/2015/06/04/411870819/phonecarriers-are-tight-lipped-over-law-thatoverhauls-nsa-surveillance
11
Patriot Act vs Freedom Act
May 2015
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•
The USA Freedom Act would put new constraints on how the government could obtain records
under the PATRIOT Act and other national security laws. Instead of obtaining massive troves of
data in bulk, the NSA could only ask companies for data on a specific entity like a person, account
or device. And the government would have to show that the individual is associated with a foreign
power or terrorist group.
The measure also would change the law to allow surveillance to continue on terrorism suspects
after they enter the U.S. And the bill would extend two other parts of the PATRIOT Act set to expire
at midnight — “lone wolf” provisions designed to target terrorists acting individually, and “roving
wiretap” provisions that let surveillance follow suspects even if they frequently change
communications devices.
12
Cyber
• Cyber is a prefix used to describe a
person, thing, or idea as part of the
computer and information age.
13
How can we represent an image digitally?
(review)
14
How many bits?
• How many total bits will it take to represent
the entire image screen in the slide above
if the display pixels have two possible
colors (black and white)?
• How many total bits will it take to represent
the entire image screen in the slide above
if the display pixels have three possible
colors (black ,white, and yellow)?
15
Telecommunications
digital
• Telecommunications: communicating over
a distance
• How to communicate (over a distance):
– Voice
– Data
– Image
– Video
Digital
• How to represent data digitally
“Clickin”
• What can we use clickers for?
“Representin”
• Binary representation of text/data
• What is a bit?
Telecommunications
digital
• Telecommunications: communicating over
a distance
• How to communicate (over a distance):
– Voice
– Data
– Image
– Video
Group exercise
• Santa needs to select a reindeer to guide his
sleigh
• The reindeer will listen for a click (1?) or no-click
(0?)
• Use a sequence of clicks and no-clicks (bits) to
call the winning reindeer (create a table of
reindeer names and codes)
• (1) If each reindeer must be represented by the
same number of bits, what is the minimum
number of bits needed to call the winner
(assuming Rudolph is not included).
• (2) What are the results if any reindeer can win
How many bits are needed?
(minimum number of bits)
• How many bits are needed to represent the 26
letters of the alphabet (caps only) ?
(see next slide for answer)
# of outcomes
• 2n = number of possible outcomes, where
n is the number of bits
How many bits are needed?
• 2n = # of possible outcomes
• 2n >= 26
• If n=4, 2n = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 (not enough)
• If n=5, 2n = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32 (enough)
• 32 – 26 = 6 extra outcomes can be used for
other things if desired
• Answer a minimum of 5 bits are needed to
represent the 26 letters of the alphabet
Text representation (data)
7 bit ascii table
Binary
Oct
Dec
Hex
Character
100 0000
100
64
40
@
100 0001
101
65
41
A
100 0010
102
66
42
B
100 0011
103
67
43
C
Binary
Oct
Dec
Hex
Character
110 0000
140
96
60
`
110 0001
141
97
61
a
110 0010
142
98
62
b
110 0011
143
99
63
c
Panda
• Text v4 chapter 8 / Text v6 chapter 7
Chapter 2
• CH2v6.ppt
Metaphors
• In computing, a metaphor is an icon or image used as
representative or symbolic of a computation
• When designers create a technology, they use metaphors
to help users know how to operate their devices without
reading a manual
• Example: The desktop metaphor was used by Apple in its
Macintosh. This has been a very successful metaphor (with
icons representing documents and folders, direct
manipulation etc.) and it has been used in a lot of systems
since, e.g. in Microsoft's Windows, a lot of graphical
workstations etc.
– Example: The trash can metaphor fits nicely into the
desktop metaphor. Other business metaphors: files,
folders, documents
Instance
• An INSTANCE is one of whatever kind of
information the application processes
• A word processor instance is a document
• For MP3 players, an instance is a song
• An instance for a photo editor is a picture
Interface
• What is an interface?
Define: interface
• The boundary/linkage between two things, such
as the computer and a peripheral. Common
interfaces for peripherals are the serial and
parallel ports.
• The common boundary between two substances
such as a water and a solid, or two liquids such
as water and oil.
• The meeting point between a computer and
something or (someone) outside of it. Common
interfaces for people are the monitor screen and
keyboard.
What not to like about a watch
setting interface?
What’s not to like?
Awesome Interface ?
Stingray at Virginia Aquarium
37
Next week
• The first webpage assignment will be
explained next week (step by step)
38