Where have Urban Areas Grown?
• URBANIZATION
• Increasing Percentage of People in
Cities
• History
• LDCs
• MDCs
• Increasing Number of People in
Cities
• MDCs vs. LDCs
Where have Urban Areas Grown?
• DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• Social Differences Between Urban
and Rural Settlements
• Social Behavior: Rural vs. Urban
• Large size
• High Density
• Social Heterogeneity
Where have Urban Areas Grown?
• DEFINING URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• Physical Definitions of Urban
Settlements
• Legal Definition of a city
• Urbanized Area
• Metropolitan Statistical Area
• Micropolitan Statistical Area
• Overlapping Metropolitan Areas
• Megalopolis
Where are People Distributed Within
Urban Areas?
• THREE MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE
• Concentric Zone Model (E.W.
Burgess)
• Like rings on a tree
• Sector Model (Homer Hoyt)
• Like slices of pie
• Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris and
Ulman)
• Multiple centers of activity
Where are People Distributed Within
Urban Areas?
• Geographic Applications of the Models
• Social Area Analysis
• Census Tracts
• Can see where people congregate
• Can identify where people are more
likely to live.
Where are People Distributed Within
Urban Areas?
• USE OF THE MODELS OUTSIDE
NORTH AMERICA
• European Cities
• The Wealthy vs. The Poor
• Less Developed Countries
• Precolonial Cities
• Colonial Cities
• Cities Since Independence
• Squatter Settlements
Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive
Problems?
• INNER-CITY PHYSICAL PROBLEMS
• Process of Deterioration
• Filtering
• Home maintenance
• Redlining
• Where to loan money, not Who
to loan money
Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive
Problems?
• Urban Renewal
• Public Housing
• In the U.S. a high percentage of
inner city housing
• Unsatisfactory environments
• Renovated Housing
• Gentrification
• Reduce a centralized low income
area
Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive
Problems?
• INNER-CITY SOCIAL PROBLEMS
• Underclass
• Lack of job skills
• Can’t compete
• Homeless
• Culture of Poverty
• Crime
• Ethnic and Racial Segregation
Why do Inner Cities Have Distinctive
Problems?
• INNER-CITY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
• Discontinue services vs. Raise taxes
• Annexation
• Not popular among those to be
annexed by a city
Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive
Problems?
• THE PERIPHERAL MODEL
• People like living in the suburbs
• Edge Cities
• Density Gradient
• Changes in Density Gradient
• Two changes
• People in the center has
decreased
• Less density difference
Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive
Problems?
• Cost of Urban Sprawl
• Suburban Development process
• Sprawl
• Costs of new infrastructure
• Greenbelts
• Suburban Segregation
• Residents here, manufacturing
there
• Built for people of a specific social
class
Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive
Problems?
• CONTRIBUTION OF TRANSPORTATION
TO SUBURBANIZATION
• Motor Vehicles
• Lots of land in a city is given to
cars
• Public transportation
• Rush-Hour Commuting
• New Rapid Transit lines
• Service vs. Cost
• Public Transit in other Countries
Why do Suburbs Have Distinctive
Problems?
• LOCAL GOVERNMENT FRAGMENTATION
• Metropolitan Government
• Federations
• Consolidations
• Growing Smart
• Smart Growth
• Maryland, Oregon, Tennessee